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Tyurenkov IN, Perfilova VN, Nesterova AA, Glinka Y. Klotho Protein and Cardio-Vascular System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:132-145. [PMID: 33832412 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Klotho protein affects a number of metabolic pathways essential for pathogenesis of cardio-vascular diseases and their prevention. It inhibits lipid peroxidation and inflammation, as well as prevents endothelial injury and calcification of blood vessels. Klotho decreases rigidity of blood vessels and suppresses development of the heart fibrosis. Low level of its expression is associated with a number of diseases. Cardioprotective effect of klotho is based on its ability to interact with multiple receptors and ion channels. Being a pleiotropic protein, klotho could be a useful target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of cardio-vascular diseases. In this review we present data on pharmaceuticals that stimulate klotho expression and suggest some promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Tyurenkov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd, 400066, Russia
| | - Valentina N Perfilova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Volgograd, 400066, Russia.
| | - Alla A Nesterova
- Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of the Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Pyatigorsk, 357500, Russia
| | - Yelena Glinka
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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2
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Role of the fibroblast growth factor 19 in the skeletal system. Life Sci 2020; 265:118804. [PMID: 33245964 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs) is a kind of cytokine that plays an important role in growth, development, metabolism and disease. During bone development, multiple FGFs and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play important roles. Previous reports have elucidated the great importance of FGF1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 18 in bone development, and FGF21 and 23 in bone homeostasis and bone regulation. FGF19 was initially found in the human foetal brain, and its gene location is related to osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome. Presently, gene chip detection has repeatedly found that FGF19 shows spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression in bone development and bone-related diseases, as well as differences in the protein level, indicating that FGF19 affects the skeletal system. Considering the current insufficient understanding of FGF19 and its potential function in the skeletal system, this review aims to introduce the background of FGF19 in bone, summarise the research progress of FGF19 in the skeletal system, and discuss the role and therapeutic potential of FGF19 in bone development and bone-related diseases.
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3
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Yoo WS, Seo JS, Cho YW, Hah YS, Chung IY, Seo SW, Kim SJ. Genes Expressed in Steroid-exposed Lens Epithelial Cells as Revealed by Polymerase Chain Reaction. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.5.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Audette DS, Anand D, So T, Rubenstein TB, Lachke SA, Lovicu FJ, Duncan MK. Prox1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors form a novel regulatory loop controlling lens fiber differentiation and gene expression. Development 2015; 143:318-28. [PMID: 26657765 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lens epithelial cells differentiate into lens fibers (LFs) in response to a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gradient. This cell fate decision requires the transcription factor Prox1, which has been hypothesized to promote cell cycle exit in differentiating LF cells. However, we find that conditional deletion of Prox1 from mouse lenses results in a failure in LF differentiation despite maintenance of normal cell cycle exit. Instead, RNA-seq demonstrated that Prox1 functions as a global regulator of LF cell gene expression. Intriguingly, Prox1 also controls the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and can bind to their promoters, correlating with decreased downstream signaling through MAPK and AKT in Prox1 mutant lenses. Further, culturing rat lens explants in FGF increased their expression of Prox1, and this was attenuated by the addition of inhibitors of MAPK. Together, these results describe a novel feedback loop required for lens differentiation and morphogenesis, whereby Prox1 and FGFR signaling interact to mediate LF differentiation in response to FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Audette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Tammy So
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, Bosch Institute & Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Troy B Rubenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, Bosch Institute & Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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6
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Huang J, Liu Y, Oltean A, Beebe DC. Bmp4 from the optic vesicle specifies murine retina formation. Dev Biol 2015; 402:119-26. [PMID: 25792196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of mouse embryos concluded that after the optic vesicle evaginates from the ventral forebrain and contacts the surface ectoderm, signals from the ectoderm specify the distal region of the optic vesicle to become retina and signals from the optic vesicle induce the lens. Germline deletion of Bmp4 resulted in failure of lens formation. We performed conditional deletion of Bmp4 from the optic vesicle to test the function of Bmp4 in murine eye development. The optic vesicle evaginated normally and contacted the surface ectoderm. Lens induction did not occur. The optic cup failed to form and the expression of retina-specific genes decreased markedly in the distal optic vesicle. Instead, cells in the prospective retina expressed genes characteristic of the retinal pigmented epithelium. We conclude that Bmp4 is required for retina specification in mice. In the absence of Bmp4, formation of the retinal pigmented epithelium is the default differentiation pathway of the optic vesicle. Differences in the signaling pathways required for specification of the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium in chicken and mouse embryos suggest major changes in signaling during the evolution of the vertebrate eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, USA
| | - Alina Oltean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.
