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Botelho-Fontela S, Paixão G, Pereira-Pinto R, Vaz-Velho M, Pires MA, Payan-Carreira R, Patarata L, Lorenzo JM, Silva A, Esteves A. The effects of different immunocastration protocols on meat quality traits and boar taint compounds in male Bísaro pigs. Theriogenology 2024; 214:89-97. [PMID: 37862942 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunocastration can be an alternative to surgical castration in Bísaro pigs when there is a need to keep animals on the farm until at least 8 months old. As an autochthonous breed, some particularities must be addressed when doing immunocastration, for which 3 different protocols were tested and two control groups were made with surgically castrated males (SC) and boars (Bo). Two protocols were made in prepubertal pigs, with two (E2) and three inoculations (L3) in the first cycle, and another in adults (A2) with only two inoculations. Physicochemical parameters and boar taint compounds quantification and sensory analysis of the meat from the studied pigs were assessed. Immunocastration provided intermediate values between surgically castrated pigs and entire males, with low levels of boar taint compounds. The L3 group provided closer results to SC, which was also corroborated by the sensory analysis. Although the other two protocols had no significant differences with Bo, there was a positive tendency towards them. As is, the L3 protocol was promising as a good alternative to surgical castration, maintaining the characteristic attributes of the Bísaro pig meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botelho-Fontela
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Paixão
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pereira-Pinto
- CISAS - Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Vaz-Velho
- CISAS - Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Maria A Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- CHRC - Comprehensive Health Research Centre & Department de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, 7002, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Luís Patarata
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia 4, 32900, San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain.
| | - António Silva
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Esteves
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Aung SH, Abeyrathne EDNS, Hossain MA, Jung DY, Kim HC, Jo C, Nam KC. Comparative Quality Traits, Flavor Compounds, and Metabolite Profile of Korean Native Black Goat Meat. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:639-658. [PMID: 37483995 PMCID: PMC10359836 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although goat meat has several health benefits than other red meats but comsumers reluctant it due to its unpleasant flavor. This study aimed to investigate the odorant of goat meat as well as compare the quality traits of meat regarding sex status. The loin meats [non-castrated male (NCM), castrated male (CM), and female (FM)] were collected and stored at 4°C in a laboratory refrigerator and analyzed on the 1st, 5th, and 8th consecutive days. The moisture content was the lowest and the protein content was highest in FM (p<0.05). Fat and ash content in NCM and FM were similar while lowest in CM. The CIE L* was significantly higher in NCM, but there were no significant differences of CIE a* and CIE b* within groups at initial day. The color intensity increased on the 5th storage day and decreased again after the 8th storage day, except in NCM. NCM displayed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (p<0.05), whereas CM displayed a higher pH value than other groups throughout the storage period. Indole levels were the highest in NCM (0.031 mg/kg); however, skatole levels were not significant differences across all treatments (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the fatty acid composition between NCM and CM (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference was observed in FM (p<0.05). Most of the water-soluble metabolites showed significant differences between sexes. Overall, sex status effects on quality properties of meat and castration can improve the overall sensory acceptance by reducing goaty flavor of Korean native black goat meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shine Htet Aung
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Zoology, Kyaukse
University, Kyaukse 05151, Myanmar
| | - Edirisinghe Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa
University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Md. Altaf Hossain
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Applied Food Science and
Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Doo Yeon Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Nam
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
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Tereszkiewicz K, Kulig Ł, Antos P, Kowalczyk K. Influence of the Level of Sex Hormones in the Blood of Gilts on Slaughter Characteristics and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020267. [PMID: 36670807 PMCID: PMC9854501 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the conducted research was to determine the impact of factors such as sex hormone levels, which vary during gilts' reproductive cycle, on the quality of the obtained meat and slaughter characteristics of the processed gilts. The research material included a population of 60 gilts slaughtered in one of the slaughterhouses located in south-eastern Poland. After the slaughtering operations were completed, the carcasses were weighed at the classification stand. The results of the statistical evaluation of the haematological and biochemical blood parameters of the examined gilts showed that, in the tested blood samples, the concentration of progesterone had a statistically significant impact only on the level of total protein, which was higher in the blood samples of gilts with a low concentration of progesterone. It was found that carcasses of gilts with higher levels of the LH hormone were characterized by a lower meat content index by nearly 3%. It was shown that the concentration of LH affected the post-slaughter temperature of the sirloin and ham muscles. The interpretation of the obtained data was difficult since there seems to be a gap in the literature concerning the dependencies of sex hormone levels in gilts and meat quality.
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Pesenti Rossi G, Dalla Costa E, Filipe JFS, Mazzola SM, Motta A, Borciani M, Gastaldo A, Canali E, Pilia F, Argenton M, Caniatti M, Pecile A, Minero M, Barbieri S. Does Immunocastration Affect Behaviour and Body Lesions in Heavy Pigs? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080410. [PMID: 36006325 PMCID: PMC9414783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Castration of piglets is routinely practiced to prevent the presence of boar taint. In Europe, around 61% of pigs are surgically castrated, 54% of which do not receive any pain-relief therapy. The increasing public awareness towards animal welfare and the ethical characteristics of animal-derived products has led to the necessity of finding more animal-friendly alternatives. Among them, immunocastration, a process of active immunisation leading to the suppression of testicular function, has shown promising results in light pig production, both in terms of animal welfare and productivity. Besides, no study has yet investigated animal welfare in immunocastrated males intended for Italian heavy pig production. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of immunocastration on the welfare of heavy pigs by monitoring behaviour and body lesions in immunocastrated and surgically castrated pigs. Salivary testosterone levels and productive traits were also evaluated. Our results confirmed that immunocastration is a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performance, whereas the higher activity of animals and the higher presence of body lesions before the effective immunisation caused an impairment of animal welfare, which should be further investigated as a critical aspect in heavy pig production. Abstract Immunocastration has been pointed out as an alternative to surgical castration; though, most of the scientific studies were performed in light pig production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunocastration on animal welfare in heavy pig production through the evaluation of behaviour and body lesions. A total of 188 commercial-hybrid pigs were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: surgical castration (SC) and immunocastration with Improvac® (IC). Data on behaviour, body lesions, and salivary testosterone levels were collected the day before each vaccination at 15, 22, 32, and 36 weeks of age. IC and SC pigs were slaughtered at 40 and 41 weeks of age, respectively; productive and carcass traits data were also collected. Considering productive performance, our results confirmed that IC pigs grew faster and presented a higher weight at slaughter. A critical period for pig welfare was observed before 32 weeks: testosterone concentration and body lesion score were significantly higher in IC pigs compared to SC pigs; active behaviours were significantly more frequent in IC at 15 weeks. Immunocastration may represent a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performances, whereas the impairment of welfare during the period before the effective vaccination should be further investigated as a potential critical aspect in heavy pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pesenti Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Ambra Motta
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Borciani
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Pilia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Argenton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Zomeño C, Gispert M, Brun A, Carabús A, Soler J, Font-I-Furnols M. Productive performance and in vivo body composition across the growing and finishing period and carcass traits in pigs of four sex types. Meat Sci 2022; 192:108909. [PMID: 35863210 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compares performance, body and carcass composition among castrated (CM), immunocastrated (IM) and entire males (EM), and females (FE) at 30, 70, 100 and 120 kg of body weight (total of n = 92; 20-24/sex type). Overall, IM had similar growth and feed intake to CM and greater than EM and FE. At each slaughter stage, IM had a lower killing-out percentage than CM and FE, in line with their heavier liver and kidneys. Flare fat proportion and backfat thickness on the ham and at the last rib level were similar for IM, EM and FE, and these were lower than CM. In EM and FE, backfat between the 3rd and 4th last ribs was lower and carcass lean content was higher than in CM, whereas IM were intermediate and not different to the other sexes. Females showed the largest ham proportion, this cut being leaner and less fatty than in CM. Belly proportion was higher in CM than in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zomeño
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Marina Gispert
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Brun
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Carabús
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Soler
- IRTA-Infrastructure Platform, Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Font-I-Furnols
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain.
