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Miyake M, Sekine M, Suzuki T, Yokoi H. Visualization of Sox10-positive chromatoblasts by GFP fluorescence in flounder larvae and juveniles using electroporation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:393-403. [PMID: 33900043 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Japanese flounder are left-right asymmetrical, with features, such as dark, ocular-side specific pigmentation. This pigmentation arises during metamorphic stages, along with the asymmetric differentiation of adult-type chromatophores. Additionally, among juveniles, tank-reared specimens commonly show ectopic pigmentation on their blind sides. In both cases, neural crest-derived Sox10-positive progenitor cells at the dorsal fin base are hypothesized to contribute to chromatophore development. Here, we developed a method to visualize Sox10-positive cells via green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence to directly monitor their migration and differentiation into chromatophores in vivo. Electroporation was applied to introduce GFP reporter vectors into the dorsal fin base of larvae and juveniles. Cre-loxP system vectors were also tested to enable cell labeling even after a decrease in sox10 expression levels. In larvae, undifferentiated Sox10-positive progenitor cells were labeled in the dorsal fin base, whereas newly differentiated adult-type chromatophores were seen dispersed on the ocular side. In juveniles, Sox10-positive cells were identified in the connective tissue of the dorsal fin base and observed prominently in areas of ectopic pigmentation, including several labeled melanophores. Thus, it was suggested that during metamorphic stages, Sox10-positive cells at the dorsal fin base contribute to adult-type chromatophore development, whereas in juveniles, they persist as precursors in the connective tissue, which in response to stimuli migrate to generate ectopic pigmentation. These findings contribute to elucidating pigmentation mechanisms, as well as abnormalities seen in hatchery-reared flounders. The electroporation method may be adapted to diverse animals as an accessible gene transfer method in various research fields, including developmental and biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minato Miyake
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiharu Sekine
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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2
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Chen Q, Sato K, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Developmental regulatory system of ocular‐side‐specific asymmetric pigmentation in flounder: Critical role of retinoic acid signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:156-167. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendai Japan
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3
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Prazdnikov DV. Effect of Thyroid Hormones on the Development of Asymmetric Pigment Patterns in Teleost Fish: Experimental Data on the Example of Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Cichlidae) and Poecilia wingei (Poeciliidae). BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Togawa M, Endo Y, Suzuki N, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Identification of Sox10‐positive cells at the dorsal fin base of juvenile flounder that are correlated with blind‐side skin ectopic pigmentation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 330:427-437. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Togawa
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and GeneticsGraduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Yuna Endo
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and GeneticsGraduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine LaboratoryInstitute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa UniversityNoto‐cho Ishikawa Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and GeneticsGraduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and GeneticsGraduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai Japan
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5
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Campinho MA. Teleost Metamorphosis: The Role of Thyroid Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:383. [PMID: 31258515 PMCID: PMC6587363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In most teleosts, metamorphosis encompasses a dramatic post-natal developmental process where the free-swimming larvae undergo a series of morphological, cellular and physiological changes that enable the larvae to become a fully formed, albeit sexually immature, juvenile fish. In all teleosts studied to date thyroid hormones (TH) drive metamorphosis, being the necessary and sufficient factors behind this developmental transition. During metamorphosis, negative regulation of thyrotropin by thyroxine (T4) is relaxed allowing higher whole-body levels of T4 that enable specific responses at the tissue/cellular level. Higher local thyroid cellular signaling leads to cell-specific responses that bring about localized developmental events. TH orchestrate in a spatial-temporal manner all local developmental changes so that in the end a fully functional organism arises. In bilateral teleost species, the most evident metamorphic morphological change underlies a transition to a more streamlined body. In the pleuronectiform lineage (flatfishes), these metamorphic morphological changes are more dramatic. The most evident is the migration of one eye to the opposite side of the head and the symmetric pelagic larva development into an asymmetric benthic juvenile. This transition encompasses a dramatic loss of the embryonic derived dorsal-ventral and left-right axis. The embryonic dorsal-ventral axis becomes the left-right axis, whereas the embryonic left-right axis becomes, irrespectively, the dorsal-ventral axis of the juvenile animal. This event is an unparalleled morphological change in vertebrate development and a remarkable display of the capacity of TH-signaling in shaping adaptation and evolution in teleosts. Notwithstanding all this knowledge, there are still fundamental questions in teleost metamorphosis left unanswered: how the central regulation of metamorphosis is achieved and the neuroendocrine network involved is unclear; the detailed cellular and molecular events that give rise to the developmental processes occurring during teleost metamorphosis are still mostly unknown. Also in flatfish, comparatively little is still known about the developmental processes behind asymmetric development. This review summarizes the current knowledge on teleost metamorphosis and explores the gaps that still need to be challenged.