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7
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Inoue J, Ueda Y, Bando T, Mito T, Noji S, Ohuchi H. The expression of LIM-homeobox genes,Lhx1andLhx5,in the forebrain is essential for neural retina differentiation. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:668-75. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Inoue
- Department of Cytology and Histology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-5-1 Shikata-cho; Okayama; 700-8558; Japan
| | - Yuuki Ueda
- Department of Life Systems; Institute of Technology and Science; The University of Tokushima Graduate School; 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho; Tokushima; 770-8506; Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-5-1 Shikata-cho; Okayama; 700-8558; Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems; Institute of Technology and Science; The University of Tokushima Graduate School; 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho; Tokushima; 770-8506; Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life Systems; Institute of Technology and Science; The University of Tokushima Graduate School; 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho; Tokushima; 770-8506; Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-5-1 Shikata-cho; Okayama; 700-8558; Japan
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8
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Jidigam VK, Gunhaga L. Development of cranial placodes: insights from studies in chick. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:79-95. [PMID: 23278869 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on how research, using chick as a model system, has contributed to our knowledge regarding the development of cranial placodes. This review highlights when and how molecular signaling events regulate early specification of placodal progenitor cells, as well as the development of individual placodes including morphological movements. In addition, we briefly describe various techniques used in chick that are important for studies in cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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New insights into the mechanism of lens development using zebra fish. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:1-61. [PMID: 22559937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and live-embryo imaging, direct comparisons between zebra fish and human lens development are being made. The zebra fish has numerous experimental advantages for investigation of fundamental biomedical problems that are often best studied in the lens. The physical characteristics of visible light can account for the highly coordinated cell differentiation during formation of a beautifully transparent, refractile, symmetric optical element, the biological lens. The accessibility of the zebra fish lens for direct investigation during rapid development will result in new knowledge about basic functional mechanisms of epithelia-mesenchymal transitions, cell fate, cell-matrix interactions, cytoskeletal interactions, cytoplasmic crowding, membrane transport, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and metabolic specialization. The lens is well known as a model for characterization of cell and molecular aging. We review the recent advances in understanding vertebrate lens development conducted with zebra fish.
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10
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Kawaue T, Okamoto M, Matsuyo A, Inoue J, Ueda Y, Tomonari S, Noji S, Ohuchi H. Lhx1 in the proximal region of the optic vesicle permits neural retina development in the chicken. Biol Open 2012; 1:1083-93. [PMID: 23213388 PMCID: PMC3507191 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How the eye forms has been one of the fundamental issues in developmental biology. The retinal anlage first appears as the optic vesicle (OV) evaginating from the forebrain. Subsequently, its distal portion invaginates to form the two-walled optic cup, which develops into the outer pigmented and inner neurosensory layers of the retina. Recent work has shown that this optic-cup morphogenesis proceeds as a self-organizing activity without any extrinsic molecules. However, intrinsic factors that regulate this process have not been elucidated. Here we show that a LIM-homeobox gene, Lhx1, normally expressed in the proximal region of the nascent OV, induces a second neurosensory retina formation from the outer pigmented retina when overexpressed in the chicken OV. Lhx2, another LIM-homeobox gene supposed to be involved in early OV formation, could not substitute this function of Lhx1, while Lhx5, closely related to Lhx1, could replace it. Conversely, knockdown of Lhx1 expression by RNA interference resulted in the formation of a small or pigmented vesicle. These results suggest that the proximal region demarcated by Lhx1 expression permits OV development, eventually dividing the two retinal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaue
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School , 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506 , Japan
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11
