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Sy O, Diongue K, Ba O, Ahmed CB, Elbechir MA, Abdallahi MSM, Brahim M, Baidy BL, Ndiaye D. Tinea capitis in school children from Mauritania: A comparative study between urban and rural areas. J Mycol Med 2020; 31:101048. [PMID: 33127320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Mauritania, only an investigation carried out 26 years ago allows to report epidemiological findings about tinea capitis in Nouakchott. The objective of this study was to reactualize the tinea capitis epidemiological, clinical and mycological profile in school children and to compare this profile in urban and rural area. PATIENTS AND METHODS All subscribed students in targeted schools and present during the investigation were examined clinically before samples collection. Mycological diagnosis was made by direct examination and culture in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol and supplemented with cycloheximide. The results were considered positive when culture with the presence of dermatophytes was obtained. RESULTS Prevalence of tinea capitis among school children was 10.50% and it was more important in rural area (12.21%) than in urban area (9.52%). The age group ranged between 6 and 8 years was the most affected (13.58%). According to the gender, male (11.46%) were more affected than female (9.62%). Trichophytic tinea were predominant and Trichophyton soudanense was more isolated followed by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton schoenleinii and Microsporum audouinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sy
- Laboratoire du centre hospitalier Mère et Enfant de Nouakchott, BP 40028, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
| | - K Diongue
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - O Ba
- Département des sciences fondamentales, faculté de médecine, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - C B Ahmed
- Département de biologie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - M A Elbechir
- Département de biologie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - M S M Abdallahi
- Département de biologie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - M Brahim
- Département de biologie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - B L Baidy
- Département des sciences fondamentales, faculté de médecine, université de Nouakchott, Al Aasrya, Mauritania
| | - D Ndiaye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
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Schmeller W. „Ärzte helfen hautkranken Kindern in Afrika e. V.“ Projektabschluss nach 26 Jahren Dermatologie im ländlichen Kenia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:113-116. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E57. [PMID: 29371573 PMCID: PMC5753159 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1402] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases kill more than 1.5 million and affect over a billion people. However, they are still a neglected topic by public health authorities even though most deaths from fungal diseases are avoidable. Serious fungal infections occur as a consequence of other health problems including asthma, AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation and corticosteroid therapies. Early accurate diagnosis allows prompt antifungal therapy; however this is often delayed or unavailable leading to death, serious chronic illness or blindness. Recent global estimates have found 3,000,000 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, ~223,100 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating HIV/AIDS, ~700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, ~500,000 cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, ~250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, ~100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, over 10,000,000 cases of fungal asthma and ~1,000,000 cases of fungal keratitis occur annually. Since 2013, the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) portal has facilitated the estimation of the burden of serious fungal infections country by country for over 5.7 billion people (>80% of the world's population). These studies have shown differences in the global burden between countries, within regions of the same country and between at risk populations. Here we interrogate the accuracy of these fungal infection burden estimates in the 43 published papers within the LIFE initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
| | - Sara Gago
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK.
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
| | - David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK.