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Pawlicki P, Galuszka A, Pardyak L, Tuz R, Płachno BJ, Malopolska M, Dubniewicz K, Yang P, Kotula-Balak M, Tarasiuk K. Leydig Cells in Immunocastrated Polish Landrace Pig Testis: Differentiation Status and Steroid Enzyme Expression Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6120. [PMID: 35682797 PMCID: PMC9181736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porker immunocastration against gonadoliberin (GnRH) secretion has been utilized since 2009; however, consumers are still skeptical of it. This is due to not having full information available on the problem of a boar taint, as well as a lack of research on morphological and molecular changes that may occur in the animal reproductive system and other body systems. The present study aimed to explore the functional status of steroidogenic Leydig cells of the testicular interstitial tissue in immunocastrated Polish Landrace pigs. Analyses were performed using Western blot, immunohistochemistry for relaxin (RLN), insulin-like 3 protein (INSL3), pelleted growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), cytochrome P450scc, 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD), cytochrome P450arom, and 5α-reductase (5α-RED). Immunoassay ELISA was used to measure the androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol levels in the testis and serum of immunocastrates. We revealed disturbances in the distribution and expression of (i) RLN, indicating an inflammatory reaction in the interstitial tissue; (ii) INSL3 and PDGFRα, indicating alterations in the differentiation and function of fetal, perinatal, or adult Leydig cell populations; (iii) P450scc, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, P450arom, and 5α-RED, indicating disturbances in the sex steroid hormone production and disturbed functional status of Leydig cells; as well as (iv) decreased levels of androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol in testicular tissue and serum, indicating the dedicated action of Improvac to reduce boar taint at both the hypothalamic-hypophysis-gonadal axis and local level (Leydig cells). In summary, our study provides a significant portion of knowledge on the function of Leydig cells after immunocastration, which is also important for the diagnosis and therapy of testis dysfunction due to GnRH action failure and/or Leydig cell differentiational-functional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Anna Galuszka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Laura Pardyak
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Ryszard Tuz
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Martyna Malopolska
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dubniewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Food Hygiene, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Kazimierz Tarasiuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Food Hygiene, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.D.); (K.T.)
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7
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Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Latorre MA. Effect of Castration Type and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Sex Hormones and Metabolites, and Carcass Quality of Heavy Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1004. [PMID: 35454250 PMCID: PMC9024496 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A trial was carried out to study the effect of type of castration and diet on pigs destined for Teruel ham production, which is a Spanish protected designation of origin for dry-cured ham. A total of 144 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs were used. Half of them were surgically castrated and the other half were immunocastrated with three doses at approximately 25, 58 and 79 kg of body weight. Furthermore, three diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein-CP- and amino acids-AA) were tested from 80 to 137 kg of body weight. Growth performance, serum sex hormones and metabolites, and carcass quality were evaluated. Immunocastrated males grew faster and had better feed conversion ratio than surgically castrated males, but presented lower carcass fatness. Pigs fed the high-energy diet and the low-CP and -AA diet were more efficient at transforming feed into gain than those fed the control diet, but no effect was detected on carcass quality. In conclusion, surgically castrated males are preferable than immunocastrated males for Teruel dry-cured ham elaboration. Besides, a high-energy diet or a low-CP and -AA diet might improve productive performances, but does not provide any benefit in terms of carcass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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8
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Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, López-Mendoza MC, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Latorre MA. Influence of Immunocastration and Diet on Meat and Fat Quality of Heavy Female and Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3355. [PMID: 34944132 PMCID: PMC8697961 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out; one with female pigs and the other with male pigs destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production, to evaluate the effect of immunocastration (entire gilts-EG vs. immunocastrated gilts-IG and surgically castrated males vs. immunocastrated males-IM) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on meat quality and fat composition. Fifteen meat samples and eight fat samples of each treatment were analyzed in both experiments. In the case of males, six fat samples per treatment were analyzed to determine boar taint. Immunocastration is a good strategy in gilts intended for dry-cured ham production because improves meat composition; however, in males, immunocastration impairs the results of pork chemical composition compared with surgical castration. The IG presented a lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio than EG, improving fat technological quality. Diets had little effect on pork or fat quality in gilts, but a high-energy level using oilseeds and a low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diet from 80 to 137 kg of body weight could be interesting in IM to maintain or increase fat consistency, respectively. Moreover, in general, immunocastration is effective in avoiding boar taint in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - María Carmen López-Mendoza
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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9
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Long-Term Immunocastration Protocols Successfully Reduce Testicles' Size in Bísaro Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030632. [PMID: 33673476 PMCID: PMC7997316 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Surgical castration is an ongoing problem in pig production, especially in breeds reared until older ages, like the Bísaro pig. To avoid this technique, three immunocastration protocols with different numbers of injections and times of inoculation were tested. Scrotal measurements were used to attest their effectiveness. The best protocol was the one with three administrations starting at three months old. It was able to maintain the testis size below puberty size for 16 weeks following the last injection. Abstract This study aimed to find a suitable immunocastration protocol for male Bísaro pigs (BP) due to the breed and production system particularities. Twenty-five male BP were treated with Improvac® according to three protocols: using two (GrpE2 and L2) or three vaccinations (GrpL3) and starting at 9 (GrpE2) or 13 weeks old (GrpL2 and L3). Eleven animals were kept as intact males (GrpC). Scrotal measurements and the morphometry of the testes and epididymides collected at slaughter were used to survey the effectiveness of the immunocastration compared with the age-matched intact controls. Animals in groups E2 and L3 were kept until 57 weeks, after a second vaccination cycle at 49 and 53 weeks of age. Scrotal dimensions decreased to almost initial values in treated animals until 17 (GrpE2) and 21 weeks (GrpL2 and L3), thereafter increasing to post-pubertal values until around 29 or 37 weeks of age for groups E2 and L2, respectively, but only at 41 weeks in group L3. Between 41 and 49 weeks, scrotal dimensions were similar in treated and control animals, decreasing to the predicted pre-puberty size after the second cycle of vaccination. This study suggests the most suited protocol for males slaughtered at older ages includes three administrations of Improvac® starting at 3 months of age, followed by a second vaccination cycle.
