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Hussain I, Rial C, Boza J, Tompkins S, Branen J, Giordano J, Erickson D. Design of a handheld and portable fluorescence imaging system for quantitative detection of pregnancy-specific biomarkers in cattle. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4101-4109. [PMID: 38744719 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive management significantly impacts dairy farm productivity, necessitating accurate timely pregnancy detection in cattle. This paper presents a novel handheld and portable fluorescence imaging system designed for quantitative assessment of pregnancy-specific biomarkers, addressing the limitations of current detection methods. The objective was to develop a cost-effective, at-farm solution for detecting pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in bovine plasma samples. The system integrates an imaging module and a custom software application, enabling image capture, data processing, and PSPB concentration determination. Calibration utilizing known PSPB concentrations achieved a 0.6 ng/mL limit of detection. Validation encompassed a comparison with a standard ELISA method using 100 bovine plasma samples; minimal bias and good agreement were observed within the linear range of the calibration curve for both methods. The system offers portability, user-friendliness, and potential for multiplex detection, promising real-time, at-farm reproductive management. This study demonstrates the successful development and validation of a portable fluorescence imaging system, offering an efficient and accurate approach to detecting pregnancy-specific biomarkers in cattle. Its implications extend to improving dairy farm productivity by enabling timely and reliable reproductive management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftak Hussain
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Clara Rial
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Juan Boza
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Sheridan Tompkins
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Julio Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
- Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 369 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Szelényi Z, Lipthay I, Sánta A, Lénárt L, Répási A, Szenci O. Pregnancy evaluation with a point-of-care pregnancy test in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2024; 214:201-205. [PMID: 37897849 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Primiparous and multiparous dairy cattle were evaluated for pregnancy using both transrectal ultrasonography and a point-of-care pregnancy test (Alertys OnFarm Test), which measures pregnancy-associated glycoproteins through lateral diffusion, between Days 28-34 of pregnancy results were compared. A total of 637 animals were included in this study. Pregnancy was confirmed via manual palpation between Days 57-64. Data on parity, calving, and time of artificial insemination (AI) were also collected and evaluated. Overall the accuracy of the lateral diffusion test was 93.1% with 98.9% sensitivity, 88.7 % specificity, 86.8 % positive predictive value, and 99.1% negative predictive value. In heifers, the Alertys OnFarm Test had 100% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity. In contrast, the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 98.5 and 89.5%, respectively for multiparous cows. The pregnancy loss between early diagnosis and confirmation increased with parity. Heifers suffered losses as low as 2.6%, whereas animals in the third parity had significantly more losses (17.9%). Season also affected losses with spring pregnancy losses being considerably higher than autumn losses. The veterinary workload was also evaluated. Using the combined method of pregnancy testing, animals were first tested with the lateral diffusion test; then, the test-negative animals were scanned again, and the number of scanned animals was reduced. The results ranged between 3274% on farms. We concluded that veterinary workload could be reduced by using the point-of-care test. However, farm-level differences may have affected the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Lipthay
- RougeVet Veterinary Practice, H-2351, Fő út 45. Alsónémedi, Hungary
| | - Attila Sánta
- RougeVet Veterinary Practice, H-2351, Fő út 45. Alsónémedi, Hungary
| | - Lea Lénárt
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Atilla Répási
- Pataki Állatorvos Veterinary Practice, H-3950, Dobó F. utca 54. Sárospatak, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, H-1078, István u. 2., Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Zhai Y, Xia F, Shi L, Ma W, Lv X, Sun W, Ji P, Gao S, Machaty Z, Liu G, Zhang L. Early Pregnancy Markers in the Serum of Ewes Identified via Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14054. [PMID: 37762358 PMCID: PMC10530974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of ewes' pregnancy status at an early stage is an efficient way to enhance the reproductive output of sheep and allow producers to optimize production and management. The techniques of proteomics and metabolomics have been widely used to detect regulatory factors in various physiological processes of animals. The aim of this study is to explore the differential metabolites and proteins in the serum of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes by proteomics and metabolomics. The serum of ewes at 21, 28 and 33 days after artificial insemination (AI) were collected. The pregnancy stratus of the ewes was finally determined through ultrasound examination and then the ewes were grouped as Pregnant (n = 21) or N on-pregnant (n = 9). First, the serum samples from pregnant or non-pregnant ewes at 21 days after AI were selected for metabolomic analysis. It was found that the level of nine metabolites were upregulated and 20 metabolites were downregulated in the pregnant animals (p < 0.05). None of these differential metabolomes are suitable as markers of pregnancy due to their small foldchange. Next, the proteomes of serum from pregnant or non-pregnant ewes were evaluated. At 21 days after AI, the presence of 321 proteins were detected, and we found that the level of three proteins were upregulated and 11 proteins were downregulated in the serum of pregnant ewes (p < 0.05). The levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), afamin (AFM), serpin family A member 6 (SERPINA6) and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes at 21-, 28- and 33-days post-AI were also analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of SAA and AFM were significantly higher in pregnant ewes than in non-pregnant ewes, and could be used as markers for early pregnancy detection. Overall, our results show that SAA and AFM are potential biomarkers to determine the early pregnancy status of ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenkui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (W.S.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.L.); (W.S.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengyun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Shuai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Zoltan Machaty
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Guoshi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (F.X.); (L.S.); (W.M.); (P.J.); (S.G.); (G.L.)
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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The Future of Biomarkers in Veterinary Medicine: Emerging Approaches and Associated Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172194. [PMID: 36077913 PMCID: PMC9454634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review we seek to outline the role of new technologies in biomarker discovery, particularly within the veterinary field and with an emphasis on ‘omics’, as well as to examine why many biomarkers-despite much excitement-have not yet made it to clinical practice. Further we emphasise the critical need for close collaboration between clinicians, researchers and funding bodies and the need to set clear goals for biomarker requirements and realistic application in the clinical setting, ensuring that biomarker type, method of detection and clinical utility are compatible, and adequate funding, time and sample size are available for all phases of development. Abstract New biomarkers promise to transform veterinary practice through rapid diagnosis of diseases, effective monitoring of animal health and improved welfare and production efficiency. However, the road from biomarker discovery to translation is not always straightforward. This review focuses on molecular biomarkers under development in the veterinary field, introduces the emerging technological approaches transforming this space and the role of ‘omics platforms in novel biomarker discovery. The vast majority of veterinary biomarkers are at preliminary stages of development and not yet ready to be deployed into clinical translation. Hence, we examine the major challenges encountered in the process of biomarker development from discovery, through validation and translation to clinical practice, including the hurdles specific to veterinary practice and to each of the ‘omics platforms–transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. Finally, recommendations are made for the planning and execution of biomarker studies with a view to assisting the success of novel biomarkers in reaching their full potential.