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Gunhaga L. The lens: a classical model of embryonic induction providing new insights into cell determination in early development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1193-203. [PMID: 21402580 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lens was the first tissue in which the concept of embryonic induction was demonstrated. For many years lens induction was thought to occur at the time the optic vesicle and lens placode came in contact. Since then, studies have revealed that lens placodal progenitor cells are specified already at gastrula stages, much earlier than previously believed, and independent of optic vesicle interactions. In this review, I will focus on how individual signalling molecules, in particular BMP, FGF, Wnt and Shh, regulate the initial specification of lens placodal cells and the progressive development of lens cells. I will discuss recent work that has shed light on the combination of signalling molecules and the molecular interactions that affect lens specification and proper lens formation. I will also discuss proposed tissue interactions important for lens development. A greater knowledge of the molecular interactions during lens induction is likely to have practical benefits in understanding the causes and consequences of lens diseases. Moreover, knowledge regarding lens induction is providing fundamental important insights into inductive processes in development in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Building 6M, 4th floor, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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12
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Garcia CM, Huang J, Madakashira BP, Liu Y, Rajagopal R, Dattilo L, Robinson ML, Beebe DC. The function of FGF signaling in the lens placode. Dev Biol 2011; 351:176-85. [PMID: 21223962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that FGF signaling is important for lens formation. However, the times at which FGFs act to promote lens formation, the FGFs that are involved, the cells that secrete them and the mechanisms by which FGF signaling may promote lens formation are not known. We found that transcripts encoding several FGF ligands and the four classical FGF receptors are detectable in the lens-forming ectoderm at the time of lens induction. Conditional deletion of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 from this tissue resulted in the formation of small lens rudiments that soon degenerated. Lens placodes lacking Fgfr1 and 2 were thinner than in wild-type embryos. Deletion of Fgfr2 increased cell death from the initiation of placode formation and concurrent deletion of Fgfr1 enhanced this phenotype. Fgfr1/2 conditional knockout placode cells expressed lower levels of proteins known to be regulated by FGF receptor signaling, but proteins known to be important for lens formation were present at normal levels in the remaining placode cells, including the transcription factors Pax6, Sox2 and FoxE3 and the lens-preferred protein αA-crystallin. Previous studies identified a genetic interaction between BMP and FGF signaling in lens formation and conditional deletion of Bmpr1a caused increased cell death in the lens placode, resulting in the formation of smaller lenses. In the present study, conditional deletion of both Bmpr1a and Fgfr2 increased cell death beyond that seen in Fgfr2(CKO) placodes and prevented lens formation. These results suggest that the primary role of autocrine or paracrine FGF signaling is to provide essential survival signals to lens placode cells. Because apoptosis was already increased at the onset of placode formation in Fgfr1/2 conditional knockout placode cells, FGF signaling was functionally absent during the period of lens induction by the optic vesicle. Since the expression of proteins required for lens formation was not altered in the knockout placode cells, we can conclude that FGF signaling from the optic vesicle is not required for lens induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Fon Tacer K, Bookout AL, Ding X, Kurosu H, John GB, Wang L, Goetz R, Mohammadi M, Kuro-o M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. Research resource: Comprehensive expression atlas of the fibroblast growth factor system in adult mouse. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2050-64. [PMID: 20667984 PMCID: PMC2954642 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors have well-established roles in embryogenesis, their contributions to adult physiology remain relatively unexplored. Here, we use real-time quantitative PCR to determine the mRNA expression patterns of all 22 FGFs, the seven principal FGF receptors (FGFRs), and the three members of the Klotho family of coreceptors in 39 different mouse tissues. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of the mRNA expression data reveals that most FGFs and FGFRs fall into two groups the expression of which is enriched in either the central nervous system or reproductive and gastrointestinal tissues. Interestingly, the FGFs that can act as endocrine hormones, including FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, cluster in a third group that does not include any FGFRs, underscoring their roles in signaling between tissues. We further show that the most recently identified Klotho family member, Lactase-like, is highly and selectively expressed in brown adipose tissue and eye and can function as an additional coreceptor for FGF19. This FGF atlas provides an important resource for guiding future studies to elucidate the physiological functions of FGFs in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klementina Fon Tacer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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14