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Coulibaly O, L’Ollivier C, Piarroux R, Ranque S. Epidemiology of human dermatophytoses in Africa. Med Mycol 2017; 56:145-161. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sacheli R, Adjetey C, Darfouf R, Harag S, Huynen P, Meex C, Descy J, Melin P, Arrese J, Hayette MP. A one-year survey of Microsporum audouinii infections in Belgium: epidemiological and genotypic characterization. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:285.e9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zink A, Papanagiotou V, Todorova A, Seidl HP, Niedermeier A, Ring J, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Outbreak of Microsporum audouinii in Munich--the return of infectious fungi in Germany. Mycoses 2014; 57:765-70. [PMID: 25175409 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
After experiencing an unusually high number of Microsporum (M.) audouinii infections at our hospital within only a few weeks, we began to investigate and control an outbreak in Munich, Germany. Main goals of our health management were to treat infected persons, identify extent and form of transmission and to prevent new infections. We analysed data from structured interviews with patients and mycological cultures of swabs taken of patients and investigated involved public facilities. Outbreak management included antifungal treatment of patients, decontamination of affected facilities, the introduction of a temporary kindergarten ban for M. audouinii positive children and the organisation of educational meetings. Between March and August 2011, 16 children and 4 adults were identified with M. audouinii infections. The fungus was brought to Munich by the index patients from a family vacation in Africa and then spread to fellow children in kindergarten and subsequently to their families. All patients were treated successfully and the epidemic was declared ceased after 40 weeks but causing considerable financial damage. Due to travelling and migration, M. audouinii infections will rise in Germany and Europe. Sufficient and sustainable strategies are needed for the management of future outbreaks of highly contagious fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Smith SE, Ludwig JT, Chinchilli VM, Mehta K, Stoute JA. Use of Telemedicine to Diagnose Tinea in Kenyan Schoolchildren. Telemed J E Health 2013; 19:166-8. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2012.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Smith
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John T. Ludwig
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Khanjan Mehta
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - José A. Stoute
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Sadeghi G, Abouei M, Alirezaee M, Tolouei R, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Mostafavi E, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. A 4-year survey of dermatomycoses in Tehran from 2006 to 2009. J Mycol Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jankowska-Konsur A, Dyląg M, Hryncewicz-Gwóźdź A, Plomer-Niezgoda E, Szepietowski JC. A 5-year survey of dermatomycoses in southwest Poland, years 2003-2007. Mycoses 2011; 54:162-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
We sought to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in Iraq. Most such studies performed in Iraq have been hospital based. One community based study was performed in the southern area of Iraq but involved only an urban population. Our study was carried out in two Iraqi governorates, Tikrit and Kirkuk, and involved 1545 randomly selected households, 829 from urban areas and 716 from rural areas. The total sample size was 8000 individuals representing a wide range of ages, 3735 (47%) males and 4268 (53%) females. The overall prevalence of skin diseases was 27%. The rate was similar in males (27%) and females (27%), and in rural (28%) compared with urban (26%) areas. Dermatitis was the most common disease category (33%) in the community based population, and skin infections (32%) in the hospital based group. Community and hospital based studies demonstrate that skin diseases represent a major public health problem which may confer significant personal and financial burdens on Iraq.
