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Dutrillaux B, Dutrillaux AM. Why Are X Autosome Rearrangements so Frequent in Beetles? A Study of 50 Cases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 36672891 PMCID: PMC9859168 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the 460 karyotypes of Polyphagan Coleoptera that we studied, 50 (10.8%) were carriers of an X autosome rearrangement. In addition to mitotic metaphase analysis, the correct diagnosis was performed on meiotic cells, principally at the pachytene stage. The percentages of these inter-chromosomal rearrangements, principally fusions, varied in relation to the total diploid number of chromosomes: high (51%) below 19, null at 19, low (2.7%) at 20 (the ancestral and modal number), and slightly increasing from 7.1% to 16.7% from 22 to above 30. The involvement of the X in chromosome fusions appears to be more than seven-fold higher than expected for the average of the autosomes. Examples of karyotypes with X autosome rearrangements are shown, including insertion of the whole X in the autosome (ins(A;X)), which has never been reported before in animals. End-to-end fusions (Robertsonian translocations, terminal rearrangements, and pseudo-dicentrics) are the most frequent types of X autosome rearrangements. As in the 34 species with a 19,X formula, there was no trace of the Y chromosome in the 50 karyotypes with an X autosome rearrangement, which demonstrates the dispensability of this chromosome. In most instances, C-banded heterochromatin was present at the X autosome junction, which suggests that it insulates the gonosome from the autosome portions, whose genes are subjected to different levels of expression. Finally, it is proposed that the very preferential involvement of the X in inter-chromosome rearrangements is explained by: (1) the frequent acrocentric morphology of the X, thus the terminal position of constitutive heterochromatin, which can insulate the attached gonosomal and autosomal components; (2) the dispensability of the Y chromosome, which considerably minimizes the deleterious consequences of the heterozygous status in male meiosis, (3) following the rapid loss of the useless Y chromosome, the correct segregation of the X autosome-autosome trivalent, which ipso facto is ensured by a chiasma in its autosomal portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Dutrillaux
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205–CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier CP50 F, 75005 Paris, France
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Vela JM, Alonso-Zarazaga MÁ, Daccordi M. The species of Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 described by Linnaeus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Zookeys 2020; 986:55-80. [PMID: 33223880 PMCID: PMC7661484 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.986.57158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Linnaeus described five species presently included in the genus Timarcha: Chrysomela goettingensis, Tenebrio caeruleus, Tenebrio laevigatus, Tenebrio latipes, and Tenebrio rugosus. After a study of the relevant material, the identity of these species has been established. The following synonyms are proposed or confirmed: Timarcha goettingensis (Linnaeus, 1758) = T. latipes (Linnaeus, 1767), syn. nov.; Timarcha caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758), comb. nov. = T. balearica Gory, 1833, syn. nov. = T. balearica Pérez Arcas, 1865, syn. nov.; Timarcha rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) = T. scabra (Olivier, 1807), syn. conf. = T. generosa Erichson, 1841, syn. conf.; Timarcha laevigata (Linnaeus, 1767) = T. tenebricosa (Fabricius, 1775), syn. conf.. The type of Tenebrio caeruleus is a Chrysomelidae currently belonging to genus Timarcha and therefore can no longer be considered a Tenebrionidae (Helops caeruleus) nor the type species of genus Helops. For the sake of nomenclatural stability, an application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to change the relative precedence of Timarcha caerulea and retain usage of T. balearica will be made. An application to change the relative precedence of Timarcha laevigata has been submitted, which would lead to the conservation of usage of T. tenebricosa as valid. Lectotypes are designated for Chrysomela goettingensis, Tenebrio latipes, Tenebrio caeruleus, Timarcha balearica Gory, T. balearica Pérez Arcas, Tenebrio rugosus, Chrysomela scabra, Timarcha generosa, Tenebrio laevigatus, and Chrysomela tenebricosa. For each of the valid species the diagnosis, distribution, and host-plant data are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Vela
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Agriculture Entomology Lab, Cortijo de la Cruz, 29140, Churriana, Málaga, SpainInstituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y PesqueraMálagaSpain
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Zarazaga
- Colección de Entomología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, E-28006, Madrid, SpainMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturaleMadridSpain
| | - Mauro Daccordi