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Weisinger K, Kayam G, Missulawin-Drillman T, Sela-Donenfeld D. Analysis of expression and function of FGF-MAPK signaling components in the hindbrain reveals a central role for FGF3 in the regulation of Krox20, mediated by Pea3. Dev Biol 2010; 344:881-95. [PMID: 20553903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate hindbrain requires multiple coordinated signals which act via several pathways. One such signal is Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), which is necessary for the patterning of a major transcription factor in the hindbrain, Krox20. However, in the chick, it is still not known which specific FGF ligand is responsible for the regulation of Krox20 and how the signal is dispatched. The most characterized signaling pathway which FGF acts through in the nervous system is the MAPK/Erk1/2 pathway. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the hindbrain distribution of various components of this pathway has not been fully described. In this study we present a comprehensive atlas of the FGF ligands, receptors and members of the MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling components in subsequent stages of avian hindbrain development. Moreover, we show that FGF is a major signaling pathway that contributes to the activation of ERK1/2 and expression of the downstream targets Pea3 and Erm. Central to this study, we provide multiple evidence that FGF3 is required for the upregulation of Pea3 that in turn is necessary for Krox20 distribution in rhombomeres 3 and 5. These results show for the first time that Pea3 mediates the FGF3 signal to regulate the hindbrain expression of Krox20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Weisinger
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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15
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Kobayashi T, Yasuda K, Araki M. Coordinated regulation of dorsal bone morphogenetic protein 4 and ventral Sonic hedgehog signaling specifies the dorso-ventral polarity in the optic vesicle and governs ocular morphogenesis through fibroblast growth factor 8 upregulation. Dev Growth Differ 2010; 52:351-63. [PMID: 20298259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal and ventral specification in the early optic vesicle plays a crucial role in vertebrate ocular morphogenesis, and proper dorsal-ventral polarity in the optic vesicle ensures that distinct structures develop in separate domains within the eye primordium. The polarity is determined progressively during development by coordinated regulation of extraocular dorsal and ventral factors. In the present study, we cultured discrete portions of embryonic chick brains by preparing anterior cephalon, anterior dorsal cephalon and anterior ventral cephalon, and clearly demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) constitute a dorsal-ventral signaling system together with fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). BMP4 and Shh upregulate Tbx5 and Pax2, as reported previously, and at the same time Shh downregulates Tbx5, while BMP4 affects Pax2 expression to downregulate similarly. Shh induces Fgf8 expression in the ventral optic vesicle. This, in turn, determines the distinct boundary of the retinal pigmented epithelium and the neural retina by suppressing Mitf expression. The lens develops only when signals from both the dorsal and ventral regions come across together. Inverted deposition of Shh and BMP4 signals in organ-cultured optic vesicle completely re-organized ocular structures to be inverted. Based on these observations we propose a novel model in which the two signals govern the whole of ocular development when they encounter each other in the ocular morphogenic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kobayashi
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
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16
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Abstract
The vertebrate eye comprises tissues from different embryonic origins: the lens and the cornea are derived from the surface ectoderm, but the retina and the epithelial layers of the iris and ciliary body are from the anterior neural plate. The timely action of transcription factors and inductive signals ensure the correct development of the different eye components. Establishing the genetic basis of eye defects in zebrafishes, mouse, and human has been an important tool for the detailed analysis of this complex process. A single eye field forms centrally within the anterior neural plate during gastrulation; it is characterized on the molecular level by the expression of "eye-field transcription factors." The single eye field is separated into two, forming the optic vesicle and later (under influence of the lens placode) the optic cup. The lens develops from the lens placode (surface ectoderm) under influence of the underlying optic vesicle. Pax6 acts in this phase as master control gene, and genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins, structural proteins, or membrane proteins become activated. The cornea forms from the surface ectoderm, and cells from the periocular mesenchyme migrate into the cornea giving rise for the future cornea stroma. Similarly, the iris and ciliary body form from the optic cup. The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the retinal pigmented epithelium, and the main part of the inner layer of the optic cup forms later the neural retina with six different types of cells including the photoreceptors. The retinal ganglion cells grow toward the optic stalk forming the optic nerve. This review describes the major molecular players and cellular processes during eye development as they are known from frogs, zebrafish, chick, and mice-showing also differences among species and missing links for future research. The relevance to human disorders is one of the major aspects covered throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Smith AN, Radice G, Lang RA. Which FGF ligands are involved in lens induction? Dev Biol 2009; 337:195-8. [PMID: 19913010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April N Smith
