1
|
Herzeg A, Almeida-Porada G, Charo RA, David AL, Gonzalez-Velez J, Gupta N, Lapteva L, Lianoglou B, Peranteau W, Porada C, Sanders SJ, Sparks TN, Stitelman DH, Struble E, Sumner CJ, MacKenzie TC. Prenatal Somatic Cell Gene Therapies: Charting a Path Toward Clinical Applications (Proceedings of the CERSI-FDA Meeting). J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S36-S52. [PMID: 36106778 PMCID: PMC9547535 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We are living in a golden age of medicine in which the availability of prenatal diagnosis, fetal therapy, and gene therapy/editing make it theoretically possible to repair almost any defect in the genetic code. Furthermore, the ability to diagnose genetic disorders before birth and the presence of established surgical techniques enable these therapies to be delivered safely to the fetus. Prenatal therapies are generally used in the second or early third trimester for severe, life-threatening disorders for which there is a clear rationale for intervening before birth. While there has been promising work for prenatal gene therapy in preclinical models, the path to a clinical prenatal gene therapy approach is complex. We recently held a conference with the University of California, San Francisco-Stanford Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation, researchers, patient advocates, regulatory (members of the Food and Drug Administration), and other stakeholders to review the scientific background and rationale for prenatal somatic cell gene therapy for severe monogenic diseases and initiate a dialogue toward a safe regulatory path for phase 1 clinical trials. This review represents a summary of the considerations and discussions from these conversations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akos Herzeg
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Graca Almeida-Porada
- Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna L. David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Juan Gonzalez-Velez
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Larissa Lapteva
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Billie Lianoglou
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Peranteau
- Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Porada
- Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Teresa N. Sparks
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David H. Stitelman
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evi Struble
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tippi C. MacKenzie
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakami WN, Nguhiu-Mwangi J, Kipyegon AN, Ogugo M, Muteti C, Kemp S. Comparative Efficiency for in vitro Transfection of Goat Undifferentiated Spermatogonia Using Lipofectamine Reagents and Electroporation. Stem Cells Cloning 2022; 15:11-20. [PMID: 35592658 PMCID: PMC9113451 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s356588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), also referred to as undifferentiated spermatogonia, are the germline stem cells responsible for continuous spermatogenesis throughout a male’s life. They are, therefore, an ideal target for gene editing. Previously, SSC from animal testis have been isolated and transplanted to homologous recipients resulting in the successful reestablishment of donor-derived spermatogenesis. Methods Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene transfection into goat SSC was evaluated using liposomal carriers and electroporation. The cells were isolated from the prepubertal Galla goats testis cultured in serum-free defined media and transfected with the eGFP gene. Green fluorescing of SSC colonies indicated transfection. Results The use of lipofectamineTM stem reagent and lipofectamineTM 2000 carriers resulted in more SSC colonies expressing the eGFP gene (25.25% and 22.25%, respectively). Electroporation resulted in 15% ± 0.54 eGFP expressing SSC colonies. Furthermore, cell viability was higher in lipofectamine transfection (55% ± 0.21) as compared to electroporation (38% ± 0.14). Conclusion These results indicated that lipofectamine was more effective in eGFP gene transfer into SSC. The successful transient transfection points to a possibility of transfecting transgenes into male germ cells in genetic engineering programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilkister Nabulindo Nakami
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Nguhiu-Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ambrose Ng'eno Kipyegon
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Ogugo
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charity Muteti
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Kemp
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Springer C, Wolf E, Simmet K. A New Toolbox in Experimental Embryology-Alternative Model Organisms for Studying Preimplantation Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:15. [PMID: 33918361 PMCID: PMC8167745 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation development is well conserved across mammalian species, but major differences in developmental kinetics, regulation of early lineage differentiation and implantation require studies in different model organisms, especially to better understand human development. Large domestic species, such as cattle and pig, resemble human development in many different aspects, i.e., the timing of zygotic genome activation, mechanisms of early lineage differentiations and the period until blastocyst formation. In this article, we give an overview of different assisted reproductive technologies, which are well established in cattle and pig and make them easily accessible to study early embryonic development. We outline the available technologies to create genetically modified models and to modulate lineage differentiation as well as recent methodological developments in genome sequencing and imaging, which form an immense toolbox for research. Finally, we compare the most recent findings in regulation of the first lineage differentiations across species and show how alternative models enhance our understanding of preimplantation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Springer