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10
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Allison JRD, da Silva CA, Callegari MA, Dias CP, de Souza KLL, de Oliveira ER, Peloso JV, Poleze E, Mah CK, Lin D, Aldaz A. Immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) in market gilts: Effect on growth and carcass parameters, and impact of immunization timing. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:127-137. [PMID: 33609970 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive cycling in fattening gilts can be associated with undesirable effects, such as estrus-related aggressive behavior, reduced feed intake and, in production systems where gilts are co-housed with entire males, unwanted pregnancy. Immunization against Gonadotrophin Releasing Factor (IM) can temporarily suppress ovarian activity, including related negative consequences on animal welfare and productivity. Feed intake has been shown to be higher after IM, resulting in both increased growth and increased carcass fat. A series of studies was conducted to confirm these effects on production and look at their dynamics over time. Three trials were performed to a similar design, each involving 240 gilts divided into 4 experimental groups at 12 weeks of age. One group remained untreated while the others had the two dose, IM course completed 8, 6 or 4 weeks before harvest, which was on a single day at 24, 25 or 26 weeks of age depending on the study. Feed intake was measured daily and bodyweight weekly, allowing growth parameters to be calculated on a weekly basis and for specific longer periods. Carcass weight, backfat depth and lean meat percentage were recorded at harvest. No effects were observed before the second application of the immunological product (V2) and completion of the IM course. Starting in the second week after V2 all IM groups showed a marked and consistent increase in Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), typically peaking at over 120% of the control group 3 to 4 weeks after V2 and then slowly declining, but still remaining elevated at 8 weeks. Weekly Average Daily Gain (ADG) showed a similar pattern but with a faster decline, resulting in the initially favorable impact on feed efficiency becoming less favorable as the V2 to harvest interval (V2H) progressed. Carcass weights were higher in IM gilts and backfat depths were greater, with the effects increasing with increasing V2H. Correspondingly, carcass lean meat percentage tended to decrease, although the higher carcass weights meant that the absolute weight of lean meat remained similar or higher. Carcass yield was generally unaffected by IM, but some between-group differences were statistically significant, and it is possible that different factors predominated at different times after V2, creating a complex relationship with V2H duration. The optimum IM protocol will depend on local conditions and production objectives but, as a generalization and assuming ad libitum feeding, a shorter V2H will favor efficient growth, while a longer duration will maximize carcass changes, such as increased fat coverage. It is suggested that the growth performance changes seen after IM in gilts might be viewed as a process of adjustment to a heavier and fatter target body type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C A da Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Srisuwatanasagul K, Srisuwatanasagul S, Roongsitthichai A. Expressions of cytochrome P450 aromatase and anti-Müllerian hormone in testes of fattening pigs by the timing of the first vaccination for immunocastration. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 56:400-407. [PMID: 33295050 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In practice, two injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine are recommended for pig immunocastration for effective outcomes. The present study aimed to investigate the expressions of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom ) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in testes, testicular length and testicular histomorphometry of the fattening pigs receiving the first injection of GnRH vaccine 6 weeks earlier than the standard protocol. Based on vaccination protocol, 24 pigs were equally divided into three groups: T1 was vaccinated at 15 and 19 weeks of age, T2 received vaccine at 9 and 19 weeks of age and C remained intact. P450arom and AMH expressions were analysed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results revealed that testicular length was highest in C pigs, but not different between T1 and T2 groups (6.5 ± 0.2 versus 6.9 ± 0.3 cm, p = .538). Histomorphometry demonstrated that the height of spermatogenic epithelia, the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of seminiferous tubules between T1 and T2 groups were not different (p > .05). For P450arom , immunohistochemistry revealed that H-score of C group was significantly higher than that of both T1 and T2 groups. Western blot analysis showed that C group possessed the densest protein band. Moreover, H-score between T1 and T2 groups was not significantly different. Protein band intensity between both groups was not apparently different. As for AMH, C pigs had significantly lower H-score than both T1 and T2 pigs. Furthermore, T2 pigs possessed significantly higher H-score than T1 pigs. Western blot analysis showed that the most intense protein band was found in T2 group. In summary, GnRH vaccine affected testicular development and functions. The first injection could be performed either at 9 or 15 weeks of age since both protocols contributed to comparable results in aspect of testicular length, histomorphometry and expressions of P450arom and AMH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Evaluation of the Effect of Surgical and Immunological Castration of Male Pigs on Boar Taint Compounds in Oral Fluid and Fat Tissue by LC-MS/MS Method. J Vet Res 2020; 64:557-565. [PMID: 33367145 PMCID: PMC7734676 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An effective way of preventing undesirable boar taint in pork meat caused by the presence of androstenone, skatole and indole is surgical castration of piglets. This, however, arouses growing social opposition. An alternative method of inhibiting the development of unpleasant odour is immune castration. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of both methods of castration for the elimination of the compounds responsible and to assess the suitability of oral fluid for pre-slaughter predictive testing for boar taint. Material and Methods The research material was pooled oral fluid and fat samples taken from gilts and surgically and immunologically castrated piglets. The samples were tested with a liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry method developed in this research. Results The compounds giving rise to boar taint were found only sporadically above the accepted limits; only one sample of oral fluid contained skatole at a concentration above 200 μg L−1 and one contained indole more concentrated than 100 μg L−1. Indole above the limit value was also detected in one fat sample. In none of the tested samples was androstenone found. Conclusion The results indicate the similar effectiveness of both methods of piglet castration on the reduction of compounds generating boar taint. The usefulness of testing oral fluid for the ante-mortem prediction of boar taint has not been fully confirmed and further investigation is needed.