- c/o Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 9, 37129, Verona, Italyc/o Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di VeronaVeronaItaly
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Silva AA, Braga LS, Corrêa AS, Holmes VR, Johnston JS, Oppert B, Guedes RNC, Tavares MG. Comparative cytogenetics and derived phylogenic relationship among Sitophilus grain weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dryophthorinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:223-245. [PMID: 29997743 PMCID: PMC6037651 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.26412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic characteristics and genome size are powerful tools for species characterization and identification of cryptic species, providing critical insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. Sitophilus Linnaeus, 1758 grain weevils can benefit from such tools as key pest species of stored products and also as sources of archeological information on human history and past urban environments. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship among these weevil species remains controversial and is largely based on single DNA fragment analyses. Therefore, cytogenetic analyses and genome size determinations were performed for four Sitophilus grain weevil species, namely the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758), the tamarind weevil S. linearis (Herbst, 1797), the rice weevil S. oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763), and the maize weevil S. zeamais Motschulsky, 1855. Both maize and rice weevils exhibited the same chromosome number (2n=22; 10 A + Xyp). In contrast, the granary and tamarind weevils exhibited higher chromosome number (2n=24; 11 A + Xyp and 11 A + neo-XY, respectively). The nuclear DNA content of these species was not proportionally related to either chromosome number or heterochromatin amount. Maize and rice weevils exhibited similar and larger genome sizes (0.730±0.003 pg and 0.786±0.003 pg, respectively), followed by the granary weevil (0.553±0.003 pg), and the tamarind weevil (0.440±0.001 pg). Parsimony phylogenetic analysis of the insect karyotypes indicate that S. zeamais and S. oryzae were phylogenetically closer than S. granarius and S. linearis, which were more closely related and share a more recent ancestral relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avelar Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Soares Braga
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Alberto Soares Corrêa
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Petitpierre E. A chromosomal analysis of three species of Timarcha (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:27-32. [PMID: 27186335 PMCID: PMC4856923 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i1.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The karyotypes of three species of Timarcha Latreille, 1829 have been analysed. Timarcha (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Laicharting, 1781), has 18 + Xyp male meioformula and 2n = 38 chromosomes, similar to those found in the two species of subgenus Americanotimarcha Jolivet, 1948, in agreement with morphological and molecular phylogenetic grounds. Timarcha (Timarcha) carmelenae Petitpierre, 2013 displays 9 + Xyp and 2n = 20 chromosomes as in morphologically related Andalusian species, whereas Timarcha (Timarcha) parvicollis ssp. seidlitzi Kraatz, 1879 shows 11 + Xyp and 2n = 24 chromosomes, clearly differing from the previous species. These results are discussed in order to get an insight into the main trends of the chromosomal evolution in Timarcha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Petitpierre
- Dept. Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Abstract
The genus Timarcha seems unique among Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae by having plesiomorphic characters such as genitalia with a ring-like tegmen, covered with a setose parameral cap, together with apomorphic characters, including apterism and fused elytra. The distribution of this genus is also very peculiar: circum Mediterranean and northwestern American. Food selection also seems rather stict, comprising 8 families and 20 genera of plants. Two of the subgenera (Metallotimarcha and Americanotimarcha) share one plant family, the Ericaceae. The plant family Rubiaceae is also shared between three subgenera: Timarcha, Timarchostoma and Metallotimarcha. Reflex bleeding among diurnal species, aposematism, thanatosis, stomatic regurgitation are means of defense against predators, but not against parasites and commensals. A very archaic genus, probably originating in early Mesozoic, with around 100 taxa, and 50 subspecies. Mutations remain very common in the group and new species are possibly still emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Jolivet
- 1Museum of Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA, and Natural History Museum, 67 Bvd. Soult, 75012, Paris e-mail:
| | | | - K.K. Verma
- 3HIG/327, Housing Board Colony, Borsi, Durg, 491001, India e-mail:
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Goll LG, Artoni RF, Vicari MR, Nogaroto V, Petitpierre E, Almeida MC. Cytogenetic analysis of Lagria villosa (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae): emphasis on the mechanism of association of the Xy(p) sex chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 139:29-35. [PMID: 22948411 DOI: 10.1159/000341674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xy(p) sex determination mechanism is the system most frequent and ancestral to Coleoptera. Moreover, the presence of argyrophilous material associated with the sex bivalent is described as being responsible for the maintenance and association of these chromosomes. There are no karyotype data available regarding the genus Lagria and no consensus in the literature regarding the argyrophilous material present in the lumen of sex bivalent. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the mechanism of sex chromosome bivalent association in Lagria villosa by analyzing the argyrophilous nature of the material present in the Xy(p) lumen. It was also intended to characterize L. villosa cytogenetically. The analysis of meiotic cells showed 2n = 18 = 16+Xy(p) for males and 2n = 18 = 16+XX in females and the meiotic formula was 2n = 8(II)+Xy(p). The C-banding showed blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin in all chromosomes except in the y(p) chromosome. In these regions, the use of fluorochromes revealed the presence of heterochromatin containing GC rich DNA sequences. The study of synaptonemal complex showed a gradual increase in the electron-density of the axial elements of the sex chromosomes and their association with strongly electron-dense material. The pepsin pretreatment revealed that the material impregnated by silver is protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Goll
- UEPG, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Petitpierre E. Cytogenetics, cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution of Chrysomelinae revisited (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Zookeys 2012:67-79. [PMID: 22303104 PMCID: PMC3253643 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.157.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 260 taxa and chromosomal races of subfamily Chrysomelinae have been chromosomally analyzed showing a wide range of diploid numbers from 2n = 12 to 2n = 50, and four types of male sex-chromosome systems. with the parachute-like ones Xy(p) and XY(p) clearly prevailing (79.0%), but with the XO well represented too (19.75%). The modal haploid number for chrysomelines is n = 12 (34.2%) although it is not probably the presumed most plesiomorph for the whole subfamily, because in tribe Timarchini the modal number is n = 10 (53.6%) and in subtribe Chrysomelina n = 17 (65.7%). Some well sampled genera, such as Timarcha, Chrysolina and Cyrtonus, are variable in diploid numbers, whereas others, like Chrysomela, Paropsisterna, Oreina and Leptinotarsa, are conservative and these differences are discussed. The main shifts in the chromosomal evolution of Chrysomelinae seems to be centric fissions and pericentric inversions but other changes as centric fusions are also clearly demonstrated. The biarmed chromosome shape is the prevalent condition, as found in most Coleoptera, although a fair number of species hold a few uniarmed chromosomes at least. A significant negative correlation between the haploid numbers and the asymmetry in size of karyotypes (r = -0.74) has been found from a large sample of 63 checked species of ten different genera. Therefore, the increases in haploid number are generally associated with a higher karyotype symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Petitpierre
- Dept. of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Almeida MC, Goll LG, Artoni RF, Nogaroto V, Matiello RR, Vicari MR. Physical mapping of 18S rDNA cistron in species of the Omophoita genus (Coleoptera, Alticinae) using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Micron 2010; 41:729-34. [PMID: 20638293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alticinae has the greatest amount of biodiversity among the Chrysomelidae, with 40,000 described species, only 290 of which have been analyzed cytogenetically. The majority of studies refer to conventional staining and few species have been analyzed or have responded to differential staining methods. The aim of the present study was to describe an 18S rDNA probe for Alticinae and the location of this cluster in species of the Omophoita genus. The fragment of approximately 750bp obtained through a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification reaction with specific oligonucleotides to 18S rDNA was cloned and denominated pTZ_Ooct_18Sp and then submitted to automatic sequencing. The alignment of the sequences obtained through the sequencing of the clones generated a consensus sequence of 722bp for Omophoita octoguttata with 98% homology with other species of Alticinae. The analysis of mitotic cells of O. octoguttata and Omophoita magniguttis submitted to fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with the 18S rDNA probe revealed that the ribosomal genes are located in 6th pair. O. magniguttis also has a second labeled pair. Omophoita personata exhibited nucleolar organizer regions associated to one autosome pair. The analysis of meiotic cells submitted to FISH revealed one labeled bivalent in metaphase I in O. octoguttata and O. personata and in one chromosome in metaphase II in O. octoguttata. FISH data suggest a conserved pattern in the species analyzed and an apomorphy of O. magniguttis karyotype. The rDNA 18S probe could be considered an important marker to evidence the karyotypic differentiation, not observed with conventional methodologies, in species considered karyotypically conserved and uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cristina Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