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Kilian Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (C.S.); (E.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalds P, Zhou S, Cai B, Liu J, Wang Y, Petersen B, Sonstegard T, Wang X, Chen Y. Sheep and Goat Genome Engineering: From Random Transgenesis to the CRISPR Era. Front Genet 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31552084 PMCID: PMC6735269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats are valuable livestock species that have been raised for their production of meat, milk, fiber, and other by-products. Due to their suitable size, short gestation period, and abundant secretion of milk, sheep and goats have become important model animals in agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biomedical research. Genome engineering has been widely applied to sheep and goat research. Pronuclear injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer represent the two primary procedures for the generation of genetically modified sheep and goats. Further assisted tools have emerged to enhance the efficiency of genetic modification and to simplify the generation of genetically modified founders. These tools include sperm-mediated gene transfer, viral vectors, RNA interference, recombinases, transposons, and endonucleases. Of these tools, the four classes of site-specific endonucleases (meganucleases, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPRs) have attracted wide attention due to their DNA double-strand break-inducing role, which enable desired DNA modifications based on the stimulation of native cellular DNA repair mechanisms. Currently, CRISPR systems dominate the field of genome editing. Gene-edited sheep and goats, generated using these tools, provide valuable models for investigations on gene functions, improving animal breeding, producing pharmaceuticals in milk, improving animal disease resistance, recapitulating human diseases, and providing hosts for the growth of human organs. In addition, more promising derivative tools of CRISPR systems have emerged such as base editors which enable the induction of single-base alterations without any requirements for homology-directed repair or DNA donor. These precise editors are helpful for revealing desirable phenotypes and correcting genetic diseases controlled by single bases. This review highlights the advances of genome engineering in sheep and goats over the past four decades with particular emphasis on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Savvulidi F, Ptacek M, Savvulidi Vargova K, Stadnik L. Manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells in livestock species. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 31205688 PMCID: PMC6560896 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches (such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology; 2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification; 3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs; 4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis; 5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species (including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation, the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipp Savvulidi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ptacek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Karina Savvulidi Vargova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Stadnik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
New insights and current tools for genetically engineered (GE) sheep and goats. Theriogenology 2016; 86:160-9. [PMID: 27155732 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered sheep and goats represent useful models applied to proof of concepts, large-scale production of novel products or processes, and improvement of animal traits, which is of interest in biomedicine, biopharma, and livestock. This disruptive biotechnology arose in the 80s by injecting DNA fragments into the pronucleus of zygote-staged embryos. Pronuclear microinjection set the transgenic concept into people's mind but was characterized by inefficient and often frustrating results mostly because of uncontrolled and/or random integration and unpredictable transgene expression. Somatic cell nuclear transfer launched the second wave in the late 90s, solving several weaknesses of the previous technique by making feasible the transfer of a genetically modified and fully characterized cell into an enucleated oocyte, capable of cell reprogramming to generate genetically engineered animals. Important advances were also achieved during the 2000s with the arrival of new techniques like the lentivirus system, transposons, RNA interference, site-specific recombinases, and sperm-mediated transgenesis. We are now living the irruption of the third technological wave in which genome edition is possible by using endonucleases, particularly the CRISPR/Cas system. Sheep and goats were recently produced by CRISPR/Cas9, and for sure, cattle will be reported soon. We will see new genetically engineered farm animals produced by homologous recombination, multiple gene editing in one-step generation and conditional modifications, among other advancements. In the following decade, genome edition will continue expanding our technical possibilities, which will contribute to the advancement of science, the development of clinical or commercial applications, and the improvement of people's life quality around the world.