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Souza APB, Lopes TN, da Silva AFT, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Yates JR, Bustamante-Filho IC. Changes in porcine cauda epididymal fluid proteome by disrupting the HPT axis: Unveiling potential mechanisms of male infertility. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:952-965. [PMID: 32749760 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility or subfertility is frequently associated with disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis events, like secondary hypogonadism. However, little is known how this condition affects the proteomic composition of the epididymal fluid. In the present study, we evaluated the proteomic changes in the cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) in a swine model of secondary hypogonadism induced by anti-GnRH immunization using multidimensional protein identification technology. Seven hundred and eighteen proteins were identified in both GnRH-immunized and control groups. GnRH immunization doubled the number of proteins in the CEF, with 417 proteins being found exclusively in samples from GnRH-immunized boars. CEF from GnRH-immunized boars presented an increase in the number of proteins related to cellular and metabolic processes, with affinity to organic cyclic compounds, small molecules, and heterocyclic compounds, as well changed the enzymatic profile of the CEF. Also, a significant increase in the number of proteins associated to the ubiquitin-proteasome system was identified in CEF from GnRH-immunized animals. These results bring strong evidence of the impact of secondary hypogonadism on the epididymal environment, which is responsible for sperm maturation and storage prior ejaculation. Finally, the differently expressed proteins in the CEF are putative seminal biomarkers for testicular and epididymal disorders caused by secondary hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P B Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tayná N Lopes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anna F T da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Ivan C Bustamante-Filho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Glocova K, Cizek P, Novotny R, Hauptman K, Tichy F. Effect of GnRH agonist deslorelin implant on spermatogenesis and testosterone concentration in Guinea pigs (Cavia aperea porcellus). Theriogenology 2020; 154:232-236. [PMID: 32679355 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are social animals that are often kept in groups regardless of their gender. Due to reproduction control and male aggressiveness prevention, surgical castration is commonly required. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of GnRH agonist implant (4.7 mg deslorelinum) on the serum testosterone concentration (T) and spermatogenesis in male guinea pigs. Twenty-four animals were divided into two groups. All animals in the first group were neutered (Group 1), animals in the second group (Group 2) were administered the implant subcutaneously and then neutered in one-month intervals. A histological examination was performed when cross sections of seminiferous tubules were assessed. Subsequently, these tubules were divided based on the most developed germ cell observed: spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids, elongating spermatids and elongated spermatids. The anticipated decrease in testosterone concentration and cessation of spermatogenesis was not achieved. Thus, the results obtained proved the inefficacy of the deslorelin implant in male guinea pigs so the alternative methods of contraception remain the methods of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Glocova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Cizek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Novotny
- Ruminant & Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hauptman
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Tichy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Czech Republic
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15
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Giriboni J, Lacuesta L, Santiago-Moreno J, Ungerfeld R. Chronic use of a GnRH agonist (deslorelin) or immunization against GnRH: effects on testicular function and sperm quality of bucks. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 71:106395. [PMID: 31731252 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of GnRH agonists and immunization against GnRH have been used as reversible contraceptive methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both treatments to inhibit reproductive function of adult bucks, in terms of strength and duration of the effects. We used 9 control untreated bucks (CON), 7 bucks treated chronically with a GnRH agonist (subcutaneous implants with 7.4 mg of deslorelin, Suprelorin, Virbac) (AGO), and another 7 bucks were immunized against GnRH (dose of 2 mL of Improvac-Zoetis with 300 μg of a synthetic incomplete analog of natural GnRH; 300 mg of diethylaminoethyl-dextran; and 2.0 mg of chlorocresol) (IMM). Testicular and sperm evaluations, testosterone concentrations, and male odor were determined from 4 wk before applying the treatments until 17 mo of their application. Scrotal circumference of CON (21.0 ± 0.1 cm) and IMM (21.2 ± 0.2 cm) was greater than that of AGO bucks (19.9 ± 0.2 cm) (P < 0.05 for each), without difference between CON and IMM bucks. Pixels' color intensity of testicular ultrasound images was not affected by treatment (general mean ± SEM: 116.0 ± 1.8). Testosterone concentration was greater in CON than AGO and IMM in months 3 and 4, greater in CON and IMM than AGO bucks in months 15 and 16, and greater in IMM than CON and AGO bucks in month 17 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Male odor was greater in CON (1.5 ± 0.0) than IMM bucks (1.3 ± 0.0) and greater in IMM than AGO (1.1 ± 0.0) bucks (P < 0.05 for each). Treatment negatively affected all the sperm variables: the total number of sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility, sperm with normal morphology and sperm with integral membrane function. It was concluded that both treatments were effective in inhibiting the reproductive axis; however, neither of them produced azoospermia or decreased testosterone concentrations to undetectable levels. With both treatments, there were individual males exhibiting characteristics of fertility in all periods of the study. However, chronic use of a GnRH agonist seemed to be the most effective treatment in terms of duration and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giriboni
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - L Lacuesta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J Santiago-Moreno
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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16
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Zoels S, Reiter S, Ritzmann M, Weiß C, Numberger J, Schütz A, Lindner P, Stefanski V, Weiler U. Influences of Immunocastration on Endocrine Parameters, Growth Performance and Carcass Quality, as Well as on Boar Taint and Penile Injuries. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020346. [PMID: 32098237 PMCID: PMC7070702 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Surgical castration of male pigs is associated with pain. Improvac®, a GnRH vaccine induces an endogenous immune reaction that leads transiently to a decrease in testicular steroid synthesis after second vaccination. Investigating consequences of different vaccination schemes revealed that GnRH vaccination reliably prevents boar taint, if the manufacturers’ recommendations are applied. It had beneficial effects on animal welfare as it reduced penile injuries. Animals showed improved feed efficiency, leaner carcasses, and lower PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) percentages than surgically castrated animals. Thus, immunocastration offers a reliable and animal friendly alternative to surgical castration. Abstract Castration of male pigs without anesthesia is a significant welfare issue. Improvac®, a GnRH vaccine induces an endogenous immune response leading to a decrease in testicular steroids. Consequences of different vaccination schemes on testicular function and carcass quality were evaluated in immunocastrated boars (IC), surgical castrates (SC), and entire males (EM). Therefore, 128 male piglets were assigned to five treatment-groups and a long term follow-up group. IC groups received two vaccinations (V1, V2) with Improvac® at 8 and 12, 12 and 16, or 12 and 18 weeks. Testosterone-concentrations decreased significantly two weeks after V2 in feces and dropped in serum from V2 to slaughter (S) except IC-8/12 without differing significantly. GnRH-binding results indicated the highest values for IC-12/18 animals. While IC-12/16 and IC-12/18 animals showed boar taint compounds below the threshold levels, two IC-8/12 animals had concentrations above the threshold level. Feed-efficiency was higher in EM than in SC with IC in between. In IC compared to EM, a decreasing amount of polyunsaturated-fatty-acids was obvious and GnRH-vaccination reduced penile injuries. The examined vaccination protocols reduce penile injuries, improve feed efficiency and carcass quality, and reliably prevents boar taint, if manufacturer’s recommendations concerning vaccination schedules are applied. Therefore immunocastration offers a reliable, animal friendly alternative to surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zoels
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon Reiter
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Christine Weiß
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Jasmin Numberger
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Aneka Schütz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Max Rubner-Institut, E.-C.-Baumann-Strasse 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany;
| | - Peter Lindner
- Bavarian State Research Center for Pig Farming Schwarzenau, Stadtschwarzacher Strasse 18, 97359 Schwarzach am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, Hohenheim University, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (U.W.)
