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Agdoğan Ö. Congenital three generation wide familial non-syndromic polydactyly. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2024. [PMID: 38970409 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Polydactyly is typically observed as isolated and sporadic occurrences, although familial cases do exist, albeit with lower frequency, manifesting in various inheritance patterns. In around 30% of polydactyly cases, there exists a familial history, suggesting the probable involvement of a single gene. Given its potential for hereditary transmission, thorough investigation of the patients' parents, first-degree relatives, grandparents, and even great-grandparents for similar disorders becomes imperative. In our clinic, we conducted an analysis focusing on patients presenting with foot polydactyly, along with occurrences of polydactyly among their first- and second-degree relatives spanning two to three generations of family history. The study encompassed three patients and their respective families, including a pair of siblings. We speculate that the inheritance type in our cases was autosomal dominant. Among our patients, one presented with central polydactyly, while the remaining patients and all familial cases displayed postaxial polydactyly. In terms of morphologic classification, one patient had a Y-shaped metatarsal, another had a T-shaped metatarsal, and the third patient exhibited a duplicated ray-shaped anomaly. In our review of the literature, we haven't come across a case spanning three generations like the ones we encountered. Additionally, the presence of a transverse accessory extensor tendon between both extensor tendons in cases with T- and Y-shaped metatarsals intrigued us from an anatomical perspective. Our goal is to present these rare cases of congenital familial polydactyly spanning three generations, highlighting the anatomical variations observed and aiming to contribute to the existing body of literature on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Agdoğan
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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2
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Haeri SMJ, Ebrahimi B, Faghih M, Babazadeh-Zavieh SS, Dashti GR. Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand. SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY : SRA 2022; 44:1101-1109. [PMID: 35900593 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb metacarpal is a phalanx. So this anthropometric study was carried out by investigating the morphology of the long bones of the hand and correlations between the thumb metacarpal and other miniature long bones of the hand. METHODS We studied anterior-posterior X-ray images of the right hands of 80 individuals from 18 to 65 years old. The exploration targets were the length of all metacarpals (MC), proximal phalanges (PP), middle phalanges (MP), and distal phalanges (DP). Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Dunn's post hoc test were carried out to compare the means of all variables. The correlation between all quantitative factors was done by Spearman Rank Correlation (Spearman's Rho) coefficient. RESULTS Our results showed that the length of the phalanges and the total length of the fingers are independent of the related metacarpal length (P < 0.001). Also, the thumb metacarpal length in comparison to all bones of the hand was significantly different from all long bones of the hand except the proximal phalanx of the middle finger (P = 1). CONCLUSION Based on the morphology of the long bones of the hand and the high similarity between the thumb metacarpal and phalanges especially the proximal phalanx of the middle finger, it can be suggested that the current thumb metacarpal is a proximal phalanx of the thumb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Jafar Haeri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 3819693345, Iran.
| | - Babak Ebrahimi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Faghih
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Reza Dashti
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81744176, Iran.
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3
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A 300-kb microduplication of 7q36.3 in a patient with triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome combined with congenital heart disease and optic disc coloboma: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:175. [PMID: 33218365 PMCID: PMC7678048 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPT-PS) is a rare well-defined autosomal dominant disorder characterized by long thumbs with three phalanges combined with pre- and postaxial polydactyly/syndactyly of limbs.
By now, the syndrome has been reported in several large families from different ethnic backgrounds, with a high degree of inter- and intrafamilial variability. The genome locus responsible for TPT-PS has been mapped to the 7q36.3 region harboring a long-range sonic hedgehog (SHH) regulatory sequence (ZRS). Both single-nucleotide variants and complete duplications of ZRS were shown to cause TPT-PS and similar limb phenotypes. TPT-PS usually forms as isolated limb pathology not associated with additional malformations, in particular, with cardiovascular abnormalities. Case presentation Here we report on a rare Russian neonatal case of TPT-PS combined with severe congenital heart disease, namely double outlet right ventricle, and microphthalmia with optic disc coloboma. Pedigree analysis revealed TPT-PS of various expressivity in 10 family members throughout five generations, while the cardiac defect and the eye pathology were detected only in the proband. To extend the knowledge on genotype–phenotype spectrum of TPT-PS, the careful clinical and genomic analysis of the family was performed. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) revealed a ~ 300 kb microduplication of 7q36.3 locus (arr[GRCh37] 7q36.3(156385810_156684811) × 3) that co-segregated with TPT-PS in the proband and her mother. The duplication encompassed three genes including LMBR1, the intron 5 of which is known to harbor ZRS. Based on whole-exome sequencing data, no additional pathogenic mutations or variants of uncertain clinical significance were found in morbid cardiac genes or genes associated with a microphthalmia/anophthalmia/coloboma spectrum of ocular malformations. Conclusions The results support the previous data, indicating that complete ZRS duplication underlies TPT-PS, and suggest a broader phenotypic impact of the 7q36.3 microduplication. Potential involvement of the 7q36.3 microduplication in the patient’s cardiac and eye malformations is discussed. However, the contribution of some additional genetic/epigenetic factors to the complex patient`s phenotype cannot be excluded entirely. Further comprehensive functional studies are needed to prove the possible involvement of the 7q36.3 locus in congenital heart disease and eye pathology.
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Lewis EMA, Sankar S, Tong C, Patterson ES, Waller LE, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Ornitz DM, Kroll KL. Geminin is required for Hox gene regulation to pattern the developing limb. Dev Biol 2020; 464:11-23. [PMID: 32450229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of the complex structure of the vertebrate limb requires carefully orchestrated interactions between multiple regulatory pathways and proteins. Among these, precise regulation of 5' Hox transcription factor expression is essential for proper limb bud patterning and elaboration of distinct limb skeletal elements. Here, we identified Geminin (Gmnn) as a novel regulator of this process. A conditional model of Gmnn deficiency resulted in loss or severe reduction of forelimb skeletal elements, while both the forelimb autopod and hindlimb were unaffected. 5' Hox gene expression expanded into more proximal and anterior regions of the embryonic forelimb buds in this Gmnn-deficient model. A second conditional model of Gmnn deficiency instead caused a similar but less severe reduction of hindlimb skeletal elements and hindlimb polydactyly, while not affecting the forelimb. An ectopic posterior SHH signaling center was evident in the anterior hindlimb bud of Gmnn-deficient embryos in this model. This center ectopically expressed Hoxd13, the HOXD13 target Shh, and the SHH target Ptch1, while these mutant hindlimb buds also had reduced levels of the cleaved, repressor form of GLI3, a SHH pathway antagonist. Together, this work delineates a new role for Gmnn in modulating Hox expression to pattern the vertebrate limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M A Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caili Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ethan S Patterson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura E Waller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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5
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Suzuki M, Hayashi T, Inoue T, Agata K, Hirayama M, Suzuki M, Shigenobu S, Takeuchi T, Yamamoto T, Suzuki KIT. Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex allows direct and rapid analysis of coding and noncoding regions of target genes in Pleurodeles waltl development and regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 443:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence Mutations/Duplications with Preaxial Polydactyly and Longitudinal Preaxial Ray Deficiency in the Phenotype: A Review of Human Cases, Animal Models, and Insights Regarding the Pathogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1573871. [PMID: 29651423 PMCID: PMC5832050 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1573871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and scientists interested in developmental biology have viewed preaxial polydactyly (PPD) and longitudinal preaxial ray deficiency (LPAD) as two different entities. Point mutations and duplications in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) are associated with anterior ectopic expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the limb bud and usually result in a PPD phenotype. However, some of these mutations/duplications also have LPAD in the phenotype. This unusual PPD-LPAD association in ZRS mutations/duplications has not been specifically reviewed in the literature. The author reviews this unusual entity and gives insights regarding its pathogenesis.
