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Król R, Nowosad J, Kupren K, Piech P, Kujawa R, Fopp-Bayat D, Dąbrowski M, Zielonka Ł, Kucharczyk D. Effect of temperature and spawning agents on wild female asp (Leuciscus aspius) reproductive efficiency under controlled conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 265:107489. [PMID: 38718480 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Artificial reproduction is a bottleneck to produce stocking material for many species of freshwater fish. One of these species is the asp, Leuciscus aspius. Research in the field of artificial reproduction of this species is very scarce and often incomplete. There are no breeding protocols specifying optimal environmental conditions and hormonal stimulation for many species of rheophilic cyprinids, including asp. Since the number of natural asp populations is constantly decreasing, it is important to support natural stocks by restocking with high quality stocking material. For this reason, optimized protocols are needed to breed this species under controlled conditions to produce stocking material with high biodiversity and good health. Such an approach will make it possible to maintain the population of natural asp at a constant level. The aim of this study was to develop the protocol of asp artificial reproduction using optimized thermal conditions and appropriate hormonal stimulation. In experiment I, the influence of constant temperature (10.0, 12.0 and 14.0 °C) on the effectiveness of artificial reproduction of asp. In experiment II, the effectiveness of asp reproduction was checked after the application of spawning agents: Ovopel, Ovaprim or a combination of these two agents The obtained results indicate that for the final maturation of oocytes (FOM) and artificial reproduction of asp in controlled conditions, water temperatures of 10-12 °C are the most useful. Under these thermal conditions, the highest percentages of female's ovulation and embryo survival, as well as the percentage of hatching, were obtained. Hormone injections are necessary to perform final oocyte maturation (FOM) in female asp in captivity. All spawning agents used were especially useful for artificial reproduction of asp, however, the best values of the studied indices, such as ovulation rate and embryo survival, were obtained after the application of Ovaprim or the combination of Ovopel and Ovaprim in water temperature at a range of 10-12 °C. It was found that the pH of ovarian fluid may be a preliminary indicator of the biological quality of eggs in asps. The optimal pH value is 8.0-8.4. At pH below 7.4, no viable embryos were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Król
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Joanna Nowosad
- Department of Research and Development, Chemprof, Gutkowo, Olsztyn 11-041, Poland; Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, The Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kupren
- Department of Tourism, Recreation & Ecology, Institute of Engineering and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Przemysław Piech
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland; Department of Animal Welfare and Research, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Roman Kujawa
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Dorota Fopp-Bayat
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kucharczyk
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Chemprof, Gutkowo, Olsztyn 11-041, Poland.
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Spawning-Induced pH Increase Activates Sperm Attraction and Fertilization Abilities in Eggs of the Ascidian, Phallusia philippinensis and Ciona intestinalis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032666. [PMID: 36768985 PMCID: PMC9917126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Phlebobranchiata ascidians, oocytes and spermatozoa are stored in the oviduct and spermiduct, respectively, until spawning occurs. Gametes in the gonoducts are mature and fertilizable; however, it was found that the gametes of the ascidians Phallusia philippinensis and Ciona intestinalis could not undergo fertilization in the gonoductal fluids. The body fluids of the ascidians, especially in the gonoducts, were much more acidic (pH 5.5-6.8) than seawater (pH 8.2), and the fertilization rate was low under such acidic conditions. Hence, we examined the effect of pH on gametes. Pre-incubation of gonoductal eggs at pH 8.2 prior to insemination increased fertilization rates, even when insemination was performed under low pH conditions. Furthermore, an increase in ambient pH induced an increase in the intracellular pH of the eggs. It was also found that an increase in ambient pH triggered the release of sperm attractants from the egg and is therefore necessary for sperm chemotaxis. Hence, acidic conditions in the gonoductal fluids keep the gametes, especially eggs, infertile, and the release of eggs into seawater upon spawning induces an increase in ambient pH, which enables egg fertilization.