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Institute of Animal Science, Hohenheim University, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (U.W.)
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17
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Wang C, Zeng YT, Chen XY, Wu QY, Yang LQ, Xu L, Zhang Y, Qazi IH, Zhou GB, Zeng CJ, Zuo ZZ, Song TZ, Zhu Q, Zhang M. Improvac induces immunocastration by affecting testosterone levels and disrupting spermatogenesis in male broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6034-6045. [PMID: 31041439 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocastration (vaccination against Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)) has been regarded as a friendly substitution to physical castration in animals. To date, a few studies have reported the use of Improvac for immunocastration in boar and one study in broiler chickens; however, there is an apparent dearth of scientific evidence regarding the application of Improvac for immunocastration in birds. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Improvac-based immunocastration on testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in broiler chickens and the effects of Improvac on the expression of genes related to testosterone biosynthesis and metabolism as well as spermatogenesis. The birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 30 each): Control group (non-immunized), Early group (immunized with Improvac at week 3), Late group (immunized with Improvac at week 6), and Early + Late group (immunized with Improvac at weeks 3 and 6). Immunization with Improvac significantly improved the average daily gain compared to the Control group. Of note, following Improvac vaccination, the reproductive efficiency was significantly decreased in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, parameters such as the serum testosterone concentration, spermatogenesis, and the expression levels of genes related to testosterone metabolism (Cyp17A1, Cyp19, HSD3B1, and HSD17B3) and spermatogenesis (Cyclin A1 and Cyclin A2) were significantly reduced in the immunized groups compared to the Control group. Taken together, these findings reveal that immunization against GnRH can be achieved, at least partially, in male broiler chickens. The results of our study also support the hypothesis of using Improvac as an alternative solution to caponization, with considerably improved animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Y T Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - X Y Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Q Y Wu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - L Q Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - L Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu-611130, P.R. China.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand-67210, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - G B Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu-611130, P.R. China
| | - C J Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu-611130, P.R. China
| | - Z Z Zuo
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu-611130, P.R. China
| | - T Z Song
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, Tibet 850009, China
| | - Q Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - M Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
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Presto Åkerfeldt M, Lindberg J, Göransson L, Andersson K. Effects of reducing dietary content of crude protein and indispensable amino acids on performance and carcass traits of single-phase- and 2-phase-fed growing-finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Monitoring of behavior, sex hormones and boar taint compounds during the vaccination program for immunocastration in three sire lines. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:293-302. [PMID: 31026762 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration (vaccination against boar taint) is an alternative method to prevent boar taint without the need for surgical castration. This study investigates the evolution of boar taint compounds in serum and fat, serum steroid compounds as well as behavior in immunocastrated pigs from 3 sire lines: 15 stress positive Belgian Piétrain (BP), 20 stress negative French Piétrain (FP), and 20 stress negative Canadian Duroc (CD). Hormone and boar taint compounds in serum were determined at 4 time points; boar taint compounds in fat were determined at 3 time points. Behavior, skin lesions, animal and pen fouling were also recorded before the first vaccination (<V1), between the first and second vaccination (<V2), and after the second vaccination (>V2). Aggressiveness, eating and drinking and general activity behavior declined from <V1 to <V2 and > V2 for all sire lines. Pigs from BP were cleaner than FP and CD pigs. Even though immunocastration was effective in general (reduced testosterone, estradiol as well as androstenone in serum) for all sire lines, some individual pigs showed either androstenone or skatole levels in fat above cutoff values. While the immunocastration mechanism works as intended for androstenone, and also for skatole for the three sire lines, the risk of carcasses with boar taint compounds above cutoff levels (respectively 1.9 and 3.7%) still remains to some extent.
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20
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Han X, Zhou M, Cao X, Du X, Meng F, Bu G, Kong F, Huang A, Zeng X. Mechanistic insight into the role of immunocastration on eliminating skatole in boars. Theriogenology 2019; 131:32-40. [PMID: 30939354 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of skatole in fat tissue is one of the predominant factors, causing boar taint. The present study was aimed to understand the mechanism whereby active immunization against GnRH (immunocastration) eliminates skatole in boars. Thirty-six boars were assigned within litter into three groups (n = 12): control, surgically castrated, or immunized against GnRH at 10 wk of age (with a booster 8 wk later). Faecal and blood samples (for skatole and skatole-regulatory hormone profiles) were collected at 4-wk intervals until boars were slaughtered (26 weeks). Immunocastration reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of androstenone, 17β-estradiol and IGF1 especially after the booster immunization, and down-regulated (P < 0.05) mRNA expressions of both IGF1 and IGF1receptor (IGF1R) in mucosa of ileum as well as colon at slaughter. Compared to intact controls, immunocastration substantially decreased (P < 0.05) faecal skatole contents subsequent to the decrease of serum IGF1 levels, which persisted in boars after surgical castration. In parallel with the decreased formation of skatole in the intestine, levels of skatole in serum and then in fat tissue were also decreased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, deprivation of testicular steroids, especially androstenone and 17β-estradiol accelerated skatole degradation metabolism in the liver by increasing (P < 0.05) hepatic CYP2E1, CYP2A, CYP2C49 and CYB5A expressions. Collectively, our results suggested that immunocastration decreased skatole formation in the intestine and meanwhile accelerated skatole degradation metabolism in the liver, resultantly eliminating skatole accumulation in male pigs. Decreased intestinal skatole formation by immunocastration appeared to be associated with the attenuated actions of IGF1 on the turnover of both ileal and colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Han
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China.