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6
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Matsuda N, Kasagi S, Nakamaru T, Masuda R, Takahashi A, Tagawa M. Left-right pigmentation pattern of Japanese flounder corresponds to expression levels of melanocortin receptors (MC1R and MC5R), but not to agouti signaling protein 1 (ASIP1) expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 262:90-98. [PMID: 29574149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Body coloration in flatfish is one of the most distinctive asymmetries in the animal kingdom, although the fundamental molecular mechanism of the pigmentation is unclear. In the dorso-ventral coloration (countershading) of other teleost fishes, ventral-specific expression of agouti signaling protein 1 (ASIP1), an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), has been reported to play a pivotal role. Contribution of ASIP1 is also suggested in the asymmetrical pigmentation of flatfish. In order to confirm the contribution of ASIP1 and further examine receptor function in the body coloration of Japanese flounder, expression levels of asip1, mc1r, melanocortin 5 receptor (mc5r), and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 (mchr2) were measured in the normally pigmented area of the left side, the normally non-pigmented area of the right side, and the abnormally pigmented (exhibiting hypermelanosis) area of the right side. Measurement was also carried out under conditions of hypermelanosis stimulated by cortisol and during the transition from non-pigmentation to pigmentation in areas of hypermelanosis. Contrary to our expectations, no difference was detected in asip1 expression between pigmented and non-pigmented areas. There was also no difference between normal and hormonally stimulated pigmented conditions in areas of hypermelanosis or during the transition process. Instead, the expression levels of mc1r, mc5r, and mchr2 were consistently higher in pigmented areas, and were especially increased under hormonally stimulated conditions. In addition, expressions of these receptor genes increased prior to pigmentation in areas of future hypermelanosis. Our results suggest that MC1Rand MC5R, but not necessarily ASIP1, contribute to pigmentation and hypermelanosis in Japanese flounder. We propose a yet unknown molecular mechanism for asymmetrical pigmentation in flatfish that is distinct from that of countershading in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Matsuda
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Toru Nakamaru
- Futtu Laboratory, Institute of Seed Production, Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 2568-38, Kokubo, Futtsu, Chiba 293-0042, Japan.
| | - Reiji Masuda
- Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto 625-0086, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Masatomo Tagawa
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Chen Q, Takagi M, Mogi M, Kikuchi M, Saito Y, Nakamura S, Yokoi H, Seikai T, Uji S, Suzuki T. External Asymmetry and Pectoral Fin Loss in the Bamboo Sole (Heteromycteris japonica): Small-Sized Sole with Potential as a Pleuronectiformes Experimental Model. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:377-385. [DOI: 10.2108/zs170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Takagi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Mogi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Miki Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yudai Saito
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shunya Nakamura
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Seikai
- Faculty of Marine Biology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama 917-0003, Japan
| | - Susumu Uji
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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8
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Pigment pattern formation in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, involves the Kita and Csf1ra receptor tyrosine kinases. Genetics 2013; 194:631-46. [PMID: 23666934 PMCID: PMC3697969 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.151738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Males of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) vary tremendously in their ornamental patterns, which are thought to have evolved in response to a complex interplay between natural and sexual selection. Although the selection pressures acting on the color patterns of the guppy have been extensively studied, little is known about the genes that control their ontogeny. Over 50 years ago, two autosomal color loci, blue and golden, were described, both of which play a decisive role in the formation of the guppy color pattern. Orange pigmentation is absent in the skin of guppies with a lesion in blue, suggesting a defect in xanthophore development. In golden mutants, the development of the melanophore pattern during embryogenesis and after birth is affected. Here, we show that blue and golden correspond to guppy orthologs of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra; previously called fms) and kita. Most excitingly, we found that both genes are required for the development of the black ornaments of guppy males, which in the case of csf1ra might be mediated by xanthophore–melanophore interactions. Furthermore, we provide evidence that two temporally and genetically distinct melanophore populations contribute to the adult camouflage pattern expressed in both sexes: one early appearing and kita-dependent and the other late-developing and kita-independent. The identification of csf1ra and kita mutants provides the first molecular insights into pigment pattern formation in this important model species for ecological and evolutionary genetics.