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Will AJ, Cova G, Osterwalder M, Chan WL, Wittler L, Brieske N, Heinrich V, de Villartay JP, Vingron M, Klopocki E, Visel A, Lupiáñez DG, Mundlos S. Composition and dosage of a multipartite enhancer cluster control developmental expression of Ihh (Indian hedgehog). Nat Genet 2017; 49:1539-1545. [PMID: 28846100 PMCID: PMC5617800 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) often include non-coding sequence and putative enhancers but how these rearrangements induce disease is poorly understood. Here we investigate CNVs involving the regulatory landscape of Indian hedgehog (IHH), causing multiple, highly localised phenotypes including craniosynostosis and synpolydactyly1,2. We show through transgenic reporter and genome editing studies in mice that Ihh is regulated by a constellation of at least 9 enhancers with individual tissue specificities in the digit anlagen, growth plates, skull sutures and fingertips. Consecutive deletions show that they function in an additive manner resulting in growth defects of the skull and long bones. Duplications, in contrast, cause not only dose-dependent upregulation but also misexpression of Ihh, leading to abnormal phalanges, fusion of sutures and syndactyly. Thus, precise spatio-temporal control of developmental gene expression is achieved by complex multipartite enhancer ensembles. Alterations in the composition of such clusters can result in gene misexpression and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J Will
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulia Cova
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Wing-Lee Chan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Brieske
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Heinrich
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, INSERM, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Klopocki
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biocentre, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Visel
- MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Darío G Lupiáñez
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ungewitter E, Rotgers E, Bantukul T, Kawakami Y, Kissling GE, Yao HHC. From the Cover: Teratogenic Effects of in Utero Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phthalate (DEHP) in B6:129S4 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:8-19. [PMID: 28123099 PMCID: PMC6074946 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine exposure to phthalates is known to cause disorders of male reproductive function including androgen insufficiency, decreased fertility, and germ cell defects in rodents. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on fetal development of the B6:129S4 mouse strain. Time-mated pregnant C57BL/6 dams were exposed to 0, 5, 250, or 500 mg/kg DEHP with corn oil as the vehicle via oral gavage from embryonic days (E)7 to 16. Survival and gross morphology of the pups were analyzed one day after the last treatment. Anogenital distance (AGD) and testicular cell functions were examined in male embryos to confirm the known effects of phthalate exposure. DEHP exposure significantly reduced the survival rate of fetuses in the 250 and 500 mg/kg dosage groups compared with the control and 5 mg/kg groups. Exposure to 250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP was teratogenic and induced exencephaly and limb malformations such as polydactyly in the B6:126S4 embryos. No gross malformations were observed in control or 5 mg/kg DEHP groups. In male embryos, exposure to both 5 and 250 mg/kg DEHP in utero was sufficient to induce the formation of multinucleated germ cells in the testes and widespread changes in mRNA expression of germ cell, interstitium and Sertoli cell-associated genes. These findings reveal that intrauterine DEHP exposure has a strong teratogenic, and lethal impact on the fetuses of B6:129S4 mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Gennetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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9
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Matsubara H, Saito D, Abe G, Yokoyama H, Suzuki T, Tamura K. Upstream regulation for initiation of restricted Shh expression in the chick limb bud. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:417-430. [PMID: 28205287 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organizing center, which serves as a morphogen source, has crucial functions in morphogenesis in animal development. The center is necessarily located in a certain restricted area in the morphogenetic field, and there are several ways in which an organizing center can be restricted. The organizing center for limb morphogenesis, the ZPA (zone of polarizing activity), specifically expresses the Shh gene and is restricted to the posterior region of the developing limb bud. RESULTS The pre-pattern along the limb anteroposterior axis, provided by anterior Gli3 expression and posterior Hand2 expression, seems insufficient for the initiation of Shh expression restricted to a narrow, small spot in the posterior limb field. Comparison of the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression between Shh and some candidate genes (Fgf8, Hoxd10, Hoxd11, Tbx2, and Alx4) upstream of Shh expression suggested that a combination of these genes' expression provides the restricted initiation of Shh expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with results of functional assays, we propose a model in which positive and negative transcriptional regulatory networks accumulate their functions in the intersection area of their expression regions to provide a restricted spot for the ZPA, the source of morphogen, Shh. Developmental Dynamics 246:417-430, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Matsubara
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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10
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Liu Z, Yin N, Gong L, Tan Z, Yin B, Yang Y, Luo C. Microduplication of 7q36.3 encompassing the SHH long‑range regulator (ZRS) in a patient with triphalangeal thumb‑polysyndactyly syndrome and congenital heart disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:793-797. [PMID: 28035386 PMCID: PMC5364826 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphalangeal thumb‑polysyndactyly syndrome (TPT‑PS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with complete penetrance and a variable expression consisting of opposable triphalangeal thumbs, duplication of the distal thumb phalanx, pre‑axial polydactyly and duplication of the big toes (hallux). The causative gene of TPT‑PS has been mapped to 7q36.3. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) expressed in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) has an important role in defining the anterior‑posterior axis and numbers of digits in limb bud development. Point mutation or duplication in the ZPA regulatory sequence (ZRS), a cis‑regulator of SHH, will lead to TPT‑PS. The present study describes a 1‑year‑old female congenital heart disease (CHD) patient with TPT‑PS phenotype. In this Han Chinese family with TPT‑PS, high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array technology identified a novel 0.29 Mb duplication comprising ZRS at 7q36.3 where LMBR1 is located. Additionally, a novel deletion of 22q11.21 was detected in the proband with Tetralogy of Fallot. However, the parents and other relatives of the patient did not harbor this genomic lesion nor CHD. The findings supported the hypothesis that an increased copy number variation of ZRS is the genetic mechanism underlying the phenotype of TPT‑PS, and corroborated that 22q11.21 deletion is a genetic cause of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ni Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lianghui Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Bangliang Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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11