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Xue Y, Zheng W, Zhang F, Rao S, Peng Z, Yao W. Effect of immunocastration on growth performance, gonadal development and carcass and meat quality of SuHuai female pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to compare growth performance, gonadal development, carcass characteristic and meat quality among SuHuai entire, immunocastrated and surgically castrated female pigs. Eighty 12-week-old SuHuai gilts were randomly assigned to the following four treatment groups with four pigs per pen and five replicate pens per treatment: control (PBS injection), two-dose Improvac regimen (V2), three-dose Improvac regimen (V3) and surgical castration (S). All pigs had ad libitum access to standard diets and water. The performance and occurrence of oestrus were recorded in the trial. Backfat thickness and loin eye muscle area were recorded ultrasonically. The pigs were slaughtered to measure the weight and size of the uterus, and the weight and activity of the ovaries, to determine the serum concentrations of progesterone, and to evaluate the quality of carcass and meat. There were no significant differences in growth performance among the four groups, except for the V2, which had a better average daily feed intake (P < 0.05). Carcass and meat quality were comparable among the four groups; however, the intramuscular fat in control was higher than the V2 and V3 (P < 0.01). Mean ovary and uterus weights and oestrus of female pigs in V2 and V3 were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in control, but the difference between the V2 and V3 was not significant. The concentration of progesterone in the control was significantly higher than that in the V2, V3 and S (P < 0.05). These results indicated that immunocastration successfully suppressed gonadal development and had no adverse effects on growth performance, or carcass or meat-quality traits in Chinese SuHuai female pigs.
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Weber A, Alves J, Abujamra AL, Bustamante‐Filho IC. Structural modeling and mRNA expression of epididymal β‐defensins in GnRH immunized boars: A model for secondary hypogonadism in man. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:921-933. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Weber
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UnivatesLajeado RS Brazil
| | - Jayse Alves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UnivatesLajeado RS Brazil
| | - Ana L. Abujamra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UnivatesLajeado RS Brazil
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Poulsen Nautrup B, Van Vlaenderen I, Aldaz A, Mah C. The effect of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor on growth performance, carcass characteristics and boar taint relevant to pig producers and the pork packing industry: A meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:182-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Srisuwatanasagul K, Prapaiwan N, Srisuwatanasagul S, Kunavongkrit A, Roongsitthichai A. Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67 protein, androgen receptor, and estrogen receptor beta in testicular tissues of male pigs immunocastrated with different times of GnRH vaccination. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:475-480. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nawarus Prapaiwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health; Mahidol University; Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Anatomy; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Annop Kunavongkrit
- School of Agricultural Resources; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Atthaporn Roongsitthichai
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Clinic Research Unit; Mahasarakham University; Maha Sarakham Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Office of Academic Affairs; Mahasarakham University; Maha Sarakham Thailand
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Caldara F, Santos L, Santos C, Foppa L, Garcia R, Nääs I, S. Nieto V. Lipid profile of immunocastrated, castrated male and female pigs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Foppa
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | - R.G. Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
| | - I.A. Nääs
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
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Differential expression and co-expression gene networks reveal candidate biomarkers of boar taint in non-castrated pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12205. [PMID: 28939879 PMCID: PMC5610188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Boar taint (BT) is an offensive odour or taste observed in pork from a proportion of non-castrated male pigs. Surgical castration is effective in avoiding BT, but animal welfare issues have created an incentive for alternatives such as genomic selection. In order to find candidate biomarkers, gene expression profiles were analysed from tissues of non-castrated pigs grouped by their genetic merit of BT. Differential expression analysis revealed substantial changes with log-transformed fold changes of liver and testis from -3.39 to 2.96 and -7.51 to 3.53, respectively. Co-expression network analysis revealed one module with a correlation of -0.27 in liver and three modules with correlations of 0.31, -0.44 and -0.49 in testis. Differential expression and co-expression analysis revealed candidate biomarkers with varying biological functions: phase I (COQ3, COX6C, CYP2J2, CYP2B6, ACOX2) and phase II metabolism (GSTO1, GSR, FMO3) of skatole and androstenone in liver to steroidgenesis (HSD17B7, HSD17B8, CYP27A1), regulation of steroidgenesis (STARD10, CYB5R3) and GnRH signalling (MAPK3, MAP2K2, MAP3K2) in testis. Overrepresented pathways included "Ribosome", "Protein export" and "Oxidative phosphorylation" in liver and "Steroid hormone biosynthesis" and "Gap junction" in testis. Future work should evaluate the biomarkers in large populations to ensure their usefulness in genomic selection programs.
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Čandek-Potokar M, Škrlep M, Zamaratskaia G. Immunocastration as Alternative to Surgical Castration in Pigs. Theriogenology 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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FERNANDES AR, PENA MSD, CARMO MAD, COUTINHO GDA, BENEVENUTO JUNIOR AA. Desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de suínos sob castração cirúrgica ou imunológica. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402017000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas e qualitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados cirurgicamente e imunocastrados em terminação. Foram utilizados 32 animais obtidos do cruzamento entre Landrace e Large White com peso inicial médio de 92 kg, sendo 16 machos castrados cirurgicamente e 16 machos imunocastrados. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com dois tratamentos, machos castrados cirurgicamente ou machos imunocastrados, com oito repetições e dois animais por repetição. Não foi constatada diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de ração diário entre os animais castrados e imunocastrados. Entretanto, observou-se aumento (P=0,05) no ganho de peso diário dos machos imunocastrados em relação aos castrados cirurgicamente. Constatou-se ainda que suínos imunocastrados obtiveram uma espessura de toucinho inferior em relação aos suínos castrados cirurgicamente (P<0,05). A forma de castração não influenciou as demais características de carcaça. As características qualitativas não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelo método de castração. Conclui-se que a imunocastração aumenta o ganho de peso diário, reduz a espessura de toucinho e não afeta as características qualitativas de carcaças.