- The Visual Systems Group, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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18
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Domínguez-Frutos E, Vendrell V, Alvarez Y, Zelarayan LC, López-Hernández I, Ros M, Schimmang T. Tissue-specific requirements for FGF8 during early inner ear development. Mech Dev 2009; 126:873-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Lorén CE, Schrader JW, Ahlgren U, Gunhaga L. FGF signals induce Caprin2 expression in the vertebrate lens. Differentiation 2009; 77:386-94. [PMID: 19275872 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lens of the eye is derived from the non-neural ectoderm situated next to the optic vesicle. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals play a major role at various stages of vertebrate lens development ranging from induction and proliferation to differentiation. Less is however known about the identity of genes that are induced by FGF activity within the lens. We have isolated and characterized mouse cytoplasmic activation/proliferation-associated protein-2 (Caprin2), with domains belonging to both the Caprin family and the C1q and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) super-family. Here we show that Caprin2 is expressed in the developing vertebrate lens in mouse and chick, and that Caprin2 expression is up-regulated in primary lens fiber cells, after the induction of crystallins the earliest known markers for differentiated lens fiber cells. Caprin2 is subsequently down-regulated in the centre of the lens at the time and at the position of the first fiber cell denucleation and terminal differentiation. In vitro analyses of lens fiber cell differentiation provide evidence that FGF activity emanating from neighboring prospective retinal cells is required and that FGF8 activity is sufficient to induce Caprin2 in lens fiber cells. These results not only provide evidence that FGF signals induce the newly characterized protein Caprin2 in the lens, but also support the general idea that FGF signals are required for lens fiber cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Lorén
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Building 6M, 4th floor, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Danysh BP, Duncan MK. The lens capsule. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:151-64. [PMID: 18773892 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The lens capsule is a modified basement membrane that completely surrounds the ocular lens. It is known that this extracellular matrix is important for both the structure and biomechanics of the lens in addition to providing informational cues to maintain lens cell phenotype. This review covers the development and structure of the lens capsule, lens diseases associated with mutations in extracellular matrix genes and the role of the capsule in lens function including those proposed for visual accommodation, selective permeability to infectious agents, and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Danysh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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21
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Cain S, Martinez G, Kokkinos MI, Turner K, Richardson RJ, Abud HE, Huelsken J, Robinson ML, de Iongh RU. Differential requirement for beta-catenin in epithelial and fiber cells during lens development. Dev Biol 2008; 321:420-33. [PMID: 18652817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies implicate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in lens differentiation (Stump, R. J., et al., 2003. A role for Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in lens epithelial differentiation. Dev Biol;259:48-61). Beta-catenin is a component of adherens junctions and functions as a transcriptional activator in canonical Wnt signaling. We investigated the effects of Cre/LoxP-mediated deletion of beta-catenin during lens development using two Cre lines that specifically deleted beta-catenin in whole lens or only in differentiated fibers, from E13.5. We found that beta-catenin was required in lens epithelium and during early fiber differentiation but appeared to be redundant in differentiated fiber cells. Complete loss of beta-catenin resulted in an abnormal and deficient epithelial layer with loss of E-cadherin and Pax6 expression as well as abnormal expression of c-Maf and p57(kip2) but not Prox1. There was also disrupted fiber cell differentiation, characterized by poor cell elongation, decreased beta-crystallin expression, epithelial cell cycle arrest at G(1)-S transition and premature cell cycle exit. Despite cell cycle arrest there was no induction of apoptosis. Mutant fiber cells displayed altered apical-basal polarity as evidenced by altered distribution of the tight junction protein, ZO1, disruption of apical actin filaments and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in a deficient lens capsule. Loss of beta-catenin also affected the formation of adhesion junctions as evidenced by dissociation of N-cadherin and F-actin localization in differentiating fiber cells. However, loss of beta-catenin from terminally differentiating fibers had no apparent effects on adhesion junctions between adjacent embryonic fibers. These data indicate that beta-catenin plays distinct functions during lens fiber differentiation and is involved in both Wnt signaling and adhesion-related mechanisms that regulate lens epithelium and early fiber differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cain