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Wang B, Diao Y, Liu Q, An H, Ma R, Jiang G, Lai N, Li Z, Zhu X, Zhao L, Guo Q, Zhang Z, Sun R, Li X. An increased duplication of ZRS region that caused more than one supernumerary digits preaxial polydactyly in a large Chinese family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38500. [PMID: 27922091 PMCID: PMC5138840 DOI: 10.1038/srep38500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by the presence of one or more supernumerary digits on the thumb side. It had been identified that point mutation or genomic duplications of the long-range limb-specific cis-regulator - zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) cause PPD or other limb deformities such as syndactyly type IV (SD4) and Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS). Most previously reported cases involved with no more than one extra finger; however, the role of the point mutation or genomic duplications of ZRS in the case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly remains unclear. In this article, we reported a family case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly on the thumb side for bilateral hands with a pedigree chart of the family. Results of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequence analysis suggested that the relative copy number (RCN) of ZRS but not point mutation (including insertion and deletion) was involved in all affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of peripheral vascular disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Wenhua xi Road, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Yutao Diao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Department of medical genetics, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongqiang An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Xintai, Xintai 271200, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yanzi Shanxi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
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12
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Wu PF, Guo S, Fan XF, Fan LL, Jin JY, Tang JY, Xiang R. A Novel ZRS Mutation in a Chinese Patient with Preaxial Polydactyly and Triphalangeal Thumb. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:171-175. [PMID: 27592358 DOI: 10.1159/000448820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD; OMIM 603596), which is characterized as having supernumerary fingers, is an unusual congenital hand abnormality. Triphalangeal thumb (TPT; OMIM 190600) is identified by an extra phalangeal bone and is often found in association with PPD. When in combination, the disease is referred to as PPD type II (PPD II; OMIM 174500). Previous studies have demonstrated that variations in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS; chr7:156,583,796-156,584,569; hg19) region are associated with PPD II. In this study, our patient was diagnosed with PPD II, having bilateral thumb duplication and unilateral TPT (on the right hand). Further investigation of possible causative genes identified a de novo heterozygous ZRS mutation (ZRS 428T>A). This novel mutation was neither found in 200 normal controls nor reported in online databases. Moreover, the bioinformatics program Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling (GERP) revealed this site (ZRS428) to be evolutionarily highly conserved, and the 428T>A point mutation was predicted to be deleterious by MutationTaster. In conclusion, the affected individual shows bilateral thumb duplication, but unilateral TPT making this case special. Thus, our findings not only further support the important role of ZRS in limb morphogenesis and expand the spectrum of ZRS mutations, but also emphasize the significance of genetic diagnosis and counseling of families with digit number and identity alterations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, PR China
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Abstract
Polydactyly, also known as hyperdactyly, is a common congenital limb defect, which can present with various morphologic phenotypes. Apart from cosmetic and functional impairments, it can be the first indication of an underlying syndrome in the newborn. Usually, it follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with defects occurring in the anteroposterior patterning of limb development. Although many mutations have been discovered, teratogens have also been implicated in leading to this anomaly, thus making it of multifactorial origin. There are three polydactyly subtypes (radial, ulnar, and central), and treatment options depend on the underlying feature.
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14
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Wang YH, Keenan SR, Lynn J, McEwan JC, Beck CW. Gremlin1 induces anterior–posterior limb bifurcations in developing Xenopus limbs but does not enhance limb regeneration. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:256-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly can occur as an isolated disorder (non-syndromic polydactyly) or as a part of an anomaly syndrome (syndromic polydactyly). On the basis of the anatomic location of the duplicated digits, non-syndromic polydactyly is divided into three kinds, including preaxial polydactyly, axial polydactyly and postaxial polydactyly. Non-syndromic polydactyly frequently exhibits an autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. To date, in human, at least ten loci and four disease-causing genes, including the GLI3 gene, the ZNF141 gene, the MIPOL1 gene and the PITX1 gene, have been identified. In this paper, we review clinical features of non-syndromic polydactyly and summarise the recent progress in the molecular genetics, including loci and genes that are responsible for the disorder, the signalling pathways that these genetic factors are involved in, as well as animal models of the disorder. These progresses will improve our understanding of the complex disorder and have implications on genetic counselling such as prenatal diagnosis.
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16
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Tickle C. How the embryo makes a limb: determination, polarity and identity. J Anat 2015; 227:418-30. [PMID: 26249743 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate limb with its complex anatomy develops from a small bud of undifferentiated mesoderm cells encased in ectoderm. The bud has its own intrinsic polarity and can develop autonomously into a limb without reference to the rest of the embryo. In this review, recent advances are integrated with classical embryology, carried out mainly in chick embryos, to present an overview of how the embryo makes a limb bud. We will focus on how mesoderm cells in precise locations in the embryo become determined to form a limb and express the key transcription factors Tbx4 (leg/hindlimb) or Tbx5 (wing/forelimb). These Tbx transcription factors have equivalent functions in the control of bud formation by initiating a signalling cascade involving Wnts and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and by regulating recruitment of mesenchymal cells from the coelomic epithelium into the bud. The mesoderm that will form limb buds and the polarity of the buds is determined with respect to both antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes of the body. The position in which a bud develops along the antero-posterior axis of the body will also determine its identity - wing/forelimb or leg/hindlimb. Hox gene activity, under the influence of retinoic acid signalling, is directly linked with the initiation of Tbx5 gene expression in the region along the antero-posterior axis of the body that will form wings/forelimbs and determines antero-posterior polarity of the buds. In contrast, Tbx4 expression in the regions that will form legs/hindlimbs is regulated by the homeoprotein Pitx1 and there is no evidence that Hox genes determine antero-posterior polarity of the buds. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling determines the region along the dorso-ventral axis of the body in which both wings/forelimbs and legs/hindlimbs develop and dorso-ventral polarity of the buds. The polarity of the buds leads to the establishment of signalling regions - the dorsal and ventral ectoderm, producing Wnts and BMPs, respectively, the apical ectodermal ridge producing fibroblast growth factors and the polarizing region, Sonic hedgehog (Shh). These signals are the same in both wings/forelimbs and legs/hindlimbs and control growth and pattern formation by providing the mesoderm cells of the limb bud as it develops with positional information. The precise anatomy of the limb depends on the mesoderm cells in the developing bud interpreting positional information according to their identity - determined by Pitx1 in hindlimbs - and genotype. The competence to form a limb extends along the entire antero-posterior axis of the trunk - with Hox gene activity inhibiting the formation of forelimbs in the interlimb region - and also along the dorso-ventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryll Tickle
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Muto A, Ikeda S, Lopez-Burks ME, Kikuchi Y, Calof AL, Lander AD, Schilling TF. Nipbl and mediator cooperatively regulate gene expression to control limb development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004671. [PMID: 25255084 PMCID: PMC4177752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for Nipbl, a cohesin loading protein, causes Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), the most common “cohesinopathy”. It has been proposed that the effects of Nipbl-haploinsufficiency result from disruption of long-range communication between DNA elements. Here we use zebrafish and mouse models of CdLS to examine how transcriptional changes caused by Nipbl deficiency give rise to limb defects, a common condition in individuals with CdLS. In the zebrafish pectoral fin (forelimb), knockdown of Nipbl expression led to size reductions and patterning defects that were preceded by dysregulated expression of key early limb development genes, including fgfs, shha, hand2 and multiple hox genes. In limb buds of Nipbl-haploinsufficient mice, transcriptome analysis revealed many similar gene expression changes, as well as altered expression of additional classes of genes that play roles in limb development. In both species, the pattern of dysregulation of hox-gene expression depended on genomic location within the Hox clusters. In view of studies suggesting that Nipbl colocalizes with the mediator complex, which facilitates enhancer-promoter communication, we also examined zebrafish deficient for the Med12 Mediator subunit, and found they resembled Nipbl-deficient fish in both morphology and gene expression. Moreover, combined partial reduction of both Nipbl and Med12 had a strongly synergistic effect, consistent with both molecules acting in a common pathway. In addition, three-dimensional fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that Nipbl and Med12 are required to bring regions containing long-range enhancers into close proximity with the zebrafish hoxda cluster. These data demonstrate a crucial role for Nipbl in limb development, and support the view that its actions on multiple gene pathways result from its influence, together with Mediator, on regulation of long-range chromosomal interactions. Limb malformations are a striking feature of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), a multi-system birth defects disorder most commonly caused by haploinsufficiency for NIPBL. In addition to its role as a cohesin-loading factor, Nipbl also regulates gene expression, but how partial Nipbl deficiency causes limb defects is unknown. Using zebrafish and mouse models, we show that expression of multiple key regulators of early limb development, including shha, hand2 and hox genes, are sensitive to Nipbl deficiency. Furthermore, we find morphological and gene expression abnormalities similar to those of Nipbl-deficient zebrafish in the limb buds of zebrafish deficient for the Med12 subunit of Mediator—a protein complex that mediates physical interactions between enhancers and promoters—and genetic interaction studies support the view that Mediator and Nipbl act together. Strikingly, depletion of either Nipbl or Med12 leads to characteristic changes in hox gene expression that reflect the locations of genes within their chromosomal clusters, as well as to disruption of large-scale chromosome organization around the hoxda cluster, consistent with impairment of long-range enhancer-promoter interaction. Together, these findings provide insights into both the etiology of limb defects in CdLS, and the mechanisms by which Nipbl and Mediator influence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Muto
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shingo Ikeda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Martha E. Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ALC); (ADL)
| | - Arthur D. Lander
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California
- * E-mail: (ALC); (ADL)
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California
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Li D, Sakuma R, Vakili NA, Mo R, Puviindran V, Deimling S, Zhang X, Hopyan S, Hui CC. Formation of proximal and anterior limb skeleton requires early function of Irx3 and Irx5 and is negatively regulated by Shh signaling. Dev Cell 2014; 29:233-40. [PMID: 24726282 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Limb skeletal pattern relies heavily on graded Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. As a morphogen and growth cue, Shh regulates identities of posterior limb elements, including the ulna/fibula and digits 2 through 5. In contrast, proximal and anterior structures, including the humerus/femur, radius/tibia, and digit 1, are regarded as Shh independent, and mechanisms governing their specification are unclear. Here, we show that patterning of the proximal and anterior limb skeleton involves two phases. Irx3 and Irx5 (Irx3/5) are essential in the initiating limb bud to specify progenitors of the femur, tibia, and digit 1. However, these skeletal elements can be restored in Irx3/5 null mice when Shh signaling is diminished, indicating that Shh negatively regulates their formation after initiation. Our data provide genetic evidence supporting the concept of early specification and progressive determination of anterior limb pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Li
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada
| | - Rui Sakuma
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Niki A Vakili
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Steven Deimling
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada; Division of Orthopaedics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada.
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Preaxial polydactyly of the upper limb viewed as a spectrum of severity of embryonic events. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 71:118-24. [PMID: 23364674 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e318248b67f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is a common congenital abnormality and its classification varies among geneticists and hand surgeons. For example, the triphalangeal thumb, preaxial polysyndactyly, and the mirror hand deformity are considered as forms of PPD only in the genetics literature. Preaxial polydactyly is an error in the anteroposterior axis of the development of the upper limb. In this paper, the development of this axis is detailed and all molecular events that are known to lead to PPD are reviewed. Finally, based on the review, PPD is viewed as a spectrum of severity of embryonic events.