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Puls CL, Rojo A, Matzat PD, Schroeder AL, Ellis M. Behavior of immunologically castrated barrows in comparison to gilts, physically castrated barrows, and intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Daza A, Latorre M, Olivares A, López Bote C. The effects of male and female immunocastration on growth performances and carcass and meat quality of pigs intended for dry-cured ham production: A preliminary study. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hermes R, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F, Oh S, Fernandes T, Bernardino R, Leclerc A, Greunz E, Mathew A, Forsyth S, Saragusty J, Hildebrandt TB. Ovarian down Regulation by GnRF Vaccination Decreases Reproductive Tract Tumour Size in Female White and Greater One-Horned Rhinoceroses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157963. [PMID: 27403662 PMCID: PMC4942122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive tract tumours, specifically leiomyoma, are commonly found in female rhinoceroses. Similar to humans, tumour growth in rhinoceroses is thought to be sex hormone dependent. Tumours can form and expand from the onset of ovarian activity at puberty until the cessation of sex-steroid influences at senescence. Extensive tumour growth results in infertility. The aim of this study was to down regulate reproductive function of tumour-diseased and infertile females to stop further tumour growth using a Gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine. Four infertile southern white (Ceratotherium simum simum) and three Greater one-horned rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis) with active ovaries and 2.7 ± 0.9 and 14.0 ± 1.5 reproductive tract tumours respectively were vaccinated against GnRF (Improvac®, Zoetis, Germany) at 0, 4 and 16 weeks and re-boostered every 6-8 months thereafter. After GnRF vaccination ovarian and luteal activity was suppressed in all treated females. Three months after vaccination the size of the ovaries, the number of follicles and the size of the largest follicle were significantly reduced (P<0.03). Reproductive tract tumours decreased significantly in diameter (Greater-one horned rhino: P<0.0001; white rhino: P<0.01), presumably as a result of reduced sex-steroid influence. The calculated tumour volumes were reduced by 50.8 ± 10.9% in Greater one-horned and 48.6 ± 12.9% in white rhinoceroses. In conclusion, GnRF vaccine effectively down regulated reproductive function and decreased the size of reproductive tract tumours in female rhinoceros. Our work is the first to use down regulation of reproductive function as a symptomatic treatment against benign reproductive tumour disease in a wildlife species. Nonetheless, full reversibility and rhinoceros fertility following GnRF vaccination warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Schwarzenberger
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Göritz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena Oh
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Bernardino
- Lisbon Zoo, Veterinary Hospital, Estrada de Benfica, n°158-160 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Abraham Mathew
- Singapore Zoological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lakeroad, Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Sarah Forsyth
- Colchester Zoo, Maldon Road, Stanway, Essex CO3 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Saragusty
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 700430, D-10342 Berlin, Germany
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Van den Broeke A, Leen F, Aluwé M, Ampe B, Van Meensel J, Millet S. The effect of GnRH vaccination on performance, carcass, and meat quality and hormonal regulation in boars, barrows, and gilts1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2811-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schorr-Lenz AM, Alves J, Henckes NAC, Seibel PM, Benham AM, Bustamante-Filho IC. GnRH immunization alters the expression and distribution of protein disulfide isomerases in the epididymis. Andrology 2016; 4:957-63. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Schorr-Lenz
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Univates; Lajeado RS Brazil
| | - J. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Univates; Lajeado RS Brazil
| | - N. A. C. Henckes
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Univates; Lajeado RS Brazil
| | - P. M. Seibel
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Univates; Lajeado RS Brazil
| | - A. M. Benham
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; Durham University; Durham UK
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Somgird C, Homkong P, Sripiboon S, Brown JL, Stout TA, Colenbrander B, Mahasawangkul S, Thitaram C. Potential of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine to suppress musth in captive male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 164:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Needham T, Hoffman LC. Physical meat quality and chemical composition of the Longissimus thoracis of entire and immunocastrated pigs fed varying dietary protein levels with and without ractopamine hydrochloride. Meat Sci 2015. [PMID: 26201695 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical attributes of the Longissimus thoracis (LT) of 96 PIC(©) entire (E) and immunocastrated (C) pigs were evaluated. The study followed a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design where three diets of low, medium and high proteins (7.50, 9.79 and 12.07 g digestible lysine/kg) were fed either with (10mg/kg) or without ractopamine (RAC) for the last 28 days of growth. Vaccination of C occurred at 16 and 20 weeks and slaughtering at 24 weeks of age. The LTs were analysed for moisture, protein, fat and ash contents as well as CIE L*, a*, b* colour, drip loss, cooking loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Various sex and protein interactions were observed for LT protein content, L* values and WBSF. Cooking loss was decreased in C and by the medium protein diet. Feeding RAC increased WBSF values, whilst decreasing a* and b* values. However, the differences observed are minor and might be considered negligible when evaluated by a consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Needham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - L C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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DEMORI AB, ANDRETTA I, KIPPER M, LANFERDINI E, LEHNEN CR. Produção de suínos machos em crescimento: uma meta-análise. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402015000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Uma meta-análise foi desenvolvida para estudar o desempenho, características de carcaça e interações com variáveis nutricionais em suínos machos castrados, inteiros e imunocastrados. Para a base de dados, foram utilizados 27 artigos totalizando 2.917 animais. A meta-análise foi realizada através de análises gráficas, de correlação e de variância-covariância. Suínos machos inteiros apresentaram consumo de ração 9% inferior (P<0,05) aos castrados e 11% inferior (P<0,05) em relação aos imunocastrados. O ganho de peso foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos imunocastrados em relação aos machos inteiros (9%) e castrados (12%) e apresentou correlação positiva (P<0,05) com a ingestão de proteína bruta em todas as categorias estudadas. Interceptos das equações que estimavam o consumo de lisina total em função do ganho de peso dos animais foram 15,3; 20,4 e 22,3g para suínos machos castrados, imunocastrados e inteiros, respectivamente, indicando empiricamente que animais inteiros apresentam maior exigência de lisina para mantença em relação aos animais castrados. O peso de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as categorias sexuais estudadas. Porém, suínos machos castrados apresentaram conteúdo de carne magra 5% inferior (P<0,05) aos imunocastrados e 7% inferior (P<0,05) em relação aos inteiros. A espessura de toucinho dos suínos castrados foi 21% superior (P<0,05) em relação aos imunocastrados e 27% superior (P<0,05) aos inteiros. As respostas de desempenho diferem em suínos machos castrados, inteiros e imunocastrados. Esta meta-análise indicou que as variáveis nutricionais e exigências de mantença nas diferentes categorias sexuais dos suínos devem ser consideradas em pesquisas futuras.</p>
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Little KL, Kyle JM, Bohrer BM, Schroeder AL, Fedler CA, Prusa KJ, Boler DD. A comparison of slice characteristics and sensory characteristics of bacon from immunologically castrated barrows with bacon from physically castrated barrows, boars, and gilts. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5769-77. [PMID: 25367526 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to compare slice characteristics and sensory attributes of bacon from immunologically castrated (IC) barrows with bacon from other sexes using a trained sensory panel. Bacon was obtained for sensory evaluation from 3 experiments. In Exp. 1, trimmed and squared bellies (n=180) of IC barrows, IC barrows fed ractopamine hydrochloride (IC+RAC), physically castrated (PC) barrows, intact males (IM), and gilts were used. Data were analyzed as a general linear mixed model and pen (n=48) served as the experimental unit. Treatment (sex or diet) was a fixed effect in all 3 experiments. In Exp. 2, untrimmed, natural fall bellies (n=96) from IC and PC barrows fed 0 or 30% or a withdrawal distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) program when slaughtered at 5 wk after the second dose (25 wk of age) were used. In Exp. 3, untrimmed, natural fall bellies (n=96) from IC and PC barrows fed the same experimental diets as in experiment 2 but slaughtered at 7 wk after the second dose (27 wk of age) were used. Data from Exp. 2 and 3 were analyzed as a 2×3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design and pen was the experimental unit. Bellies from all 3 experiments were processed using the same protocols. In Exp. 1, IM had the greatest (P<0.0001) boar aroma and flavor scores among all treatments. No differences were detected among the other treatment groups for boar aroma or flavor. Intact males had the least (P<0.0001) desirable cured bacon aroma and flavor among all treatments. No differences were detected among the other treatment groups for bacon aroma or flavor. There were no differences in bacon aroma or off-flavor between IC and PC barrows slaughtered at 5 wk after the second dose regardless of DDGS feeding program. Bacon from PC barrows was saltier (P<0.01) than bacon from IC barrows when slaughtered at 5 wk after the second dose. There were no differences in bacon aroma, off-aroma, bacon flavor, or saltiness between IC and PC barrows slaughtered at 7 wk after the second dose regardless of DDGS feeding program. Total slice area of bacon slices from IC barrows slaughtered at 5 wk after the second dose were less (P<0.01) than PC barrows, but the differences diminished (P=0.16) when slaughtered at 7 wk after the second dose. Overall, panelists successfully detected boar odor and flavor in Exp. 1. Immunological castration was as effective as physical castration at eliminating boar aroma and boar flavor in bacon even when feeding differing DDGS feeding programs or when slaughtered at 5 or 7 wk after the second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Little