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Nakamura Y, Suga K, Sakakura Y, Sakamoto T, Hagiwara A. Genetic and growth differences in the outcrossings between two clonal strains of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish. CAN J ZOOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/z08-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The populations of the only known self-fertilizing vertebrate Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) (formerly known as Rivulus marmoratus Poey, 1880; Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae) usually consist of different homozygous lineages; however, heterozygous individuals are found occasionally and ratios of homozygosity and heterozygosity in populations are dependent on the proportion of males. However, it is still unclear what impact male-mediated genetic diversity has on the phenotype of K. marmoratus. To clarify this, we attempted outcrossing between male and hermaphrodite of two different clonal strains with different life-history traits using artificial insemination, and examined the genotypes and growth of the hybrid F2 generation. We detected genetic differences between the two clonal strains using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis with 3 primer combinations, and then obtained 11 AFLP markers. From a total of 31 artificial inseminations with two clonal strains, 1 of 13 hatched fish clearly indicated heterozygosity. The hybrid F2 generations were also heterozygous. Moreover, the growths of the hybrid F2 generation were intermediate of the parental strains from days 0 to 30. Therefore, outcrossing changes genetic architecture and the new genotypes potentially result in new phenotypes of the subsequent generations of K. marmoratus. It may also play a role in adaptation to new environments and the facilitation of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Nagasaki Industrial Promotion Foundation, Omura Ikeda 2-1303-8, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Koushirou Suga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Nagasaki Industrial Promotion Foundation, Omura Ikeda 2-1303-8, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sakakura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Nagasaki Industrial Promotion Foundation, Omura Ikeda 2-1303-8, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Nagasaki Industrial Promotion Foundation, Omura Ikeda 2-1303-8, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Nagasaki Industrial Promotion Foundation, Omura Ikeda 2-1303-8, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Iwamatsu T, Kobayashi H, Sato M. In vivo fertilization and development of medaka eggs initiated by artificial insemination. Zoolog Sci 2005; 22:119-23. [PMID: 15684592 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization and development in the ovarian cavity of oviparous fish, Oryzias latipes, were examined using the S-rR strain in which the sex genotype can be easily distinguished by the body color of the fish. Mature eggs were fertilized within the ovarian cavity after a sperm suspension was artificially introduced with a small bore-pipette through the urinogenital opening. Three batches of eggs ovulated within 48 hrs were fertilized and began to develop in the ovarian cavity, while eggs ovulated 72 hrs post-insemination (PI) were no longer fertilized. These observations indicate that ovulation occurs irrespective of the existence of developing embryos within the ovarian cavity. All embryos developing in the ovarian cavity were, however, retarded and ceased development before the stage of initiation of blood circulation at room temperature. These embryos developed normally and hatched after they were transferred from the ovarian cavity into regular saline 48 or 72 hrs PI. When these individuals matured sexually, their sex differentiation was found to be normal, and sex reversal was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwamatsu
- Department of Biology, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan
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Shibata Y, Iwamatsu T, Oba Y, Kobayashi D, Tanaka M, Nagahama Y, Suzuki N, Yoshikuni M. Identification and cDNA cloning of alveolin, an extracellular metalloproteinase, which induces chorion hardening of medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs upon fertilization. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8349-54. [PMID: 10722665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorion hardening is triggered by the contents of cortical alveoli that are released upon fertilization of medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs. We purified the chorion hardening-inducing activity as a single protein from the exudate of cortical alveoli of medaka eggs. This activity was co-purified with proteolytic activity of the chorion protein ZI-1,2. Based on the amino acid sequence of purified protein, we cloned the cDNA of this protein from a medaka ovarian cDNA library. Sequence analyses revealed typical sequence features, a zinc-binding motif and a methionine turn motif, of the astacin metalloproteinase family. We termed this protein "alveolin." Alveolin has a molecular mass of 21.5 kDa deduced by the amino acid sequence and neutral optimal pH range. Alveolin hydrolyzes ZI-1,2. Alveolin activity was strongly inhibited by metal-chelating agents but not by various proteinase inhibitors. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the isolation and identification of the chorion hardening-inducing factor from cortical alveoli exudate of teleost eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shibata