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20
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Dai L, Guo H, Meng H, Zhang K, Hu H, Yao H, Bai Y. Confirmation of genetic homogeneity of syndactyly type IV and triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome in a Chinese family and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1467-73. [PMID: 23793141 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Syndactyly type IV (SD4) is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by complete cutaneous syndactyly of all fingers accompanied with polydactyly. Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS) consists of a triphalangeal thumb, polydactyly, and syndactyly and is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner with variable expression. Genomic duplications of the long-range limb-specific cis-regulator (ZRS) cause SD4 and TPTPS. Here, we report two individuals from a Chinese family with syndactyly. One individual had overlapping clinical symptoms of TPTPS and SD4, while the other had a typical SD4 with postaxial polydactyly of the toe. Results of quantitative PCR suggested that the duplication of ZRS involved all affected individuals, and array comparative genomic hybridization detected its size as 115.3 kb. CONCLUSION This work confirms the genetic homogeneity of SD4 and TPTPS. Our result expands the spectrum of ZRS duplications. TPTPS and SD4 should be considered as a continuum of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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21
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Hill RE, Lettice LA. Alterations to the remote control of Shh gene expression cause congenital abnormalities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120357. [PMID: 23650631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-species conserved non-coding elements occur in the vertebrate genome and are clustered in the vicinity of developmentally regulated genes. Many are known to act as cis-regulators of transcription and may reside at long distances from the genes they regulate. However, the relationship of conserved sequence to encoded regulatory information and indeed, the mechanism by which these contribute to long-range transcriptional regulation is not well understood. The ZRS, a highly conserved cis-regulator, is a paradigm for such long-range gene regulation. The ZRS acts over approximately 1 Mb to control spatio-temporal expression of Shh in the limb bud and mutations within it result in a number of limb abnormalities, including polydactyly, tibial hypoplasia and syndactyly. We describe the activity of this developmental regulator and discuss a number of mechanisms by which regulatory mutations in this enhancer function to cause congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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22
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Williamson I, Eskeland R, Lettice LA, Hill AE, Boyle S, Grimes GR, Hill RE, Bickmore WA. Anterior-posterior differences in HoxD chromatin topology in limb development. Development 2012; 139:3157-67. [PMID: 22872084 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A late phase of HoxD activation is crucial for the patterning and growth of distal structures across the anterior-posterior (A-P) limb axis of mammals. Polycomb complexes and chromatin compaction have been shown to regulate Hox loci along the main body axis in embryonic development, but the extent to which they have a role in limb-specific HoxD expression, an evolutionary adaptation defined by the activity of distal enhancer elements that drive expression of 5' Hoxd genes, has yet to be fully elucidated. We reveal two levels of chromatin topology that differentiate distal limb A-P HoxD activity. Using both immortalised cell lines derived from posterior and anterior regions of distal E10.5 mouse limb buds, and analysis in E10.5 dissected limb buds themselves, we show that there is a loss of polycomb-catalysed H3K27me3 histone modification and a chromatin decompaction over HoxD in the distal posterior limb compared with anterior. Moreover, we show that the global control region (GCR) long-range enhancer spatially colocalises with the 5' HoxD genomic region specifically in the distal posterior limb. This is consistent with the formation of a chromatin loop between 5' HoxD and the GCR regulatory module at the time and place of distal limb bud development when the GCR participates in initiating Hoxd gene quantitative collinearity and Hoxd13 expression. This is the first example of A-P differences in chromatin compaction and chromatin looping in the development of the mammalian secondary body axis (limb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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23
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Anderson E, Peluso S, Lettice LA, Hill RE. Human limb abnormalities caused by disruption of hedgehog signaling. Trends Genet 2012; 28:364-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hong M, Schachter KA, Jiang G, Krauss RS. Neogenin regulates Sonic Hedgehog pathway activity during digit patterning. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:627-37. [PMID: 22275192 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digit patterning integrates signaling by the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. GLI3, a component of the SHH pathway, is a major regulator of digit number and identity. Neogenin (encoded by Neo1) is a cell surface protein that serves to transduce signals from several ligands, including BMPs, in various developmental contexts. Although neogenin is implicated in BMP signaling, it has not been linked to SHH signaling and its role in digit patterning is unknown. RESULTS We report that Neo1 mutant mice have preaxial polydactyly with low penetrance. Expression of SHH target genes, but not BMP target genes, is altered in Neo1 mutant limb buds. Analysis of mice carrying mutations in both Neo1 and Gli3 reveals that, although neogenin plays a role in constraint of digit numbers, suppressing polydactyly, it is also required for the severe polydactyly caused by loss of GLI3. Furthermore, embryo fibroblasts from Neo1 mutant mice are sensitized to SHH pathway activation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that neogenin regulates SHH signaling in the limb bud to achieve proper digit patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingi Hong
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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25
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Lettice L, Williamson I, Wiltshire J, Peluso S, Devenney P, Hill A, Essafi A, Hagman J, Mort R, Grimes G, DeAngelis C, Hill R. Opposing functions of the ETS factor family define Shh spatial expression in limb buds and underlie polydactyly. Dev Cell 2012; 22:459-67. [PMID: 22340503 PMCID: PMC3314984 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression during limb development is crucial for specifying the identity and number of digits. The spatial pattern of Shh expression is restricted to a region called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), and this expression is controlled from a long distance by the cis-regulator ZRS. Here, members of two groups of ETS transcription factors are shown to act directly at the ZRS mediating a differential effect on Shh, defining its spatial expression pattern. Occupancy at multiple GABPα/ETS1 sites regulates the position of the ZPA boundary, whereas ETV4/ETV5 binding restricts expression outside the ZPA. The ETS gene family is therefore attributed with specifying the boundaries of the classical ZPA. Two point mutations within the ZRS change the profile of ETS binding and activate Shh expression at an ectopic site in the limb bud. These molecular changes define a pathogenetic mechanism that leads to preaxial polydactyly (PPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John H. Wiltshire
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Silvia Peluso
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Paul S. Devenney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alison E. Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Abdelkader Essafi
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James Hagman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Richard Mort
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carlo L. DeAngelis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert E. Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Corresponding author
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26
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Klopocki E, Kähler C, Foulds N, Shah H, Joseph B, Vogel H, Lüttgen S, Bald R, Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I. Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:705-8. [PMID: 22258522 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PITX1 is a bicoid-related homeodomain transcription factor implicated in vertebrate hindlimb development. Recently, mutations in PITX1 have been associated with autosomal-dominant clubfoot. In addition, one affected individual showed a polydactyly and right-sided tibial hemimelia. We now report on PITX1 deletions in two fetuses with a high-degree polydactyly, that is, mirror-image polydactyly. Analysis of DNA from additional individuals with isolated lower-limb malformations and higher-degree polydactyly identified a third individual with long-bone deficiency and preaxial polydactyly harboring a heterozygous 35 bp deletion in PITX1. The findings demonstrate that mutations in PITX1 can cause a broad spectrum of isolated lower-limb malformations including clubfoot, deficiency of long bones, and mirror-image polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klopocki
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lettice LA, Daniels S, Sweeney E, Venkataraman S, Devenney PS, Gautier P, Morrison H, Fantes J, Hill RE, FitzPatrick DR. Enhancer-adoption as a mechanism of human developmental disease. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1492-9. [PMID: 21948517 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the long-range cis-regulation of developmental gene expression is increasingly recognized as a cause of human disease. Here, we report a novel type of long-range cis-regulatory mutation, in which ectopic expression of a gene is driven by an enhancer that is not its own. We have termed this gain of regulatory information as "enhancer adoption." We mapped the breakpoints of a de novo 7q inversion in a child with features of a holoprosencephaly spectrum (HPES) disorder and severe upper limb syndactyly with lower limb synpolydactyly. The HPES plausibly results from the 7q36.3 breakpoint dislocating the sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene from enhancers that are known to drive expression in the early forebrain. However, the limb phenotype cannot be explained by loss of known SHH enhancers. The SHH transcription unit is relocated to 7q22.1, ∼190 kb 3' of a highly conserved noncoding element (HCNE2) within an intron of EMID2. We show that HCNE2 functions as a limb bud enhancer in mouse embryos and drives ectopic expression of Shh in vivo recapitulating the limb phenotype in the child. This developmental genetic mechanism may explain a proportion of the novel or unexplained phenotypes associated with balanced chromosome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh.