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J M Kyle
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | - C A Fedler
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - K J Prusa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - D D Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Puls CL, Ellis M, McKeith FK, Gaines AM, Schroeder AL. Effects of ractopamine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of immunologically and physically castrated barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4725-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F. K. McKeith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Asmus M, Tavarez M, Tokach M, Dritz S, Schroeder A, Nelssen J, Goodband R, DeRouchey J. The effects of immunological castration and corn dried distillers grains with solubles withdrawal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid analysis, and iodine value of pork fat depots1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2116-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.D. Asmus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - M.A. Tavarez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M.D. Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - S.S. Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | | | - J.L. Nelssen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R.D. Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J.M. DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Kantas D, Papatsiros V, Tassis P, Tzika E, Pearce MC, Wilson S. Effects of early vaccination with a gonadotropin releasing factor analog-diphtheria toxoid conjugate on boar taint and growth performance of male pigs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2251-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kantas
- Department of Animal Production, Technological and Educational Institute of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - V. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - P. Tassis
- Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E. Tzika
- Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M. C. Pearce
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - S. Wilson
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
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42
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Sex-specific effect of ractopamine on quality attributes of pork frankfurters. Meat Sci 2014; 96:799-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Croft NP, Purcell AW. Peptidomimetics: modifying peptides in the pursuit of better vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:211-26. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Braña DV, Rojo-Gómez GA, Ellis M, Cuaron JA. Effect of gender (gilt and surgically and immunocastrated male) and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on growth performance, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of finishing pigs under commercial conditions1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5894-904. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Braña
- CENID-Fisiología, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
| | - G. A. Rojo-Gómez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J. A. Cuaron
- CENID-Fisiología, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
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45
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Wicks N, Crouch S, Pearl CA. Effects of Improvac and Bopriva on the testicular function of boars ten weeks after immunization. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 142:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Bradford JR, Mellencamp MA. Immunological control of boar taint and aggressive behavior in male swine. Anim Front 2013. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Huber L, Squires EJ, de Lange CFM. Dynamics of nitrogen retention in entire male pigs immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4817-25. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Huber
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - E. J. Squires
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C. F. M. de Lange
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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48
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Aluwé M, Langendries KCM, Bekaert KM, Tuyttens FAM, De Brabander DL, De Smet S, Millet S. Effect of surgical castration, immunocastration and chicory-diet on the meat quality and palatability of boars. Meat Sci 2013; 94:402-7. [PMID: 23567143 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates 1) carcass quality, meat quality and palatability for barrows, immunocastrates and boars and 2) the effect of chicory supplemented feed during 10 days before slaughter on boar meat quality. At comparable carcass weights, estimated carcass lean meat percentage was higher in immunocastrates and boars than in barrows. Muscle thickness was higher for immunocastrates and barrows compared to boars, while fat thickness was lowest for immunocastrates and boars. Barrows, immunocastrates and boars differed in water holding capacity and boar taint. Home consumer panels were conducted to evaluate palatability. The consumers did detect differences in tenderness and juiciness, but not for boar taint. The chicory feed supplemented in boar feed decreased skatole concentration in backfat, without largely influencing meat quality or palatability. Not only boar taint, but also carcass and meat quality should be considered when evaluating alternatives for surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aluwé
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Brewster V, Nevel A. Immunocastration with Improvac™ reduces aggressive and sexual behaviours in male pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Effect of feed restriction on the performance and behaviour of pigs immunologically castrated with Improvac®. Animal 2013; 6:1420-6. [PMID: 23031514 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, entire male pigs have been castrated to reduce the risk of boar taint. However, physical castration of pig is increasingly being questioned with regard to animal welfare considerations. Immunization against gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) provides an alternative to physical castration. Using the currently available commercial product (Improvac®; Pfizer Animal Health), a two-dose regimen of a GnRH vaccine is administered. After the second vaccination, a substantial increase in feed consumption has been reported, which may be associated with increased body fatness and decreased feed efficiency when compared with unvaccinated entire male pigs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a feed restriction on these traits and on the behaviour of 120 group-housed entire males (five pigs/pen) vaccinated against GnRH. The first vaccination was performed at 62 days of age and the second (V2) at 130 days of age. Pigs were slaughtered in two batches 4 to 5 weeks after V2. They were either offered feed ad libitum over the 22 to 114 kg BW range (AL treatment) or ad libitum up to a maximum of 2.50 (R2.50 treatment) or 2.75 kg/day per pig (R2.75 treatment). Behavioural observations and skin lesion scoring were conducted 1 week before V2, and 1 and 3 weeks after V2. At slaughter, the volumetric lean meat content was measured using an X-ray computed tomography scanner. Between V2 and slaughter, the average feed intakes for the R2.75 and R2.50 treatments were 15% and 22% lower than the average AL feed intake (3.20 kg/day), respectively. Feed restriction was associated with a reduced average daily gain after V2 (846, 932 and 1061 g/day in the R2.50, R2.75 and AL groups, P < 0.01) but had no effect on the feed conversion ratio (3.00 kg feed/kg BW gain on average, P = 0.62). No difference was observed in the lean meat content (71.8%, 70.7% and 70.4% in the R2.50, R2.75 and AL groups, P = 0.14), despite a reduced backfat thickness measured in restrictively fed pigs (12.0, 13.0 and 13.6 mm in the R2.50, R2.75 and AL groups, P < 0.01). Higher skin lesion scores were observed 3 weeks after V2 in R2.50 and R2.75 pigs than in the AL ones (scores 33.4, 27.7 and 25.5, respectively, P = 0.04). These results, combined with an unimproved feed efficiency and no marked change in carcass characteristics, suggest that immunologically castrated pigs should not be restrictively fed during the late finishing period.
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