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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22
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Zhao H, Yang T, Madakashira BP, Thiels CA, Bechtle CA, Garcia CM, Zhang H, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Beebe DC, Robinson ML. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling is essential for lens fiber cell differentiation. Dev Biol 2008; 318:276-88. [PMID: 18455718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate lens provides an excellent model to study the mechanisms that regulate terminal differentiation. Although fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are thought to be important for lens cell differentiation, it is unclear which FGF receptors mediate these processes during different stages of lens development. Deletion of three FGF receptors (Fgfr1-3) early in lens development demonstrated that expression of only a single allele of Fgfr2 or Fgfr3 was sufficient for grossly normal lens development, while mice possessing only a single Fgfr1 allele developed cataracts and microphthalmia. Profound defects were observed in lenses lacking all three Fgfrs. These included lack of fiber cell elongation, abnormal proliferation in prospective lens fiber cells, reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p27(kip1) and p57(kip2), increased apoptosis and aberrant or reduced expression of Prox1, Pax6, c-Maf, E-cadherin and alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins. Therefore, while signaling by FGF receptors is essential for lens fiber differentiation, different FGF receptors function redundantly.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Enlargement
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/metabolism
- Eye Abnormalities/embryology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Targeting
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/cytology
- Lens, Crystalline/embryology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zhao
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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23
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Okamoto M, Tomonari S, Naito Y, Saigo K, Noji S, Ui-Tei K, Ohuchi H. Introduction of silencing-inducing transgene against Fgf19 does not affect expression of Tbx5 and beta3-tubulin in the developing chicken retina. Dev Growth Differ 2008; 50:159-68. [PMID: 18312426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fgf19 is known to be expressed in the developing chicken eye but its functions during retinal development have remained elusive. Since Fgf19 is expressed in the dorsal portion of the optic cup, it is intriguing to know whether FGF19 is required for expression of dorso-ventral morphogenetic genes in the eye. To clarify this, expression patterns of Tbx5 and Vax were examined in the developing eye after in ovo RNA interference targeted against Fgf19. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeted against Fgf19 could reduce its expression in the eye to less than 50% of a relative amount of mRNA, compared with contralateral or untreated control eyes. However, no obvious alteration in expression domains of Tbx5 or Vax was observed. Misexpression of Tbx5 or Tbx5-RNAi did not alter the Fgf19 expression either. Furthermore, although Fgf19 is expressed in the central retina before neurogenesis occurs, beta3-tubulin, a marker for early retinal differentiation was still detected in the central retina after knockdown of Fgf19. Thus, knockdown of Fgf19 supports no obvious regulations between Fgf19 and Tbx5, or exhibits no phenotypes that perturb early retinal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho, Tokushima City 770-8506, Japan
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24
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Gimeno L, Martinez S. Expression of chick Fgf19 and mouse Fgf15 orthologs is regulated in the developing brain by Fgf8 and Shh. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2285-97. [PMID: 17654705 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) constitute a family of signaling molecules that play essential roles in development. We have studied the expression pattern of mouse Fgf15 in the developing brain. Fgf19 is another member of the FGF family that has been suggested as the chick and human ortholog of mouse and rat Fgf15. Here, we compare the expression pattern during neural development of chick Fgf19 with mouse Fgf15. Unlike Fgf15, Fgf19 presents an expression in the isthmic alar plate, diencephalic and mesencephalic parabasal plates, hindbrain basal plate, as well as in the zona limitans intrathalamica (zli). Moreover, we explored the regulation between Fgf19 and the signaling molecules of the isthmic and zli organizers: Fgf8 and Shh, respectively. Considering the possibility that Fgf19 plays a similar role in humans and chicks, this finding could explain the significant diencephalic phenotypic differences between humans and mice in models and diseases where the Shh pathway is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gimeno
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH. Campus de San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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25