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Barbato O, Menchetti L, Brecchia G, Barile VL. Using Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) to Improve Reproductive Management: From Dairy Cows to Other Dairy Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162033. [PMID: 36009621 PMCID: PMC9404451 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pregnancy loss is a major cause of infertility in dairy animals, particularly in cattle, which affects the productivity and profitability of farms. Detecting these unsuccessful pregnancies could offer farmers the opportunity to reduce the economic damage caused by pregnancy loss. The determination of proteins secreted by the placenta and related to the presence of a viable conceptus called pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) represents a diagnostic tool to identify pregnant or non-pregnant animals and to predict early pregnancy failures. This review describes the state of the art related to PAGs’ function, pregnancy profile, and use in reproductive management in bovine and other dairy livestock. Abstract Pregnancy success represents a major issue for the economic income of cattle breeders. Early detection of pregnant and non-pregnant animals, as well as the prediction of early pregnancy failure, can influence farm management decisions. Several diagnostic tools for pregnancy are currently available. Among these, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) have been shown to be useful for identifying the presence of vital embryos and for pregnancy follow-up monitoring. This review presents an overview of the PAGs’ functions, their pregnancy trends, and their use as a tool to improve reproductive management in bovine and other dairy livestock, such as small ruminants and buffalos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Vittoria Lucia Barile
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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6
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Durocher J, Moore RK, Castonguay MH, Albaaj A, LeBlanc SJ, Dufour S. Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test for pregnancy diagnosis between 23 and 27 days after insemination in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6985-6996. [PMID: 35787323 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy diagnosis using pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) ELISA technology in blood or milk samples is validated from 28 d after insemination in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of a commercial milk PAG-based ELISA in Holstein dairy cows between 23 and 27 d after insemination. Milk samples (n = 268) from 257 Holstein dairy cows 23 to 27 d after AI were submitted for PAG ELISA testing. Pregnancy status was confirmed by either a second milk PAG ELISA test conducted between 28 and 50 d after insemination (n = 200) or transrectal ultrasonography performed between 28 and 59 d after insemination (n = 68). A Bayesian latent class model was used to compare the paired results from the test at 23 to 27 d after AI test to the reference test. The latent class model typically used for comparing 2 or more imperfect tests was extended to include the possibility of pregnancy loss between the 23 to 27 d test and the reference test. Informative priors for the probability of pregnancy loss, and for the Se and Sp of the PAG and ultrasonography reference tests were obtained from the scientific literature. Estimated median Se and Sp of the PAG ELISA test conducted between 23 and 27 d after AI were 0.98 (95% credible interval 0.93 to 1.0) and 0.98 (0.89 to 1.0), respectively, when using a standardized corrected optical density threshold of 0.15. Although the accuracy of the test under investigation was excellent, more data will be needed to confirm the optimal diagnostic cut point for PAG in milk for early pregnancy diagnosis in this time window. The optimal timing of pregnancy diagnosis will depend on herd-specific logistics and the action to be taken to re-inseminate nonpregnant cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Durocher
- Lactanet, 555, boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3R4, Canada
| | - R K Moore
- Lactanet, 555, boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3R4, Canada
| | - M-H Castonguay
- Lactanet, 555, boul. des Anciens-Combattants, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3R4, Canada
| | - A Albaaj
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C. P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - S Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C. P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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7
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Dormeshkin D, Shapira M, Karputs A, Kavaleuski A, Kuzminski I, Stepanova E, Gilep A. Combining of synthetic VHH and immune scFv libraries for pregnancy-associated glycoproteins ELISA development. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5093-5103. [PMID: 35723693 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies (VHH) from camelid antibody libraries hold great promise as therapeutic agents and components of immunoassay systems. Synthetic antibody libraries that could be designed and generated once and for various applications could yield binders to virtually any targets, even for non-immunogenic or toxic ones, in a short term. One of the most difficult tasks is to obtain antibodies with a high affinity and specificity to polyglycosylated proteins. It requires antibody libraries with extremely high functional diversity and the use of sophisticated selection techniques. Here we report a development of a novel sandwich immunoassay involving a combination of the synthetic library-derived VHH-Fc fusion protein as a capture antibody and the immune single-chain fragment variable (scFv) as a tracer for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) of cattle (Bos taurus). We succeeded in the generation of a number of specific scFv antibodies against PAG from the mouse immune library. Subsequent selection using the immobilized scFv-Fc capture antibody allowed to isolate 1.9 nM VHH binder from the diverse synthetic library without any overlapping with the capture antibody binding site. The prototype sandwich ELISA based on the synthetic VHH and the immune scFv was established. This is the first successful example of the combination of synthetic and immune antibody libraries in a single sandwich immunoassay. Thus, our approach could be used for the express isolation of antibody pairs and the development of sandwich immunoassays for challenging antigens. KEY POINTS: • Heavily glycosylated PAG Bos Taurus were used for immune library construction and specific scFv isolation by phage display. • Nanomolar affinity VHH for PAG was selected from the original synthetic nanobodies library. • A novel VHH/scFv-based immunoassay for Bos Taurus pregnancy determination was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Dormeshkin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Michail Shapira
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alena Karputs
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anton Kavaleuski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ivan Kuzminski
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine Named S. N. Vyshelesski, Briketa 28, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elena Stepanova
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine Named S. N. Vyshelesski, Briketa 28, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, Minsk, Belarus
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Doğan AA, Köse AM. Evaluation of bovine visual ELISA test for detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ayad A, Derbak H, Besseboua O. Using commercial enzyme immunoassay for measuring pregnancy-associated glycoproteins to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cows under field conditions in Algeria. RUDN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2312-797x-2021-16-2-154-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to study effectiveness for early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle of the new enzyme immunoassay (EIA) sandwich kit commercially available based on the measurement of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs). 120 Holstein-Friesian cattle of mixed age and parity were comprised from different dairy herds. The pregnant females (n = 68) were diagnosed by ultrasonography at day 35-40 after artificial insemination and confirmed by transrectal exploration at 2-3 months after AI. The non-pregnant females (n = 52) were housed in the absence of males during the experimental period. Blood samples were collected from coccygeal vessels of females into EDTA tubes. The serum was obtained by centrifugation and the serum was stored at - 20 C until assay. The PAG concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant females were determined in serum by EIA kit. The reproducibility inter- and intra-assay of the PAG-EIA is satisfactory (2.78 and 13.19 %, respectively). The accuracy ( 94.8 %) and the test of parallelism were largely acceptable. No cross-reaction was observed with the different hormones tested at different dilutions. PAG-EIA system gave 100 % sensitivity and negative predictive values. Whereas, specificity and positive predictive value were 91.93 and 71.15 %, respectively. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by PAG-EIA was 87.5 %. In conclusion, the present study shows clearly that the EIA kit can be used to measure PAG in serum cows for the detection of gestation in Algeria. Therefore, this alternative technique could be recommended to replace the radioactive methods in immunoassays to improve the reproductive performances and an efficient tool for reproductive management of dairy cattle.