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Elewski BE, Cáceres HW, DeLeon L, El Shimy S, Hunter JA, Korotkiy N, Rachesky IJ, Sanchez-Bal V, Todd G, Wraith L, Cai B, Tavakkol A, Bakshi R, Nyirady J, Friedlander SF. Terbinafine hydrochloride oral granules versus oral griseofulvin suspension in children with tinea capitis: Results of two randomized, investigator-blinded, multicenter, international, controlled trials∗. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Updates on the Epidemiology of Dermatophyte Infections. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:335-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ngwogu AC, Otokunefor TV. Epidemiology of dermatophytoses in a rural community in Eastern Nigeria and review of literature from Africa. Mycopathologia 2007; 164:149-58. [PMID: 17657581 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 4,287 primary school children, comprising 1,740 males and 2,547 females in Arochukwu local government area of Abia state Nigeria were examined for clinical signs of dermatophytoses. About 873 (20.4%), consisting of 505 males and 368 females had lesions consistent with dermatophytoses. The disease was more prevalent in males (29%) than females (14.4%) in a ratio of approximately 2:1 (P < 0.05). The infection rate increased from 16.8% in the 4-6 year age group to a peak of 28.1% in the 10-12 year age bracket and dropped sharply to 5.6% in the 16-18 year group. The highest prevalence (39%) was observed among males aged 10-12 years while females 16-18 years had the lowest prevalence (2.5%). Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical type of dermatophytoses, and occurred in 13.7% of the total population studied and 67% of lesion positive cases. Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton tonsurans the predominant aetiological agents of dermatophytoses with a prevalence of 26.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Others include Trichophyton mentagrophytes (18.8%), Epidermophyton floccosum (8.3%), Microsporum audouinii (6.4%), Microsporum gypseum (6.0%), Trichophyton rubrum (5.5%) and Microsporum ferrugineum (7.3%), which was isolated for the first time in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada C Ngwogu
- Department Of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, P M B 5323, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
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Metintas S, Kiraz N, Arslantas D, Akgun Y, Kalyoncu C, Kiremitçi A, Unsal A. Frequency and risk factors of dermatophytosis in students living in rural areas in Eskişehir, Turkey. Mycopathologia 2004; 157:379-82. [PMID: 15281399 DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000030447.78197.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our study included 2384 students from five villages around Eskişehir, Turkey. We asked every student for their personal identification and also for their sanitation in order to get an idea about dermatophytosis. Samples taken from suspicious lesion were collected and inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar slants. For identification of fungi which were grown, macroscopic appearance of colonies, microscopic examination and biochemical tests were used. We found suspicious lesions in 245 (10.3%) and diagnosed dermatophytosis in 86 (3.6%) of the students. The dermatophyte species were Trichophyton rubrum 37 (43%) at first, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 17 (19.8%), Microsporum canis 11 (12.8%), Microsporum gypseum 8(9.3%), Epidermophyton floccosum 6 (7%), Trichophyton verrucosum 6 (7%) and Trichophyton violaceum 1 (1.1%). Tinea pedis (59.3%) was the most frequent clinic form of dermatophytosis, followed by tinea corporis (22.1%), tinea capitis (9.3%), tinea manum (7.0%) and tinea unguium (2.3%). Older age, male gender, poor hygiene, living in dormitory, low level mother education, history of dermatophytosis within family and sanitary conditions were computed as independently variables associated with dermatophytosis infection. For prevention and control of dermatophyte infection in children living rural areas, field studies should be done and sanitary conditions should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Metintas
- Department of Public Health, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Babić-Erceg A, Barisić Z, Erceg M, Babić A, Borzić E, Zoranić V, Kaliterna V. Dermatophytoses in Split and Dalmatia, Croatia, 1996-2002. Dermatophytosen in Split und Dalmatien, Kroatien, 1996-2002. Mycoses 2004; 47:297-9. [PMID: 15310333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in Split and Dalmatia County, Croatia, between 1996 and 2002. Of 5792 samples 1318 (23.8%) were positive. Tinea corporis and tinea cruris were the most common types of dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis (36.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (24.8%), and T. rubrum (21.5%) were the main etiologic factors.
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Abstract
We describe a case of tinea capitis in a 4-year-old boy caused by Microsporum audouinii var. langeronii. This is the first recorded case of tinea capitis due to this dermatophyte in the Maltese Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vella Zahra
- Medical School, Mycology Laboratory, Pathology Department, St Luke's Hospital, Malta.