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Nakayama Y, Miyake A, Nakagawa Y, Mido T, Yoshikawa M, Konishi M, Itoh N. Fgf19 is required for zebrafish lens and retina development. Dev Biol 2007; 313:752-66. [PMID: 18089288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fgf signaling plays crucial roles in morphogenesis. Fgf19 is required for zebrafish forebrain development. Here, we examined the roles of Fgf19 in the formation of the lens and retina in zebrafish. Knockdown of Fgf19 caused a size reduction of the lens and the retina, failure of closure of the choroids fissure, and a progressive expansion of the retinal tissue to the midline of the forebrain. Fgf19 expressed in the nasal retina and lens was involved in cell survival but not cell proliferation during embryonic lens and retina development. Fgf19 was essential for the differentiation of lens fiber cells in the lens but not for the neuronal differentiation and lamination in the retina. Loss of nasal fate in the retina caused by the knockdown of Fgf19, expansion of nasal fate in the retina caused by the overexpression of Fgf19 and eye transplantation indicated that Fgf19 in the retina was crucial for the nasal-temporal patterning of the retina that is critical for the guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons. Knockdown of Fgf19 also caused incorrect axon pathfinding. The present findings indicate that Fgf19 positively regulates the patterning and growth of the retina, and the differentiation and growth of the lens in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakayama
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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26
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Adler R, Canto-Soler MV. Molecular mechanisms of optic vesicle development: complexities, ambiguities and controversies. Dev Biol 2007; 305:1-13. [PMID: 17335797 PMCID: PMC1927083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optic vesicle formation, transformation into an optic cup and integration with neighboring tissues are essential for normal eye formation, and involve the coordinated occurrence of complex cellular and molecular events. Perhaps not surprisingly, these complex phenomena have provided fertile ground for controversial and even contradictory results and conclusions. After presenting an overview of current knowledge of optic vesicle development, we will address conceptual and methodological issues that complicate research in this field. This will be done through a review of the pertinent literature, as well as by drawing on our own experience, gathered through recent studies of both intra- and extra-cellular regulation of optic vesicle development and patterning. Finally, and without attempting to be exhaustive, we will point out some important aspects of optic vesicle development that have not yet received enough attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Adler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-9257, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Since the days of Hans Spemann, the ocular lens has served as one of the most important developmental systems for elucidating fundamental processes of induction and differentiation. More recently, studies in the lens have contributed significantly to our understanding of cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Over 20 years of accumulated evidence using several different vertebrate species has suggested that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and/or fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play a key role in lens development. FGFR signaling has been implicated in lens induction, lens cell proliferation and survival, lens fiber differentiation and lens regeneration. Here we will review and discuss historical and recent evidence suggesting that (FGFR) signaling plays a vital and universal role in multiple aspects of lens development.
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28
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Hunsberger JG, Bennett AH, Selvanayagam E, Duman RS, Newton SS. Gene profiling the response to kainic acid induced seizures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 141:95-112. [PMID: 16165245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kainic acid activates non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors where it increases synaptic activity resulting in seizures, neurodegeneration, and remodeling. We performed microarray analysis on rat hippocampal tissue following kainic acid treatment in order to study the signaling mechanisms underlying these diverse processes in an attempt to increase our current understanding of mechanisms contributing to such fundamental processes as neuronal protection and neuronal plasticity. The kainic acid-treated rats used in our array experiments demonstrated severe seizure behavior that was also accompanied by neuronal degeneration which is suggested by fluoro-jade B staining and anti-caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. The gene profile revealed 36 novel kainic acid regulated genes along with additional genes previously reported. The functional roles of these novel genes are discussed. These genes mainly have roles in transcription and to a lesser extent have roles in cell death, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell cycle progression, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and synaptic signaling. Gene regulation was confirmed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, CMHC, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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