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10
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Szenci O. Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061666. [PMID: 34204926 PMCID: PMC8229416 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pregnancy diagnosis plays an essential role in decreasing days open in dairy farms; therefore, it is very important to select an accurate method for diagnosing early pregnancy. Besides traditional pregnancy diagnoses made by rectal palpation of the uterus from 40 to 60 days after AI and measuring the serum or milk progesterone concentration between 18 to 24 days after AI, there are several new possibilities to diagnose early pregnancy in dairy farms. However, it is very important to emphasize that before introducing any new diagnostic test, we need to make sure the accuracy of that particular test to be able to decrease the rate of iatrogenic pregnancy losses caused by prostaglandin or resynchronization treatments. This review focuses on the diagnostic possibilities and limitations of early pregnancy diagnosis in the field. Abstract One of the most recent techniques for the on-farm diagnosis of early pregnancy (EP) in cattle is B-mode ultrasonography. Under field conditions, acceptable results may be achieved with ultrasonography from Days 25 to 30 post-AI. The reliability of the test greatly depends on the frequency of the transducer used, the skill of the examiner, the criterion used for a positive pregnancy diagnosis (PD), and the position of the uterus in the pelvic inlet. Non-pregnant animals can be selected accurately by evaluating blood flow in the corpus luteum around Day 20 after AI, meaning we can substantially improve the reproductive efficiency of our herd. Pregnancy protein assays (PSPB, PAG-1, and PSP60 RIA, commercial ELISA or rapid visual ELISA tests) may provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining early pregnancy or late embryonic/early fetal mortality (LEM/EFM) in dairy cows. Although the early pregnancy factor is the earliest specific indicator of fertilization, at present, its detection is entirely dependent on the use of the rosette inhibition test; therefore, its use in the field needs further developments. Recently found biomarkers like interferon-tau stimulated genes or microRNAs may help us diagnose early pregnancy in dairy cows; however, these tests need further developments before their general use in the farms becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-2225 Üllő-Dóra Major, Hungary
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11
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Krebs T, Kilic I, Mütze K, Kleinhans S, Lücking D, Hennies M, Tetens J. Establishment of a Sandwich-ELISA for simultaneous quantification of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in serum and milk. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251414. [PMID: 33979386 PMCID: PMC8115853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (boPAG) are expressed by trophoblast cells in the bovine placenta. The multigene family of boPAG belongs to the group of aspartic proteases. The accumulation and circulation in maternal blood and milk has made boPAG very useful and important for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. The goal of the present study was to develop and validate a new Sandwich-ELISA which allows the detection of boPAG in maternal serum and whole milk. Therefore, 984 serum and 928 milk samples were collected monthly from 231 Holstein Friesian cows (Bos Taurus) from one week after insemination (p.i.) until six weeks postpartum. The ELISA is able to identify a cow as being pregnant at day 30 p.i. in serum and at day 40 p.i in milk with threshold values of 1.0 ng/ml in serum and 0.0165 ng/ml in milk. The postpartum half-life of boPAG was estimated to be 6.4 days in serum and 7.1 days in milk. The boPAG profile established during pregnancy in serum and milk showed a typical pattern. The amount of boPAG found in milk was 1.5 % of the amount of boPAG present in serum. In conclusion, a Sandwich-ELISA has been developed to quantify boPAG in serum and in whole milk simultaneously with the same test procedure. This is time saving for farmers and more efficient for laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Krebs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Isabel Kilic
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Katja Mütze
- Hessischer Verband für Leistungs- und Qualitätsprüfungen in der Tierzucht e.V., Alsfeld, Hesse, Germany
| | - Sonja Kleinhans
- Hessischer Verband für Leistungs- und Qualitätsprüfungen in der Tierzucht e.V., Alsfeld, Hesse, Germany
| | - Daniel Lücking
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Rheinbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Mark Hennies
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Rheinbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
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12
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Lu C, Liu C, Shi G. Colorimetric enzyme-linked aptamer assay utilizing hybridization chain reaction for determination of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:316. [PMID: 32383031 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA aptamers that bind to bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (bPAGs) were selected by the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) procedure coupled to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology. After seven rounds of selection using carboxylated magnetic beads (MB) coated with bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 9 (bPAG9) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as target and counter targets, respectively, two aptamers designated as A1 and A24 showed high affinities to bPAG9 (Kd = 1.04 and 2.5 nM). Moreover, the specificity was determined by testing the non-targets bPAG4, bPAG6, bPAG16, BSA, and ovalbumin (OVA). Results showed that two aptamers demonstrated broad group specificity to bPAG family. Subsequently, a colorimetric sandwich enzyme-linked aptamer assay was developed for ultrasensitive detection of bPAG9 based on hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification strategy. The method exhibited a broad determination from 0.134 to 134 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.037 ng/mL. The method has been successfully applied to determine bPAGs in real samples. The results demonstrate that the developed aptamers could be used as promising molecular probes for the development of pregnancy diagnostic tools. Graphical abstract In this study, we first selected aptamers against bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (bPAGs) as molecular recognition elements and then developed a colorimetric enzyme-linked aptamer assay utilizing hybridization chain reaction to detect bPAGs in the serum.The GA can't be deleted, the modified GA can not upload. So themodified GA and figures will be send to CorrAdmin3@spi-global.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbin Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqing Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
AbstractMilk production intensification has led to several unwanted aspects, such as sustainability issues and environmental pollution. Among these, increased milk outputs that have been achieved over the last 70 years have led to several health and pathophysiological conditions in high yielding dairy animals, including metabolic diseases that were uncommon in the past. Increased occurrence of diverse metabolic diseases in cattle and other domestic animals is a key feature of domestication that not only affects the animals' health and productivity, but also may have important and adverse health impacts on human consumers through the elevated use of drugs and antibiotics. These aspects will influence economical and ethical aspects in the near future. Therefore, finding and establishing proper biomarkers for early detection of metabolic diseases is of great interest. In the present review, recent work on the discovery of fitness, stress and welfare biomarkers in dairy cows is presented, focusing in particular on possible biomarkers of energy balance and oxidative stress in plasma and milk, and biomarkers of production-related diseases and decreased fertility.