Collapse
|
7
|
Crispo M, Mulet AP, Tesson L, Barrera N, Cuadro F, dos Santos-Neto PC, Nguyen TH, Crénéguy A, Brusselle L, Anegón I, Menchaca A. Efficient Generation of Myostatin Knock-Out Sheep Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Microinjection into Zygotes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136690. [PMID: 26305800 PMCID: PMC4549068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While CRISPR/Cas9 technology has proven to be a valuable system to generate gene-targeted modified animals in several species, this tool has been scarcely reported in farm animals. Myostatin is encoded by MSTN gene involved in the inhibition of muscle differentiation and growth. We determined the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit MSTN in sheep and generate knock-out (KO) animals with the aim to promote muscle development and body growth. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 mRNAs specific for ovine MSTN and microinjected them into the cytoplasm of ovine zygotes. When embryo development of CRISPR/Cas9 microinjected zygotes (n = 216) was compared with buffer injected embryos (n = 183) and non microinjected embryos (n = 173), cleavage rate was lower for both microinjected groups (P<0.05) and neither was affected by CRISPR/Cas9 content in the injected medium. Embryo development to blastocyst was not affected by microinjection and was similar among the experimental groups. From 20 embryos analyzed by Sanger sequencing, ten were mutant (heterozygous or mosaic; 50% efficiency). To obtain live MSTN KO lambs, 53 blastocysts produced after zygote CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection were transferred to 29 recipient females resulting in 65.5% (19/29) of pregnant ewes and 41.5% (22/53) of newborns. From 22 born lambs analyzed by T7EI and Sanger sequencing, ten showed indel mutations at MSTN gene. Eight showed mutations in both alleles and five of them were homozygous for indels generating out-of frame mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. Western blot analysis of homozygous KO founders confirmed the absence of myostatin, showing heavier body weight than wild type counterparts. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 system was a very efficient tool to generate gene KO sheep. This technology is quick and easy to perform and less expensive than previous techniques, and can be applied to obtain genetically modified animal models of interest for biomedicine and livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Crispo
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. P. Mulet
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L. Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - N. Barrera
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F. Cuadro
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - T. H. Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - A. Crénéguy
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - L. Brusselle
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - I. Anegón
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sandmaier SES, Nandal A, Powell A, Garrett W, Blomberg L, Donovan DM, Talbot N, Telugu BP. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from domestic goats. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:709-21. [PMID: 26118622 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The creation of genetically modified goats provides a powerful approach for improving animal health, enhancing production traits, animal pharming, and for ensuring food safety all of which are high-priority goals for animal agriculture. The availability of goat embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are characteristically immortal in culture would be of enormous benefit for developing genetically modified animals. As an alternative to long-sought goat ESCs, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by forced expression of bovine POU5F1, SOX2, MYC, KLF4, LIN-28, and NANOG reprogramming factors in combination with a MIR302/367 cluster, delivered by lentiviral vectors. In order to minimize integrations, the reprogramming factor coding sequences were assembled with porcine teschovirus-1 2A (P2A) self-cleaving peptides that allowed for tri-cistronic expression from each vector. The lentiviral-transduced cells were cultured on irradiated mouse feeder cells in a semi-defined, serum-free medium containing fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and/or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The resulting goat iPSC exhibit cell and colony morphology typical of human and mouse ESCs-that is, well-defined borders, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, a short cell-cycle interval, alkaline phosphatase expression, and the ability to generate teratomas in vivo. Additionally, these goat iPSC demonstrated the ability to differentiate into directed lineages in vitro. These results constitute the first steps in establishing integration and footprint-free iPSC from ruminants. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 709-721, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E S Sandmaier
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.,Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anjali Nandal
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.,Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne Powell
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wesley Garrett
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Leann Blomberg
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - David M Donovan
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Neil Talbot
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.,Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bosch P, Forcato DO, Alustiza FE, Alessio AP, Fili AE, Olmos Nicotra MF, Liaudat AC, Rodríguez N, Talluri TR, Kues WA. Exogenous enzymes upgrade transgenesis and genetic engineering of farm animals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1907-29. [PMID: 25636347 PMCID: PMC11114025 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic farm animals are attractive alternative mammalian models to rodents for the study of developmental, genetic, reproductive and disease-related biological questions, as well for the production of recombinant proteins, or the assessment of xenotransplants for human patients. Until recently, the ability to generate transgenic farm animals relied on methods of passive transgenesis. In recent years, significant improvements have been made to introduce and apply active techniques of transgenesis and genetic engineering in these species. These new approaches dramatically enhance the ease and speed with which livestock species can be genetically modified, and allow to performing precise genetic modifications. This paper provides a synopsis of enzyme-mediated genetic engineering in livestock species covering the early attempts employing naturally occurring DNA-modifying proteins to recent approaches working with tailored enzymatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Diego O. Forcato