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28
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VanderMeer JE, Ahituv N. cis-regulatory mutations are a genetic cause of human limb malformations. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:920-30. [PMID: 21509892 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mutations that cause human limb malformations are often difficult to determine, particularly for limb malformations that occur as isolated traits. Evidence from a variety of studies shows that cis-regulatory mutations, specifically in enhancers, can lead to some of these isolated limb malformations. Here, we provide a review of human limb malformations that have been shown to be caused by enhancer mutations and propose that cis-regulatory mutations will continue to be identified as the cause of additional human malformations as our understanding of regulatory sequences improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E VanderMeer
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Galis F, Arntzen JW, Lande R. Dollo's law and the irreversibility of digit loss in Bachia. Evolution 2010; 64:2466-76; discussion 2477-85. [PMID: 20500218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies conclude that exceptions to Dollo's law are more common than used to be thought. If the claims are true this would change our view on the role of developmental constraints in the evolution of body plans. One study claims the reevolution of lost digits in the lizard genus Bachia (Kohlsdorf and Wagner 2006). We evaluate this claim. We conclude that the proposed molecular phylogenetic tree is in conflict with evolutionary mechanisms concerning the biogeography of lizards and with morphology-based phylogenies. A reanalysis of the molecular data does not support the topology of the published tree. Furthermore, two implicit assumptions, that digit numbers are fixed and that polydactyly evolves independently from other characters, are incorrect. We conclude that there is no convincing support for reevolution of digits in Bachia. We discuss our findings in the light of the current evidence for the reversal of losses of complex traits. We conclude that in metazoans, exceptions to Dollo's law are mainly found among meristic traits that originate relatively late during embryogenesis, when developmental systems are more compartmentalized. Finally, our study shows that phylogenetic analyses should incorporate evolutionary mechanisms including constraints, variation, and selection, not only for correct phylogenetic reconstruction, but also for correct evolutionary inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frietson Galis
- NCB Naturalis, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.
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30
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Galli A, Robay D, Osterwalder M, Bao X, Bénazet JD, Tariq M, Paro R, Mackem S, Zeller R. Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000901. [PMID: 20386744 PMCID: PMC2851570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarization of nascent embryonic fields and the endowment of cells with organizer properties are key to initiation of vertebrate organogenesis. One such event is antero-posterior (AP) polarization of early limb buds and activation of morphogenetic Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the posterior mesenchyme, which in turn promotes outgrowth and specifies the pentadactylous autopod. Inactivation of the Hand2 transcriptional regulator from the onset of mouse forelimb bud development disrupts establishment of posterior identity and Shh expression, which results in a skeletal phenotype identical to Shh deficient limb buds. In wild-type limb buds, Hand2 is part of the protein complexes containing Hoxd13, another essential regulator of Shh activation in limb buds. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that Hand2-containing chromatin complexes are bound to the far upstream cis-regulatory region (ZRS), which is specifically required for Shh expression in the limb bud. Cell-biochemical studies indicate that Hand2 and Hoxd13 can efficiently transactivate gene expression via the ZRS, while the Gli3 repressor isoform interferes with this positive transcriptional regulation. Indeed, analysis of mouse forelimb buds lacking both Hand2 and Gli3 reveals the complete absence of antero-posterior (AP) polarity along the entire proximo-distal axis and extreme digit polydactyly without AP identities. Our study uncovers essential components of the transcriptional machinery and key interactions that set-up limb bud asymmetry upstream of establishing the SHH signaling limb bud organizer. During early limb bud development, posterior mesenchymal cells are selected to express Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), which controls antero-posterior (AP) limb axis formation (axis from thumb to little finger). We generated a conditional loss-of-function Hand2 allele to inactivate Hand2 specifically in mouse limb buds. This genetic analysis reveals the pivotal role of Hand2 in setting up limb bud asymmetry as initiation of posterior identity and establishment of the Shh expression domain are completely disrupted in Hand2 deficient limb buds. The resulting loss of the ulna and digits mirror the skeletal malformations observed in Shh-deficient limbs. We show that Hand2 is part of the chromatin complexes that are bound to the cis-regulatory region that controls Shh expression specifically in limb buds. In addition, we show that Hand2 is part of a protein complex containing Hoxd13, which also participates in limb bud mesenchymal activation of Shh expression. Indeed, Hand2 and Hoxd13 stimulate ZRS–mediated transactivation in cells, while the Gli3 repressor form (Gli3R) interferes with this up-regulation. Interestingly, limb buds lacking both Hand2 and Gli3 lack AP asymmetry and are severely polydactylous. Molecular analysis reveals some of the key interactions and hierarchies that govern establishment of AP limb asymmetries upstream of SHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Galli
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AG); (RZ)
| | - Dimitri Robay
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaozhong Bao
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean-Denis Bénazet
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renato Paro
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AG); (RZ)
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31
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Gorbach D, Mote B, Totir L, Fernando R, Rothschild M. Polydactyl inheritance in the pig. J Hered 2010; 101:469-75. [PMID: 20308080 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two pigs were identified having "extra feet" (preaxial polydactyly) within a purebred population of Yorkshire pigs. Polydactyly is an inherited disorder in many species that may be controlled by either recessive or dominant genes. Experimental matings were conducted using pigs that had produced affected offspring with the result of 12 polydactyl offspring out of 95 piglets. One polydactyl-producing boar was also mated to 4 Duroc sows and 8 distantly related Yorkshire sows to produce 129 unaffected offspring. Together, these results suggest a recessive mode of inheritance, possibly with incomplete penetrance. Candidate genes, LMBR1, EN2, HOXA10-13, GLI3, WNT2, WNT16, and SHH, were identified based on association with similar phenotypes in other species. Homologues for these genes are all found on SSC18. Sequencing and linkage studies showed no evidence for association with HOXA10-13, WNT2, and WNT16. Results for the regions including GLI3, LMBR1, and SHH, however, were inconclusive. A whole genome scan was conducted on DNA samples from 10 affected pigs and 12 close relatives using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip and compared with 69 more distantly related animals in the same population. No evidence was found for a major gene causing polydactyly. However, a 25-Mb stretch of homozygosity on SSC8 was identified as fairly unique to the family segregating for this trait. Therefore, this chromosome segment may play a role in development of polydactyly in concert with other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gorbach
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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32
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Wieczorek D, Pawlik B, Li Y, Akarsu NA, Caliebe A, May KJW, Schweiger B, Vargas FR, Balci S, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Wollnik B. A specific mutation in the distant sonic hedgehog (SHH) cis-regulator (ZRS) causes Werner mesomelic syndrome (WMS) while complete ZRS duplications underlie Haas type polysyndactyly and preaxial polydactyly (PPD) with or without triphalangeal thumb. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:81-9. [PMID: 19847792 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Werner mesomelic syndrome (WMS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with unknown molecular etiology characterized by hypo- or aplasia of the tibiae in addition to the preaxial polydactyly (PPD) of the hands and feet and/or five-fingered hand with absence of thumbs. We show that point mutations of a specific nucleotide within the sonic hedgehog (SHH) regulatory region (ZRS) cause WMS. In a previously unpublished WMS family, we identified the causative G>A transition at position 404 of the ZRS, and in six affected family members of a second WMS family we found a 404G>C mutation of the ZRS. The 404G>A ZRS mutation is known as the "Cuban mutation" of PPD type II (PPD2). Interestingly, the index patient of that family had tibial hypoplasia as well. These data provide the first evidence that WMS is caused by a specific ZRS mutation, which leads to strong ectopic SHH expression. In contrast, we show that complete duplications of the ZRS region lead to type Haas polysyndactyly or triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome, but do not affect lower limb development. We suggest the term "ZRS-associated syndromes" and a clinical subclassification for the continuum of limb malformations caused by different molecular alterations of the ZRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany.