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Singh SP, Natesan R, Sharma N, Goel AK, Singh MK, Kharche SD. Assessment of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profile in milk for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:26-35. [PMID: 32054161 PMCID: PMC7888492 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to assess the level of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in whole and skim milk samples, and its suitability for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Methods A two-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system for estimation of milk PAG was developed and validated, which employed caprine-PAG specific polyclonal antisera. Whole and skim milk samples (n = 210 each) from fifteen multiparous goats were collected on alternate days from d 10 to d 30, and thereafter weekly till d 51 post-mating. PAG levels in milk samples were estimated by ELISA and the pregnancies were confirmed at d40 post-mating by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Results The level of PAG in whole and skim milk samples of both pregnant and non-pregnant goats remained below the threshold values until d 24 after mating. Thereafter, PAG concentration in whole and skim milk increased steadily in pregnant goats, whereas it continued below the threshold in non-pregnant does. The PAG profiles in whole and skim milk of pregnant goats were almost similar and exhibited strong positive relationship (r = 0.891; p<0.001). Day 26 post-mating was identified as the first time-point for significantly (p<0.05) higher milk PAG concentration in pregnant goats than to non-pregnant goats. When compared to TRUS examination for pregnancy diagnosis, the accuracy and specificity of PAG ELISA using whole and skim milk samples were 94.5% and 95.4%; and 95.3% and 100%, respectively. The high values of area-under-curve (0.904 [whole milk] and 0.922 [skim milk]), demonstrate outstanding discrimination ability of the milk assays. Among the sampling dates chosen, d 37 post-mating was identified as the best suitable time point for collection of milk samples to detect pregnancy in goats. Conclusion The PAG concentration in whole and skim milk of goats collected between days 26 and 51 post-breeding can be used for the accurate prediction of pregnancy and may be useful for assisting management decisions in goat flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pratap Singh
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
| | - Ramachandran Natesan
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Goel
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchCentral Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
| | - Suresh Dinkar Kharche
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., 281122, India
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15
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de Miranda E Silva Chaves C, da Costa RLD, Duarte KMR, Beltrame RT, Quirino CR. Evaluation of a cattle rapid test for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1345-1349. [PMID: 31811509 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The early pregnancy diagnosis allows optimizing production and timely management correction, with a greater reproductive output of livestock. The Idexx Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test® consists of an ELISA for visual reading which does not require the use of readers in the laboratory, with satisfactory pregnancy diagnoses at 28 days of pregnancy in cattle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate this rapid test and to verify the most appropriate day for the diagnosis of pregnancy in the ovine species. For this purpose, 98 serum samples from pregnant sheep and 36 from non-pregnant were used, with duplicate samples, and diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination, used as the gold standard. The numbers of positive samples obtained at 26, 28, and 30 days of pregnancy were 26, 27, and 45, respectively. The Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test correctly identified 100% of the samples as positive at pregnancy of days 26, 28, and 30. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were also 100%. The Idexx Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test, initially indicated for cattle, is effective for the detection of pregnancy in the ovine species, enabling diagnosis of pregnant sheep from the 26th day of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renato Travassos Beltrame
- Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Avenida Fioravante Rossi, 2930, Colatina, ES, 29703-900, Brazil
| | - Celia Raquel Quirino
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000-Parque California, Campos dos Goitacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
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17
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Duplex Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction of ISG15 and RSAD2 Increases Accuracy of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Early diagnosis of pregnancy is important in livestock production, but there is no reliable technology used for pregnancy diagnosis within the first three weeks after insemination. During early pregnancy, the expression of interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) is significantly increased. However, due to different strains, detection sample types, detection methods, threshold value, etc. the specific effectiveness of early pregnancy diagnosis using ISGs is worth further study. The purpose of this study was to test interferon-stimulated protein 15 (ISG15), 2'–5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows. The expression of ISG15, OAS1, and RSAD2 in PBL of pregnant and non-pregnant heifers on days 0, 14, 18, 21 and 28 after artificial insemination (AI) was detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sensitivity and specificity of the pregnancy diagnosis was analyzed using expression of these three genes separately or in combination by receiver operating characteristic curve. The combination with the highest accuracy used probe primers and duplex fluorescence quantitative PCR. The single quantitative PCR results showed that expression of ISG15, OAS1 and RSAD2 on day 18 after AI was significantly higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant cows. When these three genes were used separately, or in combination, for early pregnancy diagnosis, the sensitivity for the RSAD2 gene was 100%, and the combination of ISG15 with RSAD2 was 94.7%. The duplex quantitative PCR showed that, although the sensitivity of ISG15 alone was 100%, its specificity was only 88.2% (cut-off value 1.402). The sensitivity of RSAD2 alone was 89.5%, and the specificity was 88.2%; however, when the two genes were used in combination, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic cut-off value were consistent with the results of single quantitative PCR. These results indicated that a duplex quantitative PCR assay system for early pregnancy diagnosis in cows using ISG15 and RSAD2 was established. Simultaneous detection of expression of ISG15 and RSAD2 by duplex quantitative PCR can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy for dairy cows.
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Singh SP, Natesan R, Sharma N, Goel AK, Singh MK, Kharche SD. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profile in milk and its relationship with the circulating level during early pregnancy in goats. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Panasiewicz G, Lipka A, Majewska M, Bieniek-Kobuszewska M, Saveljev AP, Szafranska B. Identification of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAG) in the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.). Acta Histochem 2019; 121:240-247. [PMID: 30616842 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are abundant embryo-originated products expressed in the pre-placental trophoblast and, later, in the post-implantational chorionic epithelium of some mammalian species. This paper describes the identification and cellular immunolocalization of the chorionic PAG family in the discoidal-type placenta of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L. - Ua), in which the PAGs were named 'UaPAG-Ls'. The study used: 1) Western blot for total placental glycoproteins; and 2) cross-species heterologous double fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cellular immune-localization of the PAGs. This is the first study reporting the identification and immunolocalization of the UaPAG-L family in placental cells during early pregnancy in the brown bear. Our Western analysis revealed a dominant mature 72 kDa UaPAG-L isoform was expressed in all Ua placentas during early pregnancy. Various other UaPAG-L isoforms (16-66 kDa) were also identified. Using IHC, the UaPAG-L proteins were localized to trophectodermal cells (TRD), where signal intensity resembled intense TRD proliferation within developing placenta. The data increases our general knowledge of PAG proteins localized in discoidal-type placenta during early pregnancy in the brown bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Panasiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Lipka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Niepodleglosci Str 44, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Str 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Bieniek-Kobuszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Wojska Polskiego Str 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Alexander P Saveljev
- Department of Animal Ecology, Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, Preobrazhenskaya Str 79, 610000 Kirov, Russian Federation
| | - Bozena Szafranska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
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Wiedemann I, Krebs T, Momberg N, Knorr C, Tetens J. mRNA expression profiling in cotyledons reveals significant up-regulation of the two bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein genes boPAG-8 and boPAG-11 in early gestation. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:341-350. [PMID: 30265452 PMCID: PMC6236128 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The multigene family of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) belongs to a group of aspartic proteases that are exclusively expressed by trophoblast cells in the placenta of even-toed ungulates. In Bovidae, 22 different PAG genes (boPAGs) with a wide range of temporal and spatial expression- and glycosylation patterns have been reported to date. In this study we describe the mRNA expression patterns using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for selected modern (boPAG-1, -9, -21) and ancient bovine PAGs (boPAG-2, -8, -10, -11, -12) in cotyledonary tissue. The highest mean expression was detected in boPAG-8 and lowest in boPAG-10 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, boPAG-8 and -11 were significantly greater expressed in early gestation compared with later pregnancy stages. The characterization of boPAG mRNA-expression levels gives important insights for further protein analyses which will be valuable information for the development of new pregnancy detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wiedemann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tony Krebs