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Fabrisio E. Alustiza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Ana P. Alessio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Alejandro E. Fili
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - María F. Olmos Nicotra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Ana C. Liaudat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Nancy Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Republic of Argentina
| | - Thirumala R. Talluri
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Biotechnology, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Biotechnology, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Embryo development, fetal growth and postnatal phenotype of eGFP lambs generated by lentiviral transgenesis. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:31-41. [PMID: 25048992 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral technology has been recently proposed to generate transgenic farm animals more efficiently and easier than traditional techniques. The objective was to evaluate several parameters of lambs obtained by lentiviral transgenesis in comparison with non-transgenic counterparts. In vitro produced embryos were microinjected (TG group) at two-cell stage with a lentiviral construct containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene, while embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF group) or intrauterine insemination (IUI group) were not microinjected. Microinjection technique efficiently generated eight-cell transgenic embryos (97.4%; 114/117). Development rate on day 5 after fertilization was similar for TG (39.3%, 46/117) and IVF embryos (39.6%, 44/111). Pregnancy rate was detected in 50.0% (6/12) of recipient ewes with TG embryos, in 46.7% (7/15) with IVF embryos, and in 65.0% (13/20) of IUI ewes (P = NS). Nine lambs were born in TG group, six lambs in IVF group, and 16 lambs in IUI group. All TG lambs (9/9) were GFP positive to real-time PCR and eight (88.9%) showed a strong and evident GFP expression in mucosae, eyes and keratin tissues. Fetal growth monitored every 15 day by ultrasonography did not show significant differences. Transgenic lambs neither differ in morphometric variables in comparison with non transgenic IVF lambs within 3 months after birth. Transmission of the transgene to the progeny was observed in green fluorescent embryos produced by IVF using semen from the TG founder lambs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the high efficiency of lentiviral technology to produce transgenic sheep, with no clinic differences in comparison with non transgenic lambs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Andoh J, Sawyer B, Szewczyk K, Nortley M, Rossetti T, Loftus IM, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Hainsworth AH. Transgene delivery to endothelial cultures derived from porcine carotid artery ex vivo. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:507-14. [PMID: 24323377 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carotid artery disease is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality. Porcine models of vascular disease are well established in vivo, but existing endothelial systems in vitro (e.g. human umbilical vein endothelial cells, rat aortic endothelial cultures) poorly reflect carotid endothelium. A reliable in vitro assay would improve design of in vivo experiments and allow reduction and refinement of animal use. This study aimed (1) to develop ex vivo endothelial cultures from porcine carotid and (2) to test whether these were suitable for lentivector-mediated transgene delivery. Surplus carotid arteries were harvested from young adult female Large White pigs within 10 min post-mortem. Small sectors of carotid artery wall (approximately 4 mm×4 mm squares) were immobilised in a stable gel matrix. Cultures were exposed to HIV-derived lentivector (LV) encoding a reporter transgene or the equivalent integration-deficient vector (IDLV). After 7-14 days in vitro, cultures were fixed and labelled histochemically. Thread-like multicellular outgrowths were observed that were positive for endothelial cell markers (CD31, VEGFR2, von Willebrand factor). A minority of cells co-labelled for smooth muscle markers. Sensitivity to cytotoxic agents (paclitaxel, cycloheximide, staurosporine) was comparable to that in cell cultures, indicating that the gel matrix permits diffusive access of small pharmacological molecules. Transgene-expressing cells were more abundant following exposure to LV than IDLV (4.7, 0.1% of cells, respectively). In conclusion, ex vivo adult porcine carotid artery produced endothelial cell outgrowths that were effectively transduced by LV. This system will facilitate translation of novel therapies to clinical trials, with reduction and refinement of in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andoh
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, Division of Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi KH, Park JK, Kim HS, Uh KJ, Son DC, Lee CK. Epigenetic changes of lentiviral transgenes in porcine stem cells derived from embryonic origin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72184. [PMID: 23977247 PMCID: PMC3747048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the physiological and immunological similarities that exist between pigs and humans, porcine pluripotent cell lines have been identified as important candidates for preliminary studies on human disease as well as a source for generating transgenic animals. Therefore, the establishment and characterization of porcine embryonic stem cells (pESCs), along with the generation of stable transgenic cell lines, is essential. In this study, we attempted to efficiently introduce transgenes into Epiblast stem cell (EpiSC)-like pESCs. Consequently, a pluripotent cell line could be derived from a porcine-hatched blastocyst. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was successfully introduced into the cells via lentiviral vectors under various multiplicities of infection, with pluripotency and differentiation potential unaffected after transfection. However, EGFP expression gradually declined during extended culture. This silencing effect was recovered by in vitro differentiation and treatment with 5-azadeoxycytidine. This phenomenon was related to DNA methylation as determined by bisulfite sequencing. In conclusion, we were able to successfully derive EpiSC-like pESCs and introduce transgenes into these cells using lentiviral vectors. This cell line could potentially be used as a donor cell source for transgenic pigs and may be a useful tool for studies involving EpiSC-like pESCs as well as aid in the understanding of the epigenetic regulation of transgenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jun Uh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yanagimachi R. Fertilization studies and assisted fertilization in mammals: their development and future. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:25-32. [PMID: 22450281 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of mammalian fertilization progressed very slowly in the beginning because of difficulties in obtaining a large quantity of fully mature eggs at one time. With progression of techniques to collect and handle eggs and spermatozoa, research in mammalian fertilization advanced rapidly. Today, far more papers are published on mammalian gametes and fertilization than those of all other animals combined. The development of assisted fertilization and related technologies revolutionized basic research as well as human reproductive medicine and animal husbandry. Reproduction is fundamental to human and animal lives. The author lists a few subjects of his personal interest for further development of basic and applied research of gametes and fertilization. Each reader will probably have more exciting subjects of future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuzo Yanagimachi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donaldson ZR. We're the Same... but Different: Addressing Academic Divides in the Study of Brain and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20700499 PMCID: PMC2917217 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain mediates behavior is a question relevant to a broad range of disciplines including evolutionary biology, basic neuroscience, psychiatry, and population health. Experiments in animals have traditionally used two distinct approaches to explore brain–behavior relationships; one uses naturally existing behavioral models while the other focuses on the creation and investigation of medically oriented models using existing laboratory-amenable organisms. Scientists using the first approach are often referred to and self identify as “neuroethologists,” while the second category spans a variety of other sub-disciplines but is often referred to broadly as “behavioral neuroscience.” Despite an overall common scientific goal – the elucidation of the neural basis of behavior – members of these two groups often come from different scientific lineages, seek different sources of funding, and make their homes in different departments or colleges. The separation of these groups is also fostered by their attendance at different scientific conferences and publication records that reflect different journal preferences. Bridging this divide represents an opportunity to explore previously unanswerable questions and foster rapid scientific advances. This article explores the reasons for this divide and proposes measures that could help increase technology transfer and communication between these groups, potentially overcoming both physical and ideological gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Donaldson
- Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews the use of genetically modified animals and the increasingly detailed knowledge of the genomes of the domestic species. The different approaches to genetic modification are outlined as are the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in different species. Genetically modified mice have been fundamental in understanding gene function and in generating affordable models of human disease although these are not without their drawbacks. Transgenic farm animals have been developed for nutritionally enhanced food, disease resistance and xenografting. Transgenic rabbits, goats, sheep and cows have been developed as living bioreactors producing potentially high value biopharmaceuticals, commonly referred to as "pharming". Domestic animals are also important as a target as well as for testing genetic-based therapies for both inherited and acquired disease. This latter field may be the most important of all, in the future development of novel therapies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Greger M. Trait selection and welfare of genetically engineered animals in agriculture. J Anim Sci 2009; 88:811-4. [PMID: 19820044 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of the Final Guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration on the commercialization of genetically engineered animals has sparked renewed discussion over the ethical, consumer, and regulatory implications of transgenesis in animal agriculture. Animal welfare critiques have focused on unexpected phenotypic effects in animals used in transgenic research, rather than on the health and welfare implications of the intended productivity enhancement. Unless breeding goals are redefined to reflect social concerns, the occurrence and magnitude of undesirable side effects may increase and consumer confidence in the nascent technology may be undermined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Greger
- Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L. St. N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Donaldson ZR, Yang SH, Chan AWS, Young LJ. Production of germline transgenic prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) using lentiviral vectors. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:1189-95. [PMID: 19641177 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.077529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of alternative model organisms has yielded tremendous insights into the regulation of behavioral and physiological traits not displayed by more widely used animal models, such as laboratory rats and mice. In particular, comparative approaches often exploit species ideally suited for investigating specific phenomenon. For instance, comparative studies of socially monogamous prairie voles and polygamous meadow voles have been instrumental toward gaining an understanding of the genetic and neurobiological basis of social bonding. However, laboratory studies of less commonly used organisms, such as prairie voles, have been limited by a lack of genetic tools, including the ability to manipulate the genome. Here, we show that lentiviral vector-mediated transgenesis is a rapid and efficient approach for creating germline transgenics in alternative laboratory rodents. Injection of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing lentiviral vector into the perivitelline space of 23 single-cell embryos yielded three live offspring (13 %), one of which (33%) contained germline integration of a GFP transgene driven by the human ubiquitin-C promoter. In comparison, transfer of 23 uninjected embryos yielded six live offspring (26%). Green fluorescent protein is present in all tissues examined and is expressed widely in the brain. The GFP transgene is heritable and stably expressed until at least the F(2) generation. This technology has the potential to allow investigation of specific gene candidates in prairie voles and provides a general protocol to pursue germline transgenic manipulation in many different rodent species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Donaldson
- Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|