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Moura RDCD, Melo NFD, Souza MJD. High levels of chromosomal differentiation in Euchroma gigantea L. 1735 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Schneider MC, Rosa SP, Almeida MC, Costa C, Cella DM. Chromosomal similarities and differences among four Neotropical Elateridae (Conoderini and Pyrophorini) and other related species, with comments on the NOR patterns in Coleoptera. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dutrillaux AM, Xie H, Dutrillaux B. Nucleolus and chromosome relationships at pachynema in four Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) species with various combinations of NOR and sex chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2007; 15:417-27. [PMID: 17406990 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-007-1133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) and nucleolus locations were studied after silver staining in spermatocytes at pachynema from four beetle species selected for their various combinations of sex chromosomes. Their karyotypic formulae were: 18,neoXY (Dorcus parallelipipedus); 25,X (Passalus unicornis) and 20,Xyp (Cetonia aurata and Protaecia (Potosia) opaca). NORs were located in the short arms of a unique acrocentric autosome pair in the first three and in intercalary position in a sub-metacentric autosome pair in the last species. Silver staining gave remarkably more consistent results in pachytene than in mitotic spreads, enabling the detection of both NORs and nucleoli, and also better results in embryo than in spermatogonial metaphases. At pachynema the NORs were elongated, roughly in proportion to the number of nucleoli, which always remained associated with NOR. Nucleoli were not recurrently associated with sex chromosomes, except in P. unicornis, at late pachynema. In C. aurata and P. opaca the sex body was recurrently associated with acrocentric short arms and metacentric telomeres, respectively. Even in these simple situations, with NORs located in a single autosome pair, the number of nucleoli and their relationships with sex chromosomes varied strongly from species to species. These variations appear to be largely determined by the chromosome rearrangements which have occurred during evolution, which makes extrapolations and generalizations quite hazardous. In D. parallelipipedus pachytene cells a quasi-systematic and transient fusion between the terminal heterochromatin of two sub-metacentrics was detected. Other chromosome bivalents could also be occasionally associated, but not the NOR carrier one. A strong enhancement of DAPI or quinacrine mustard staining was observed at the fusion point.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dutrillaux
- UMR 5202, OSEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, CP 32, 75005, Paris, France
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Gómez-Zurita J. Molecular systematics and time-scale for the evolution of Timarcha, a leaf-beetle genus with a disjunct Holarctic distribution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 32:647-65. [PMID: 15223044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years we have investigated the evolution of the Holarctic leaf-beetle genus Timarcha using molecular approaches, but to date several important questions remained unanswered, including its systematic arrangement in a temporal context, or the phylogenetic placement of the Nearctic taxa. Here I present a reanalysis of available genetic data together with newly generated data for key taxa (markers 16S rDNA, CO2, ITS-2, and 18S rDNA), including the Nearctic species (subgenus Americanotimarcha), using direct optimization-based phylogenetic reconstructions. Lineage ages are estimated using maximum likelihood branch-length estimates and the molecular clock calibration derived from several presumed vicariance events in the Mediterranean. Phylogenetic analyses and 18S rDNA divergences suggest the ancient divergence of the Nearctic and Palaearctic lineages, related to the North Atlantic opening in the middle Eocene. The diversification of the Palaearctic Timarcha seems closely related to the geological evolution of the Mediterranean area during the Tertiary, with Pleistocenic climate changes affecting species ranges and lineage extinction, but not resulting in extensive speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gómez-Zurita
- Area de Biología Animal, Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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