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Momberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Knorr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Santos DJA, Cole JB, Null DJ, Byrem TM, Ma L. Genetic and nongenetic profiling of milk pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9987-10000. [PMID: 30219417 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) are secreted by the trophoblast and are detectable in maternal circulation around the time of attachment of the fetal placenta, as well as in blood and milk throughout gestation. The understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling PAG levels can confer advantages for livestock breeding programs given the precocity and the ease of obtaining this phenotype from routine pregnancy diagnosis. The aim of this study was to characterize PAG levels by estimating genetic parameters and correlations with other dairy traits, and to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with PAG levels in milk. The PAG data consisted of pregnancy diagnoses using commercial assays from 2012 to 2017, and genotype data consisted of 54,123 SNP markers for 2,352 individuals (embryos and dams). The model included contemporary group (herd, year, and season) and embryo age as fixed effects, and random embryonic (direct) and maternal (indirect) genetic effects. Using genomic data, the estimated heritability for direct and maternal genetic effects (± standard deviations) were 0.23 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.05, respectively. The genetic correlation between these effects was almost zero (0.001 ± 0.06). A preliminary analysis revealed low correlations between milk PAG levels and other dairy traits. The genome-wide association analysis was performed using 2 approaches: single-marker and single-step using all markers. Four genomic regions with direct genetic effects were detected on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 6, BTA7, BTA19, and BTA29 of the embryonic genome. The BTA29 locus was within the bovine PAG gene cluster, suggesting a cis-regulatory quantitative trait locus on the PAG expression. However, other associations, without an obvious link to PAG expression, could be related to the transportation of PAG and their concentration in milk. Only 1 region from the maternal genome, on BTA4, had a significant indirect effect, where WNT2 is a candidate gene related to placenta vascularization and gestation health. Collectively, our results suggest a moderate genetic control of milk PAG levels from both maternal and fetal genomes, but larger studies are needed to fully evaluate the usefulness of milk PAG in the genetic evaluation of fetal growth and cow fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J A Santos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; Departamento de Zootecinia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - J B Cole
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - D J Null
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - T M Byrem
- Antel BioSystems Inc., Lansing, MI 48910
| | - L Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
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Szelényi Z, Balogh OG, Lopez-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I, Krikó E, Gábor G. Is twin pregnancy, calving and pregnancy loss predictable by serum pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) concentration 28-35 days after ai in dairy cows? Acta Vet Hung 2018; 66:451-461. [PMID: 30264614 DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Double ovulation occurs more frequently in multiparous cows with high milk production than in primiparous cows and the rate of twin pregnancy/calving is increasing worldwide. Diagnosis of twin pregnancy is possible by ultrasound at the time of early pregnancy examination [28-34 days after artificial insemination (AI)]. Pregnancy proteins are also well-known indicators of gestation. The risk of pregnancy loss during the first trimester of gestation for cows carrying twins is three to nine times higher than for cows carrying singletons. Pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) is a good indicator not only of pregnancy but also of pregnancy loss. The aims of this study were (a) to collect calving data in some Hungarian Holstein-Friesian herds (n = 7,300) to compare PSPB serum concentrations (measured 29-35 days post insemination) in twin- and singleton-calving cows (Trial 1), and (b) to check the predictive value of PSPB serum concentration for twin pregnancy and pregnancy loss in high-producing Spanish Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 98; Trial 2). Our results showed almost 7% twin calving rate. Although hormonal treatments are commonly believed to be major causes of twin pregnancies, our data do not support this hypothesis. The only exception is the single PGF injection, which significantly increased twin calving. No effect of milk production on the risk of twin pregnancy was found, and twin pregnancy increased with parity. The AI bull, the bull's sire, the bull's grandfather and the cow's father also affected twin calving (P ≤ 0.02). We found much higher frequency of twin calving in cows diagnosed pregnant with higher than 3 ng/ml serum PSPB concentrations at 29-35 days after insemination. In Trial 2, non-significant but well-marked differences were found in PSPB serum concentration between singleton- and twin-pregnant cow samples (2.1 and 2.9 ng/ml) at different bleeding times. Probably the small size of the study population and the effects of milk production on PSPB values may explain this lack of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- 1 Department and Clinic of Farm Animal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
- 2 MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Gabriella Balogh
- 3 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, Gesztenyés u. 1, H-2053 Herceghalom, Hungary
| | | | | | - Eszter Krikó
- 5 Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Gábor
- 3 National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, Gesztenyés u. 1, H-2053 Herceghalom, Hungary
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Could a bovine pregnancy rapid test be an alternative to a commercial pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test in dairy cattle? Anim Reprod Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525209 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare a Bovine Pregnancy Rapid Test (Ubio quickVET; BPRT) with a commercial ELISA-PAG test (Bovine Pregnancy Test DG29®) for early pregnancy diagnosis based on the presence of the PAG (pregnancy-associated glycoprotein) in dairy cattle between 30 and 40 days after artificial insemination (AI). Blood samples were collected from 212 cows between 30 and 40 days after artificial insemination (AI) to quantify the concentrations of PAG in each sample. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) diagnosis of pregnancy was conducted at day 45 ± 3 after AI as the reference standard for the two PAG tests. The results indicated the sensitivity (Se) of the BPRT and DG29 for diagnosing pregnant cattle were 89.4% and 100%, respectively while the specificity (Sp) of the two tests for diagnosis of non-pregnant animals was 89.8% and 81.3%, respectively. Based on these results, the BPRT has a slightly lesser sensitivity and greater specificity than the DG29 test. Moreover, the accuracy of both tests was 94% and 90% respectively for DG29 and BPRT. This implies that the BPRT test could be considered an accurate test when compared to PAG-ELISA test and TRUS at days 30-40 after AI. The BPRT test, therefore, can be used as an alternative to the PAG-ELISA test with some constraints that need to be considered with its use.
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Schmitz W, Kramer M, Erhardt G, Gauly M, Driancourt MA, Holtz W. Pregnancy rate after fixed-time artificial insemination of suckled beef cows subjected to a cosynch protocol with either buserelin or hCG as ovulation inducing agent. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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da Silva HK, Cassoli LD, Pantoja JCF, Cerqueira PHR, Winckler JPP, Coitinho TB, Machado PF. Storage strategies and processing of bovine milk samples for pregnancy-associated glycoproteins detection test. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2017.1395473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - L. D. Cassoli
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - J. C. F. Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - P. H. R. Cerqueira
- Department of Exact Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - J. P. P. Winckler
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - T. B. Coitinho
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - P. F. Machado
- Department of Animal Science, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Swegen A, Grupen CG, Gibb Z, Baker MA, Ruijter‐Villani M, Smith ND, Stout TAE, Aitken RJ. From Peptide Masses to Pregnancy Maintenance: A Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of The Early Equine Embryo Secretome, Blastocoel Fluid, and Capsule. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleona Swegen
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Christopher G. Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Camden NSW Australia
| | - Zamira Gibb
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Mark A. Baker
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Marta Ruijter‐Villani
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Nathan D. Smith
- Analytical and Biomolecular Research Facility University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Tom A. E. Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - R. John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