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33
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Bastida MF, Sheth R, Ros MA. A BMP-Shh negative-feedback loop restricts Shh expression during limb development. Development 2009; 136:3779-89. [PMID: 19855020 DOI: 10.1242/dev.036418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal patterning of tissues and organs requires the tight restriction of signaling molecules to well-defined organizing centers. In the limb bud, one of the main signaling centers is the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) that controls growth and patterning through the production of sonic hedgehog (SHH). The appropriate temporal and spatial expression of Shh is crucial for normal limb bud patterning, because modifications, even if subtle, have important phenotypic consequences. However, although there is a lot of information about the factors that activate and maintain Shh expression, much less is known about the mechanisms that restrict its expression to the ZPA. In this study, we show that BMP activity negatively regulates Shh transcription and that a BMP-Shh negative-feedback loop serves to confine Shh expression. BMP-dependent downregulation of Shh is achieved by interfering with the FGF and Wnt signaling activities that maintain Shh expression. We also show that FGF induction of Shh requires protein synthesis and is mediated by the ERK1/2 MAPK transduction pathway. BMP gene expression in the posterior limb bud mesoderm is positively regulated by FGF signaling and finely regulated by an auto-regulatory loop. Our study emphasizes the intricacy of the crosstalk between the major signaling pathways in the posterior limb bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Félix Bastida
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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34
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Butterfield NC, Metzis V, McGlinn E, Bruce SJ, Wainwright BJ, Wicking C. Patched 1 is a crucial determinant of asymmetry and digit number in the vertebrate limb. Development 2009; 136:3515-24. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.037507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate hedgehog receptor patched 1 (Ptc1) is crucial for negative regulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway during anterior-posterior patterning of the limb. We have conditionally inactivated Ptc1 in the mesenchyme of the mouse limb using Prx1-Cre. This results in constitutive activation of hedgehog (Hh) signalling during the early stages of limb budding. Our data suggest that variations in the timing and efficiency of Cre-mediated excision result in differential forelimb and hindlimb phenotypes. Hindlimbs display polydactyly (gain of digits) and a molecular profile similar to the Gli3 mutant extra-toes. Strikingly, forelimbs are predominantly oligodactylous (displaying a loss of digits), with a symmetrical, mirror-image molecular profile that is consistent with re-specification of the anterior forelimb to a posterior identity. Our data suggest that this is related to very early inactivation of Ptc1 in the forelimb perturbing the gene regulatory networks responsible for both the pre-patterning and the subsequent patterning stages of limb development. These results establish the importance of the downstream consequences of Hh pathway repression, and identify Ptc1 as a key player in limb patterning even prior to the onset of Shh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Butterfield
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vicki Metzis
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Edwina McGlinn
- Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J. Bruce
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Brandon J. Wainwright
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland 4072, Australia
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35
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Epstein DJ. Cis-regulatory mutations in human disease. BRIEFINGS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 8:310-6. [PMID: 19641089 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elp021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cis-acting regulatory sequences are required for the proper temporal and spatial control of gene expression. Variation in gene expression is highly heritable and a significant determinant of human disease susceptibility. The diversity of human genetic diseases attributed, in whole or in part, to mutations in non-coding regulatory sequences is on the rise. Improvements in genome-wide methods of associating genetic variation with human disease and predicting DNA with cis-regulatory potential are two of the major reasons for these recent advances. This review will highlight select examples from the literature that have successfully integrated genetic and genomic approaches to uncover the molecular basis by which cis-regulatory mutations alter gene expression and contribute to human disease. The fine mapping of disease-causing variants has led to the discovery of novel cis-acting regulatory elements that, in some instances, are located as far away as 1.5 Mb from the target gene. In other cases, the prior knowledge of the regulatory landscape surrounding the gene of interest aided in the selection of enhancers for mutation screening. The success of these studies should provide a framework for following up on the large number of genome-wide association studies that have identified common variants in non-coding regions of the genome that associate with increased risk of human diseases including, diabetes, autism, Crohn's, colorectal cancer, and asthma, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Epstein
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Clinical Research Bldg, Room 470, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Congenital limb duplications include pre- and post-axial polydactyly, central polydactyly, and the mirror-hand spectrum. Treatment of these duplications constitutes a significant functional and aesthetic challenge for the reconstructive hand surgeon. This article provides an inclusive review of the embryologic and molecular mechanisms underlying these deformities and focuses on their clinical treatment. The anatomic variation, classification, surgical treatment, and outcomes of surgical intervention are reviewed for each of the disorders of duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Watt
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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37
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Dathe K, Kjaer KW, Brehm A, Meinecke P, Nürnberg P, Neto JC, Brunoni D, Tommerup N, Ott CE, Klopocki E, Seemann P, Mundlos S. Duplications involving a conserved regulatory element downstream of BMP2 are associated with brachydactyly type A2. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:483-92. [PMID: 19327734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2), a limb malformation characterized by hypoplastic middle phalanges of the second and fifth fingers, has been shown to be due to mutations in the Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) or in its ligand Growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5). A linkage analysis performed in a mutation-negative family identified a novel locus for BDA2 on chromosome 20p12.3 that incorporates the gene for Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). No point mutation was identified in BMP2, so a high-density array CGH analysis covering the critical interval of approximately 1.3 Mb was performed. A microduplication of approximately 5.5 kb in a noncoding sequence approximately 110 kb downstream of BMP2 was detected. Screening of other patients by qPCR revealed a similar duplication in a second family. The duplicated region contains evolutionary highly conserved sequences suggestive of a long-range regulator. By using a transgenic mouse model we can show that this sequence is able to drive expression of a X-Gal reporter construct in the limbs. The almost complete overlap with endogenous Bmp2 expression indicates that a limb-specific enhancer of Bmp2 is located within the identified duplication. Our results reveal an additional functional mechanism for the pathogenesis of BDA2, which is duplication of a regulatory element that affects the expression of BMP2 in the developing limb.