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Abstract
The intracellular pH of the mouse egg was measured during fertilisation to determine whether an increase in pH accompanies activation of this mammalian egg. The pH-sensitive dye BCECF [2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and-6)carboxyfluorescein] was introduced into the mouse egg by incubation in BCECF-AM or by microinjection of dextran-conjugated BCECF. The cells were also loaded with the DNA-specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 to confirm fertilisation by observation of Hoechst-stained, decondensing sperm heads in the cytoplasm. The ratio of emission intensities for the dye (494/440 nm excitation wavelengths) was monitored continuously with a photon-counting photomultiplier tube. There was no change in pH during or after fertilisation. Control eggs displayed the expected increase in pH when exposed to NH4Cl. In other experiments, intracellular pH and intracellular Ca2+ were monitored simultaneously during fertilisation. The eggs were injected with BCECF dextran and Fura dextran. Fluorescence emission was recorded at excitation wavelengths of 495 nm (BCECF, pH-sensitive wavelength) and 385 nm (Fura, Ca(2+)-sensitive wavelength). A decrease in emission intensity at 385 nm excitation clearly marked the repetitive Ca2+ transients at egg activation. There was no change in the fluorescence emitted at 495 nm excitation, indicating an absence of any change in intracellular pH. These results indicate that intracellular alkalinisation of the cytoplasm does not accompany activation of this vertebrate egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kline
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA.
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Iwamatsu T, Onitake K, Yoshimoto Y, Hiramoto Y. Time Sequence of Early Events in Fertilization in the Medaka Egg. (micropyle/exocytosis/sperm movement/calcium release/medaka egg). Dev Growth Differ 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1991.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hart NH. Fertilization in teleost fishes: mechanisms of sperm-egg interactions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 121:1-66. [PMID: 2190944 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N H Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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9
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Ito S, Shimamoto K. Fertilization Potential of the Medaka Egg. (fertilization potential/depolarization/hyperpolarization/Ca2+/medaka). Dev Growth Differ 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1989.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Iwamatsu T, Yoshimoto Y, Hiramoto Y. Mechanism of Ca2+ release in medaka eggs microinjected with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca2+. Dev Biol 1988; 129:191-7. [PMID: 2842209 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reaction time of Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic stores induced by microinjection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), calcium ionophore A23187, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) in Oryzias latipes eggs in Ca2+-free medium was measured by the luminescence of aequorin injected into the egg. Microinjection of IP3 or calcium ionophore induced rapid Ca2+ release without a time lag, while microinjection of either Ca2+ or cGMP required a time lag of 5-30 sec for Ca2+ release. Following microinjection of both IP3 and Ca2+, Ca2+ release commenced in a cytoplasmic region close to the egg surface. These results suggest that in the medaka egg, cytoplasmic Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic stores indirectly, probably via a membrane factor such as IP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwamatsu
- Department of Biology, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Japan
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11
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Iwamatsu T, Yoshimoto Y, Hiramoto Y. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ release induced by microinjection of Ca2+ and effects of microinjected divalent cations on Ca2+ sequestration and exocytosis of cortical alveoli in the medaka egg. Dev Biol 1988; 125:451-7. [PMID: 3338623 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular release of Ca2+ by microinjection of Ca2+ was analyzed by measuring the luminescence of aequorin loaded in eggs of the medaka (Oryzias latipes). Microinjection of Ca2+ into the cortical cytoplasm induced propagative waves of cytoplasmic Ca2+ release and exocytosis of cortical alveoli initiated at the injection point. The Ca2+ wave was initiated with a time lag after some was sequestered at the region of the microinjection. Microinjection of Mg2+ or Mn2+ failed to trigger Ca2+ release and exocytosis. When the aequorin-loaded eggs were inseminated after microinjection of Mg2+, Mn2+, or Co2+ into a restricted region of the vegetal hemisphere, the wave of Ca release was propagated through the injected region toward the vegetal pole, but neither Ca sequestration (fall in Ca-aequorin luminescence) nor exocytosis occurred at the area of cortex where the eggs were injected with these divalent cations. These results suggest that a significant period is required to induce Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic stores by the increased Ca2+ concentration and that both the phenomena of Ca2+ release and Ca sequestration are involved in the process of exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwamatsu
- Department of Biology, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Japan
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12
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Abstract
An extracellular vibrating electrode was used to measure the ring-shaped wave of inward current, the activation current, that propagates at 10 micron/sec across the egg of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, from the site of sperm-egg fusion at the animal pole to the vegetal pole. This activation wave is due to a localized increase in the conductance to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ and reflects the propagated opening of these ion channels. The earliest detectable current begins to enter the animal pole 20 sec after the initiation of the fertilization potential, so the first ion movements responsible for the fertilization potential are below the resolution of the vibrating probe system. These channels are present in both the animal and vegetal hemispheres, but the magnitude of the activation current is about seven times greater in the animal hemisphere. An outward current of smaller magnitude and spread out over a larger area precedes and follows the inward current except at the point of fertilization where the current is first inward. The current direction is dependent on the external Na+ concentration, and in the more physiological solution of 10% NaCl-Yamamoto's Ringer's, its direction reverses to become outward, apparently carried by K+ efflux. Raising the external Ca2+ in this same low-Na+ medium reverses the current so that it becomes inward again and increases the propagation velocity of the wave, suggesting a Ca2+ component to the inward current. Current enters a given region on the egg's surface about 16 sec before any vesicle fusion occurs in that region. Iontophoresis of inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate immediately triggers egg activation with a minimum activating charge of 0.6 nC.
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Billard R, Christen R, Cosson MP, Gatty JL, Letellier L, Renard P, Saad A. Biology of the gametes of some teleost species. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 2:115-120. [PMID: 24233173 DOI: 10.1007/bf02264079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the biology of fish gametes is still limited. Up to now research was short-term, aiming at solving practical questions connected with gamete storage and artificial insemination. More information on gamete biology is now available and has been summarized in this minireview.In vivo storage of gametes in the genital tract after ovulation or spermiation may be influenced by the osmotic environmentvia changes in the ionic composition of the companion fluid. There is great inter-individual variability in gamete survival bothin vivo andin vitro. Mechanisms involved in the initiation of trout sperm motility have been analysed; after dilution in water or NaCl solution (125 mM) at pH > 7, Ca(++) entry due to changes in membrane potential have been observed. The involvement of cAMP and protein phosphorylation has been reported. The morphological, physical and biochemical changes in eggs that have been studied after fertilization and the corticol reaction lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of polyspermy blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Billard
- I.N.R.A. Station de Physiologie animale, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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IWAMATSU T, ITO S. Effects of Microinjected Cations on the Early Event of Fertilization in the Medaka Egg. (microinjection/divalent cations/fertilization/medaka egg/membrane potential). Dev Growth Differ 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1986.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Wayne R, Rice D, Hepler PK. Intracellular pH does not change during phytochrome-mediated spore germination in Onoclea. Dev Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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IWAMATSU T, OHTA T, OSHIMA E, SUGIURA T. Requirement of Extracellular Calcium Ions for the Early Fertilization Events in the Medaka Egg. (calcium/microinjection/calcium-uptake/Oryzias latipes/sperm penetration). Dev Growth Differ 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1985.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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YOSHIMOTO YASUAKI, IWAMATSU TAKASHI, HIRAMOTO YUKIO. CYCLIC CHANGES IN INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH CLEAVAGE CYCLES IN ECHINODERM AND MEDAKA EGGS . Biomed Res 1985. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.6.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - YUKIO HIRAMOTO
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology
- Biological Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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