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Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-based ELISA and of transrectal ultrasonographic exam for diagnosis of pregnancy at 28–45 days following breeding in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2017; 140:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Miranda E Silva Chaves C, Dias da Costa RL, Roncato Duarte KM, Machado DC, Paro de Paz CC, Beltrame RT. Visual ELISA for detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in ewe serum. Theriogenology 2017; 97:78-82. [PMID: 28583612 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of visual ELISA-PAG for early pregnancy diagnosis based on the presence of PAG (pregnancy-associated glycoprotein) using sheep blood serum. Experiment 1: 140 ewes were divided into three groups with different stages of pregnancy. In the first group, 41 pregnant ewes were sampled at 26, 28, 30, and 32 days of pregnancy; in the second group, 65 ewes (49 pregnant with 30 days and 16 non-pregnant) were sampled; in the third group, 34 non-pregnant ewes were sampled. Experiment 2: 10 pregnant ewes were sampled weekly from day 35 of gestation until day 70 post-partum to verify the total period in which PAG can be detected in the blood serum by the test. Transrectal ultrasound was used as a gold standard. The detection or non-detection of PAG was analyzed by the logistic model PROC GENMOD of SAS; differences were detected by the chi-squared test. In group 1, there were no differences between the results from 28, 30, and 32 days of gestation, but samples from 30 days were easier to interpret in comparison to 28 days, with a sensitivity of 97.56%. In the second group, using 65 sheep, visual ELISA-PAG showed 100% sensitivity and 93.75% specificity, which indicates the diagnosis of an animal as a false positive. In the third group, 97.06% of the sheep were confirmed as negative and 2.94% as positive, again indicating the presence of a false positive. In 100% of the sheep, the PAG remained in the blood circulation throughout the antepartum period until birth and seven days post-partum, declining thereafter. Based on our results, the visual ELISA-PAG is an effective method for the early diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep and can be performed from day 30 of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Renato Travassos Beltrame
- Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Avenida Fioravante Rossi, 2930, Colatina, ES, 29703-900, Brazil
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Identification of the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (PAGs) and some aspects of placenta development in the European moose ( Alces alces L.). Theriogenology 2016; 86:2119-2135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rawat P, Bathla S, Baithalu R, Yadav ML, Kumar S, Ali SA, Tiwari A, Lotfan M, Naru J, Jena M, Behere P, Balhara AK, Vashisth R, Singh I, Dang A, Kaushik JK, Mohanty TK, Mohanty AK. Identification of potential protein biomarkers for early detection of pregnancy in cow urine using 2D DIGE and label free quantitation. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 27429603 PMCID: PMC4946208 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An early, reliable and noninvasive method of early pregnancy diagnosis is prerequisite for efficient reproductive management in dairy industry. The early detection of pregnancy also help in to reduce the calving interval and rebreeding time which is beneficial for industries as well as farmers. The aim of this work is to identify potential biomarker for pregnancy detection at earlier stages (16–25 days). To achieve this goal we performed DIGE and LFQ for identification of protein which has significant differential expression during pregnancy. Results DIGE experiment revealed a total of eleven differentially expressed proteins out of which nine were up regulated having fold change ≥1.5 in all time points. The LFQ data analysis revealed 195 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) out of 28 proteins were up-regulated and 40 down regulated having significant fold change ≥1.5 and ≤0.6 respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of DEPs showed that a majority of proteins were involved in regulation of leukocyte immunity, endopeptidase inhibitor activity, regulation of peptidase activity and polysaccharide binding. Conclusion This is first report on differentially expressed protein during various time points of pregnancy in cow to our best knowledge. In our work, we identified few proteins such MBP, SERPIN, IGF which were differentially expressed and actively involved in various activities related to pregnancy such as embryo implantation, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Due to their involvement in these events, these can be considered as biomarker for pregnancy but further validation of is required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-016-9116-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rawat
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Shveta Bathla
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | | | | | | | | | - Anurag Tiwari
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Masoud Lotfan
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Jasmine Naru
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Manoj Jena
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Pradip Behere
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Ashok K Balhara
- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, 125001 India
| | | | - Inderjeet Singh
- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - Ajay Dang
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Jai K Kaushik
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
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Commun L, Velek K, Barbry JB, Pun S, Rice A, Mestek A, Egli C, Leterme S. Detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in milk and blood as a test for early pregnancy in dairy cows. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:207-13. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716632815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate 2 pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for use with either blood or milk. From 12 dairy farms, 116 Montbéliarde or Holstein cows were selected that had either undergone artificial insemination (AI; n = 102) or had calved ( n = 14) 2–3 months earlier and had not undergone any further AI. Serum, plasma, and milk were obtained from all cows; serum and plasma were analyzed using the blood pregnancy test and milk using the milk pregnancy test. No false-positive results were observed when samples of the 14 noninseminated cows were tested. Cows undergoing AI were sampled at ~16, 30, and 41 days post-AI. An additional milk sample was taken at ~53 days post-AI. To establish whether the inseminated cows were pregnant, the cows were subjected to transrectal ultrasonography (TU) on or around day 41. Of the 102 inseminated cows, 63 were confirmed pregnant by TU. By day 30, the serum, plasma, and milk ELISAs demonstrated 100%, 100%, and 98.1% sensitivity and 88.6%, 88.9%, and 90.3% specificity, respectively, with potential pregnancy losses 30–41 days post-AI. Accuracy obtained on serum, plasma, and milk at ~41 days post-AI and on milk at ~53 days post-AI ranged from 97.4% to 100%. There were no differences of practical significance in performance between the blood and milk ELISAs for the sampling dates chosen. This new diagnostic capability with milk samples offers a major improvement in bovine reproductive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Commun
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Katherine Velek
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Jean-B. Barbry
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - San Pun
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Anna Rice
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Anton Mestek
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Christoph Egli
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
| | - Serge Leterme
- Lyon Veterinary School (Vetagrosup), UMR1213 Herbivores INRA, Marcy l’Etoile, France (Commun)
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME (Velek, Rice, Mestek, Leterme)
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Etangs, Villars les Dombes, France (Barbry)
- IDEXX AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland (Pun, Egli)
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KAYA MS, KÖSE M, BOZKAYA F, MUTLU H, UÇAR EH, ATLI MO. Early pregnancy diagnosis using a commercial ELISA test based on pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in Holstein-Friesian heifers and lactating cows. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1602-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Marthold D, Detterer J, Koenig von Borstel U, Gauly M, Holtz W. Fixed-time Insemination in Pasture-based Medium-sized Dairy Operations of Northern Germany and an Attempt to Replace GnRH by hCG. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:85-90. [PMID: 26661056 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A field study was conducted aimed at (i) evaluating the practicability of a fixed-time insemination regime for medium-sized dairy operations of north-western Germany, representative for many regions of Central Europe and (ii) substituting hCG for GnRH as ovulation-inducing agent at the end of a presynch or ovsynch protocol in an attempt to reduce the incidence of premature luteal regression. Cows of two herds synchronized by presynch and two herds synchronized by ovsynch protocol were randomly allotted to three subgroups; in one group ovulation was induced by the GnRH analog buserelin, in another by hCG, whereas a third group remained untreated. The synchronized groups were fixed-time inseminated; the untreated group bred to observed oestrus. Relative to untreated herd mates, pregnancy rate in cows subjected to a presynch protocol with buserelin as ovulation-inducing agent was 74%; for hCG it was 60%. In cows subjected to an ovsynch protocol, the corresponding relative pregnancy rates reached 138% in the case of buserelin and 95% in the case of hCG. Average service interval was shortened by 1 week in the presynch and delayed by 2 weeks in the ovsynch group. It may be concluded that fixed-time insemination of cows synchronized via ovsynch protocol with buserelin as ovulation-inducing agent is practicable and may help improve efficiency and reduce the work load involved with herd management in medium-sized dairy operations. The substitution of hCG for buserelin was found to be not advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marthold
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - J Detterer