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38
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Stefanov EK, Ferrage JM, Parchim NF, Lee CE, Reginelli AD, Taché M, Anderson RA. Modification of the zone of polarizing activity signal by trypsin. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:123-33. [PMID: 19207183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the developing vertebrate limb along the anterior-posterior axis is controlled by the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) via the expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and along the proximal-distal axis by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) through the production of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). ZPA grafting, as well as ectopic application of SHH to the anterior chick limb bud, demonstrate that digit patterning is largely influenced by these secreted factors. Although signal transduction pathways have been well characterized for SHH and for FGFs, little is known of how these signals are regulated extracellularly in the limb. The present study shows that alteration of the extracellular environment through trypsin treatment can have profound effects on digit patterning. These effects appear to be mediated by the induction of Shh in host tissues and by ectopic AER formation, implicating the extracellular matrix in regulating the signaling activities of key patterning genes in the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Stefanov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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39
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Kuss P, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Witte F, Klose J, Albrecht AN, Seemann P, Hecht J, Mundlos S. Mutant Hoxd13 induces extra digits in a mouse model of synpolydactyly directly and by decreasing retinoic acid synthesis. J Clin Invest 2008; 119:146-56. [PMID: 19075394 DOI: 10.1172/jci36851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the birth defect synpolydactyly (SPD) have 1 or more digit duplicated and 2 or more digits fused together. One form of SPD is caused by polyalanine expansions in homeobox d13 (Hoxd13). Here we have used the naturally occurring mouse mutant that has the same mutation, the SPD homolog (Spdh) allele, and a similar phenotype, to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of SPD. A transgenic approach and crossing experiments showed that the Spdh allele is a combination of loss and gain of function. Here we identify retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2), the rate-limiting enzyme for retinoic acid (RA) synthesis in the limb, as a direct Hoxd13 target and show decreased RA production in limbs from Spdh/Spdh mice. Intrauterine treatment with RA restored pentadactyly in Spdh/Spdh mice. We further show that RA and WT Hoxd13 suppress chondrogenesis in mesenchymal progenitor cells, whereas Hoxd13 encoded by Spdh promotes cartilage formation in primary cells isolated from Spdh/Spdh limbs, and that this was associated with increased expression of Sox6/9. Increased Sox9 expression and ectopic cartilage formation in the interdigital mesenchyme of limbs from Spdh/Spdh mice suggest uncontrolled differentiation of these cells into the chondrocytic lineage. Thus, we propose that mutated Hoxd13 causes polydactyly in SPD by inducing extraneous interdigital chondrogenesis, both directly and indirectly, via a reduction in RA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kuss
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Furniss D, Lettice LA, Taylor IB, Critchley PS, Giele H, Hill RE, Wilkie AOM. A variant in the sonic hedgehog regulatory sequence (ZRS) is associated with triphalangeal thumb and deregulates expression in the developing limb. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2417-23. [PMID: 18463159 PMCID: PMC2486440 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A locus for triphalangeal thumb, variably associated with pre-axial polydactyly, was previously identified in the zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS), a long range limb-specific enhancer of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene at human chromosome 7q36.3. Here, we demonstrate that a 295T>C variant in the human ZRS, previously thought to represent a neutral polymorphism, acts as a dominant allele with reduced penetrance. We found this variant in three independently ascertained probands from southern England with triphalangeal thumb, demonstrated significant linkage of the phenotype to the variant (LOD = 4.1), and identified a shared microsatellite haplotype around the ZRS, suggesting that the probands share a common ancestor. An individual homozygous for the 295C allele presented with isolated bilateral triphalangeal thumb resembling the heterozygous phenotype, suggesting that the variant is largely dominant to the wild-type allele. As a functional test of the pathogenicity of the 295C allele, we utilized a mutated ZRS construct to demonstrate that it can drive ectopic anterior expression of a reporter gene in the developing mouse forelimb. We conclude that the 295T>C variant is in fact pathogenic and, in southern England, appears to be the most common cause of triphalangeal thumb. Depending on the dispersal of the founding mutation, it may play a wider role in the aetiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Furniss
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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41
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Lettice LA, Hill AE, Devenney PS, Hill RE. Point mutations in a distant sonic hedgehog cis-regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial polydactyly. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:978-85. [PMID: 18156157 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise spatial and temporal control of developmental genes is crucial during embryogenesis. Regulatory mutations that cause the misexpression of key developmental genes may underlie a number of developmental abnormalities. The congenital abnormality preaxial polydactyly, extra digits, is an example of this novel class of mutations and is caused by ectopic expression of the signalling molecule Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) in the developing limb bud. Mutations in the long-distant, limb-specific cis-regulator for SHH, called the ZRS, are responsible for the ectopic expression which underlies the abnormality. Here, we show that populations of domestic cats which manifest extra digits, including the celebrated polydactylous Hemingway's cats, also contain mutations within the ZRS. The polydactylous cats add significantly to the number of mutations previously reported in mouse and human and to date, all are single nucleotide substitutions. A mouse transgenic assay shows that these single nucleotide substitutions operate as gain-of-function mutations that activate Shh expression at an ectopic embryonic site; and that the sequence context of the mutation is responsible for a variable regulatory output. The plasticity of the regulatory response correlates with both the phenotypic variability and with species differences. The polydactyly mutations define a new genetic mechanism that results in human congenital abnormalities and identifies a pathogenetic mechanism that may underlie other congenital diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Lettice
- MRC-Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Rd, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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42
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Aoki M, Kiyonari H, Nakamura H, Okamoto H. R-spondin2 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge is essential for outgrowth and patterning in mouse limb development. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 50:85-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Stocum DL. Developmental biology. Acceptable nAGging. Science 2007; 318:754-5. [PMID: 17975053 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Stocum
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St. Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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