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Schmeller W, Dzikus A. Skin diseases in children in rural Kenya: long-term results of a dermatology project within the primary health care system. Br J Dermatol 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2001.03962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singal A, Rawat S, Bhattacharya SN, Mohanty S, Baruah MC. Clinico-myocological profile of tinea capitis in North India and response to griseofulvin. J Dermatol 2001; 28:22-6. [PMID: 11280460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2001.tb00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of literature on tinea capitis from North India. The response to griseofulvin has not been studied as well. We studied 153 consecutive patients of tinea capitis for clinical patterns, causative dermatophytic species, clinico-etiological correlation, and response to griseofulvin. Culture and sensitivity were done on all patients. All patients were treated with griseofulvin for 6-8 weeks; non-responders were further treated with fluconazole. Ninety percent of the patients were less than 15 years of age, 75% belonged to poor socioeconomic groups and 19% had a family history of tinea capitis. The seborrheic variant was the commonest clinical pattern seen in 47.8% of patients, followed by grey patch, black dot, kerion, and alopecia-areata-like tinea capitis in 35.9%, 8.5%, 6.5% and 1.3% of patients, respectively. Only 66% of patients had a positive culture. T. violaceum was the commonest dermatophytic species isolated in 38% patients. M. audouinii, T. schoenleinii, T. tonsurans, M. gypseum, T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes were isolated in 34%, 10%, 9%, 3%, 3% and 3% of patients, respectively. Of the isolates 94% were susceptible to griseofulvin, and 100% were susceptible to fluconazole. By using griseofulvin for 6-8 weeks 97.4% of the patients were cured; nonresponders required therapy with fluconazole for cure. To conclude, tinea capitis is still a disease of younger people of poor socioeconomic status. T. violaceum and M. audouinii are the most common responsible dermatophytes. The response to griseofulvin was excellent, and it should be used as a first line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singal
- Department of Dermatology, University of College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
We describe 45 cases of dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton violaceum diagnosed in Tuscany from 1985 to 1997. Diagnosis was based on direct microscope mycological examination and culture. Nine of the 45 patients were Italian, eight of whom were born and resident in Tuscany; the others were Africans who contracted the infection in their country of origin. The first case in a non-European was observed in 1985, but since 1991 isolation from foreigners has become more frequent. The increase in cases of infection by T. violaceum in our region is certainly linked to immigration. The cases of epidermomycosis in Tuscans suggests that the fungus has already become autochthonous.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romano
- Institute of Dermatology, Siena University, Italy
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Abstract
Tinea capitis is a common dermatophyte infection of the scalp in children. Dermatophytes are classified into three genera; tinea capitis is caused predominantly by Trichophyton or Microsporum species. On the basis of host preference and natural habitat, dermatophytes are also classified as anthropophilic, geophilic and zoophilic. The etiological agents of tinea capitis usually fall in the first and last categories. In North America, tinea capitis is now predominantly due to Trichophyton tonsurans. During the past 100 years the most common North American organism for tinea capitis was initially Microsporum canis followed later by M. audouinii. In other parts of the world the epidemiology varies. Tinea capitis is generally observed in children over the age of 6 years and before puberty, with African Americans being the most affected group. Clinical presentations are seborrheic-like scale, 'black dot' pattern, inflammatory tinea capitis with kerion and tiny pustules in the scalp. The clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by mycological examination. Wood's light examination was of value in diagnosing tinea capitis due to M. canis and M. audouinii; however, it is not helpful in T. tonsurans tinea capitis. Asymptomatic carriers may be a significant reservoir of infection and spread of spores may also involve inanimate objects. Carriers may benefit from shampooing their hair. Treatment of tinea capitis requires an oral antifungal agent. The data from the use of terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole are promising and suggest that these agents have an efficacy similar to griseofulvin while shortening the duration of therapy. Both griseofulvin and the newer antimycotics have a favorable adverse-effect profile and are associated with high compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Eighth International Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, Paris, France, 20 May 1998. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38:941-6. [PMID: 10671095 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Between September 1995 and September 1997, 1840 patients attending our mycology department were suspected as having onychomycoses. Of the patients 985 were females and 855 were males. A total of 426 finger nail and 1414 toe nail scrapings were examined. Both microscopic and culture tests were carried out for each specimen. In 759 cases positive fungal cultures were found and 1081 cases were determined as negative. One fungal species was isolated from 715 specimens, in 44 of the cases two different species were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiraz
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
The most common superficial dermatophyte infections in children involve the scalp, skin, and nails. Griseofulvin has traditionally served as the standard of care for scalp and nail infections, but an increasing proportion of tinea capitis infections are proving refractory or very slowly responsive to treatment. This article will review new antifungal therapies available and their future role in the treatment of pediatric dermatophyte infections. As these new agents are not yet FDA approved for use in the pediatric dermatophyte infections, the practitioner must be aware of possible risks and benefits of such drugs, and counsel families appropriately regarding "off-label" use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Friedlander
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, USA
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