- Verein Ostfriesischer Stammviehzuechter, AI and ET Centre, Georgsheil, Germany
| | - U Koenig von Borstel
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Gauly
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bozen, Italy
| | - W Holtz
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Karen A, Sousa NMD, Beckers JF, Bajcsy ÁC, Tibold J, Mádl I, Szenci O. Comparison of a commercial bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test and a pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radiomimmunoassay test for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 159:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roberts JN, Byrem TM, Grooms DL. Application of an ELISA Milk Pregnancy Test in Beef Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:651-8. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JN Roberts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - TM Byrem
- Antel BioSystems; Lansing MI USA
| | - DL Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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Massei G, Koon KK, Benton S, Brown R, Gomm M, Orahood DS, Pietravalle S, Eckery DC. Immunocontraception for managing feral cattle in Hong Kong. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121598. [PMID: 25856283 PMCID: PMC4391848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicts between human interests and feral cattle in Hong Kong derive from growing numbers of free-roaming cattle. Public antipathy towards lethal population control led the local authorities to consider fertility control to reduce cattle numbers. This study assessed the potential side effects of the immunocontraceptive GonaCon on individual female cattle and established the effectiveness of GonaCon to induce infertility. We evaluated GonaCon in 34 captive cattle assigned to four groups: Control administered a sham solution; Webbed (surgically sterilized through removal of the oviducts), administered one dose of GonaCon; Webbed, administered one dose of GonaCon and a booster dose three months later, and Treated, administered one dose of GonaCon. The side effects of GonaCon were assessed by monitoring injection site, body weight, body condition, size of lymph nodes, body temperature, and feeding behaviour 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after vaccination and by haematological and biochemical variables at vaccination and three months post-vaccination. The effectiveness of GonaCon to cause infertility was monitored by quantifying anti-GnRH antibody titres and by using kits to detect cycling and pregnancy. GonaCon-treated cattle showed no injection site reaction, limping, or abnormal behaviour. No differences were observed in all physiological and welfare indicators between control and vaccinated cattle. All control cattle and 4 of the 12 cattle in the Treated group became pregnant. Cattle administered a booster dose had higher anti-GnRH antibody titres than cattle that received one dose. We concluded that GonaCon does not compromise the animals’ welfare and is effective in reducing fertility in cattle. A booster dose is likely to increase the duration of infertility. Further studies are required to assess the feasibility and costs of immunocontraception for controlling free-roaming cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Massei
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ka-Kei Koon
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Animal Management Division, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Benton
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Animal Management Division, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Brown
- The School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matt Gomm
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Darcy S. Orahood
- USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas C. Eckery
- USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Ayad A, Salaheddine M, Touati K, Iguer-Ouada M, Benbarek H. Evaluation of norgestomet Crestar® on oestrus synchronization and reproductive performance of dairy cows in Algeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(14)60059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Szelényi Z, Répási A, de Sousa NM, Beckers JF, Szenci O. Accuracy of diagnosing double corpora lutea and twin pregnancy by measuring serum progesterone and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 in the first trimester of gestation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2015; 84:76-81. [PMID: 25864126 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 (bPAG-1) concentrations during gestation are dependent on the number of CL and fetuses, respectively. The objective of this present study was to measure and evaluate the usefulness of measuring the P4 and bPAG-1 concentrations in cases of single versus twin pregnancies and one versus two CL at the first 4 months of gestation. We hypothesized that both the number of the CL and the number of fetus might have an effect on P4 and pregnancy protein concentrations, and we can set up clinically useful threshold levels to predict twin gestations. Eighty-four Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were enrolled in this prospective observational clinical trial. Blood was collected at time point 1: between Days 29 and 42, time point 2: between Days 57 and 70, time point 3: between Days 85 and 98, and time point 4: between Days 113 and 126 of gestation, and bPAG-1 and P4 concentrations were measured. Binary logistic regression analyzing serum P4 concentrations differed at time point 2 compared with baseline level, but the area under the curve (AUC) had low sensitivity. The bPAG-1 concentrations were statistically different at each time point of gestation. The AUC cutoff values of serum bPAG-1 concentrations were sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between twin gestations from singleton ones. At time points 3 (cutoff value of 3.4 ng/mL) and 4 (cutoff value of 56.5 ng/mL), statistically significant differences with low sensitivity, high specificity, and a high AUC were found. On the basis of these results, the diagnosis of twin pregnancy using pregnancy protein measurements is clinically insufficient before Day 85 of gestation; however, the ability to confirm the early twin pregnancy diagnosis with bPAG-1 measurements appears to be promising. To achieve high sensitivity, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary; MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary.
| | - Attila Répási
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Noelita Melo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Francois Beckers
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Otto Szenci
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary; MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
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Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration in plasma and milk samples for early pregnancy diagnosis in Lacaune dairy sheep. Res Vet Sci 2014; 99:30-6. [PMID: 25613086 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, four RIA systems (RIA-1 to -4) based on two antisera raised against ovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (ovPAGs), combined with an ovine or a bovine PAG tracer were used to measure PAG concentrations in plasma and milk samples of dairy ewes. Blood and milk samples were collected on different days of gestation: 0, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 42, and 49. From day 20 onward, the PAG in plasma could be detected in all pregnant ewes using the four RIA systems. By using milk, except for RIA-1, the other systems showed a sensitivity of 100% from day 28 of gestation onward. In plasma, PAG concentrations were higher in multiple than in single pregnancies, while no clear relationship was observed in milk. In conclusion, milk is a good alternative to plasma for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep from day 28 to day 42.
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Pugliesi G, Miagawa BT, Paiva YN, França MR, Silva LA, Binelli M. Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: how early can we detect pregnancy? Biol Reprod 2014; 91:95. [PMID: 25210129 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the functional characteristics of the corpus luteum (CL) by color Doppler ultrasonography and changes in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during early pregnancy in beef cows. We then aimed to use these features to establish earlier pregnancy diagnosis methods. In experiment 1, the CL size and blood flow were accessed by Doppler ultrasonography, and the PBMCs were isolated on Days 8, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 45, and 60 post-timed artificial insemination (TAI) from pregnant (n = 10) and nonpregnant cows (n = 12). The abundance of ISG (OAS1, MX1, MX2, and ISG15) transcripts was measured by quantitative PCR. Analyses of OAS1 and MX2 expression in isolated PBMCs (ISG-PBMC method) and Doppler imaging of CL (Doppler-US method) were performed to test the accuracy of these methods for the diagnosis of pregnancy on Day 20 post-TAI (n = 110; experiment 2). In experiment 1, the luteal volume and blood flow were reduced in nonpregnant cows during the first weeks post-TAI, but an evaluation of CL vascularization and size was efficient in identifying nonpregnant cows on Day 20 post-TAI. The expression of ISGs in PBMCs can be stimulated by the presence of a viable conceptus between Days 15 and 22 post-TAI, and the expression of these genes reaches a peak on Day 20. In experiment 2, the Doppler-US and ISG-PBMC methods resulted in similar specificity (85.5 and 87.7%, respectively). However, only the Doppler-US method resulted in 100% sensitivity. In conclusion, the greatest abundance of ISGs in PBMCs and a high detection of luteolysis by Doppler imaging on Day 20 post-TAI can be feasibly used for the earlier detection of nonpregnant cows in reproductive programs. The level of accuracy for our described pregnancy methods is high on Day 20 (80%-91%), but only the Doppler imaging method results in an absence of false-negative diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr. O.J. Ginther, Department of Veterinary, School of Animal and Food Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna T Miagawa
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yasmin N Paiva
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moana R França
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Silva
- Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr. O.J. Ginther, Department of Veterinary, School of Animal and Food Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shahin M, Friedrich M, Gauly M, Holtz W. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) profile of Holstein-Friesian cows as compared to dual-purpose and beef cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:618-620. [PMID: 24888733 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are produced by mono- and binucleate trophoblast cells in the ruminant placenta. PAG appears in maternal blood and, from approximately 4 weeks after fertilization onward, may serve as a reliable means of diagnosing pregnancy. A range of factors are said to affect plasma PAG concentrations, such as number and sex of foetus, mass of calf and placenta, level of milk production and genetic constitution. In this study, PAG pregnancy profiles of a dual-purpose (Simmental) and two beef breeds (Uckermark and Aubrac) are compared with the profile of the specialized dairy breed Holstein-Friesian. Holstein-Friesian cows were sampled weekly; the levels of the other breeds were presented at 3-week intervals. The overall significant breed difference (p = 0.013) was founded on deviations during the initial 3 weeks of pregnancy and from 23 weeks onward. During the period critical for the detection of pregnancy, between four and 22 weeks, agreement between PAG levels of various breeds was close (p > 0.05). No significant effect of body mass of cow or calf (relative to mass of dam) was detected. These findings imply that the PAG pregnancy test may be executed uniformly irrespective of breed or type of cow, affirming the suitability of the test as a valuable asset for the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahin
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Friedrich
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Gauly
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - W Holtz
- Department of Animal Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Stahmann F, Gauly M, Holtz W, König von Borstel U. Short communication: a note on the correction for the effect of freezing on the outcome of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein measurement in blood and serum of cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6520-4. [PMID: 23932137 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early pregnancy detection is a measure of considerable economic relevance for dairy cattle breeders, and analysis of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) values in blood is one of the methods implemented in practice. Starting from d 30 postconception, cows are considered to be pregnant at PAG levels of 2.0 ng of PAG/mL of blood and higher. However, little is known about preanalytic sources of errors that might affect PAG values. Based on blood samples from 65 dairy cows, the present study showed that freezing of samples, such as may be the case during shipping in wintertime, will lower PAG values considerably. Therefore, a Bland-Altman analysis was used to derive a correction factor. Overall, the mean differences (± standard deviation) between frozen and respective fresh samples was -5.5 ± 7.4 ng of PAG/mL of blood and 0.9 ± 6.1 ng of PAG/mL of serum. However, the Bland-Altman plot revealed a concentration-dependent effect of freezing on PAG values with higher variability and larger declines at higher PAG levels. Therefore, to minimize chances of false-negative results, different correction factors are suggested for different levels of PAG (e.g., based on the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval 0.67 for PAG levels between 2.0 and 3.9 ng of PAG/mL and 0.25 for PAG levels between 4.0 and 7.9 ng of PAG/mL). With these concentration-dependent correction factors, implementation into practice will be possible. The accuracy is adequate because no quantitative information but qualitative results (pregnant vs. nonpregnant) are required. However, due to larger chances of false-negative results, the application of the correction factor should only be a last resort if temperature exposure of a sample is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stahmann
- Abteilung Produktsysteme der Nutztiere, Department für Nutztierwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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43
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Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) pattern and pregnancy detection in Boer goats using an ELISA with different antisera. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Mayer J, Soller JT, Beck J, Purwins V, Wemheuer W, Schütz E, Brenig B. Early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows using circulating nucleic acids. Theriogenology 2012; 79:173-9. [PMID: 23122603 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle is a prerequisite for successful herd management. However, most of the currently available methods allow an early diagnosis only approximately 30 days after insemination. Recently, circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) have been used successfully as biomarkers in prenatal diagnosis at different gestational stages in human and animals. Here we show that CNAs can also be used as markers for the detection of early pregnancy in cattle. Serum samples were collected from multiparous pregnant (N = 24) and nonpregnant (N = 16) dairy cows at different days after insemination (Days 0, 20, and 40). Isolated serum DNA was preprocessed using a modified serial analysis of gene expression technique, which generated concatemerized short sequence tags for downstream next generation sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis identified sequence tags specific for pregnant dairy cows at Day 20 after insemination. The identified CNA-tags originated from repetitive regions of the bovine genome. Tag sequences that showed increased hit counts per animal were used to design quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. These quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were applied to CNA samples from matched pregnant (N = 12) and nonpregnant cows (N = 16) at different times after insemination (Day 0, 20, and 40). At Day 20 after insemination the quantities of the interspersed repeats Art2A and BovB were increased in the pregnant cows compared with the nonpregnant control cows (P < 0.05). The best performing CNA biomarker BovB yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76. At a defined cutoff value, the pregnant and the control groups can be distinguished with a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 75%. These results suggest that CNAs can be used as biomarkers for the detection of early pregnancy in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayer
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Piechotta M, Bollwein J, Friedrich M, Heilkenbrinker T, Passavant C, Branen J, Sasser G, Hoedemaker M, Bollwein H. Comparison of commercial ELISA blood tests for early pregnancy detection in dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2010; 57:72-5. [PMID: 20881353 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-022t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare two commercially available blood-based pregnancy tests, namely BioPRYN, an ELISA for pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB), and an ELISA for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG), for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle using transrectal ultrasonography as a gold standard. Transrectal ultrasonography was conducted 26-58 days after artificial insemination (AI) in 197 cattle from 19 farms. Concurrently, a blood sample was collected for determination of serum PSPB and PAG. Transrectal palpation was performed approximately 120 days after AI to verify that pregnancy was maintained. For PSPB and PAG, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in sensitivity (98.0 and 97.8%), specificity (97.1 and 91.2%), positive predictive values (99.3 and 97.8%), negative predictive values (91.9 and 91.2%) and accuracy (97.8 and 96.4%). In conclusion, the two blood pregnancy assays were equally efficacious and were highly accurate (based on transrectal ultrasonography as the gold standard).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Green JC, Volkmann DH, Poock SE, McGrath MF, Ehrhardt M, Moseley AE, Lucy MC. Technical note: A rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay blood test for pregnancy in dairy and beef cattle. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3819-24. [PMID: 19620665 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ruminant trophoblast produces pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) that can be detected in the blood of pregnant animals. The objective was to determine the accuracy of a rapid ELISA PAG-based test for the purpose of pregnancy detection in cattle. Blood was sampled from dairy cattle (539 Holstein cows, 173 Holstein heifers, 73 Guernsey cows, 22 Guernsey heifers, and 12 Jersey heifers) and crossbred beef cattle (145 cows and 46 heifers) that were >or=25 d after insemination (range = 25 to 45 d for dairy and 29 to 56 d for beef). Cattle were examined by ultrasonography for detection of pregnancy within 2 d of blood collection. Whole blood or plasma was incubated in a polystyrene tube coated with a monoclonal PAG antibody for 15 min. The tubes were then washed and subjected to sequential incubations with a biotinylated polyclonal PAG antibody (15 min, followed by wash), a horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin solution (15 min, followed by wash), and a peroxidase substrate. Tubes were visually assessed for color after 15 min (clear solution = PAG negative, not pregnant; blue solution = PAG positive, pregnant). Total assay time was approximately 90 min. The ultrasound examination was used as the standard for pregnancy diagnosis. The sensitivity (99.8 +/- 0.2%), specificity (91.7 +/- 1.4%), and negative predictive value (99.7 +/- 0.3%) for the PAG test used in dairy cattle were similar for different breeds and for cows and heifers. The positive predictive value for the test was greater in dairy heifers than in dairy cows (96.5 +/- 1.4% vs. 90.5 +/- 1.7%, respectively). In beef cattle, the sensitivity (100%), specificity (92.3 +/- 3.0%), positive predictive value (95.0 +/- 2.0%), and negative predictive value (100%) for the PAG test were similar for cows and heifers. The accuracy of the test was not different for dairy and beef cattle. In conclusion, the rapid ELISA pregnancy test based on PAG was highly sensitive and specific for pregnancy detection in dairy and beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Green
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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