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10
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Washio Y, Aritaki M, Fujinami Y, Shimizu D, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Ocular-Side Lateralization of Adult-Type Chromatophore Precursors: Development of Pigment Asymmetry in Metamorphosing Flounder Larvae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:151-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Washio
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University; Sendai; Japan
| | - Masato Aritaki
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute; Fisheries Research Agency; Nagasaki; Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujinami
- Miyako Station; Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency; Iwate; Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimizu
- Miyako Station; Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency; Iwate; Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University; Sendai; Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University; Sendai; Japan
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11
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Abstract
Teleosts are the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, and many species undergo morphological, physiological, and behavioral transitions, "metamorphoses," as they progress between morphologically divergent life stages. The larval metamorphosis that generally occurs as teleosts mature from larva to juvenile involves the loss of embryo-specific features, the development of new adult features, major remodeling of different organ systems, and changes in physical proportions and overall phenotype. Yet, in contrast to anuran amphibians, for example, teleost metamorphosis can entail morphological change that is either sudden and profound, or relatively gradual and subtle. Here, we review the definition of metamorphosis in teleosts, the diversity of teleost metamorphic strategies and the transitions they involve, and what is known of their underlying endocrine and genetic bases. We suggest that teleost metamorphosis offers an outstanding opportunity for integrating our understanding of endocrine mechanisms, cellular processes of morphogenesis and differentiation, and the evolution of diverse morphologies and life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. McMenamin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Guillot R, Ceinos RM, Cal R, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Transient ectopic overexpression of agouti-signalling protein 1 (asip1) induces pigment anomalies in flatfish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48526. [PMID: 23251332 PMCID: PMC3519472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While flatfish in the wild exhibit a pronounced countershading of the dorso-ventral pigment pattern, malpigmentation is commonly observed in reared animals. In fish, the dorso-ventral pigment polarity is achieved because a melanization inhibition factor (MIF) inhibits melanoblast differentiation and encourages iridophore proliferation in the ventrum. A previous work of our group suggested that asip1 is the uncharacterized MIF concerned. In order to further support this hypothesis, we have characterized asip1 mRNAs in both turbot and sole and used deduced peptide alignments to analyze the evolutionary history of the agouti-family of peptides. The putative asip precursors have the characteristics of a secreted protein, displaying a putative hydrophobic signal. Processing of the potential signal peptide produces mature proteins that include an N-terminal region, a basic central domain with a high proportion of lysine residues as well as a proline-rich region that immediately precedes the C-terminal poly-cysteine domain. The expression of asip1 mRNA in the ventral area was significantly higher than in the dorsal region. Similarly, the expression of asip1 within the unpigmented patches in the dorsal skin of pseudoalbino fish was higher than in the pigmented dorsal regions but similar to those levels observed in the ventral skin. In addition, the injection/electroporation of asip1 capped mRNA in both species induced long term dorsal skin paling, suggesting the inhibition of the melanogenic pathways. The data suggest that fish asip1 is involved in the dorsal-ventral pigment patterning in adult fish, where it induces the regulatory asymmetry involved in precursor differentiation into mature chromatophore. Adult dorsal pseudoalbinism seems to be the consequence of the expression of normal developmental pathways in an inaccurate position that results in unbalanced asip1 production levels. This, in turn, generates a ventral-like differentiation environment in dorsal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Ceinos
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Cal
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía de Vigo (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Itoh K, Washio Y, Fujinami Y, Shimizu D, Uji S, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Continuous illumination through larval development suppresses dopamine synthesis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, causing activation of α-MSH synthesis in the pituitary and abnormal metamorphic skin pigmentation in flounder. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:215-21. [PMID: 22326352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the endocrine aberrations related to abnormal metamorphic pigmentation that appear in flounder larvae reared in tanks, this study examined the effects of continuous 24-h illumination (LL) through larval development on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase-1 (th1), proopiomelanocortin (pomc), α-melanophore-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), which are known to participate in the control of background adaptation of body color. We observed two conspicuous deviations in the endocrine system under LL when compared with natural light conditions (LD). First, LL severely suppressed th1 expression in the dopaminergic neurons in the anterior diencephalon, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Second, pomc and α-MSH expression in the pars intermedia melanotrophs was enhanced by LL. Skin color was paler under LL than LD before metamorphic pigmentation, and abnormal metamorphic pigmentation occurred at a higher ratio in LL. We therefore hypothesize that continuous LL inhibited dopamine synthesis in the SCN, which resulted in up-regulation of pomc mRNA expression in the melanotrophs. In spite of the up-regulation of pomc in the melanotrophs, larval skin was adjusted to be pale by MCH which was not affected by LL. Accumulation of α-MSH in the melanotrophs is caused by uncoupling of α-MSH synthesis and secretion due to inhibitory role of MCH on α-MSH secretion, which results in abnormal metamorphic pigmentation by affecting differentiation of adult-type melanophores. Our data demonstrate that continuous illumination at the post-embryonic stage has negative effects on the neuroendocrine system and pituitary in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Itoh
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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14
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Budi EH, Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Post-embryonic nerve-associated precursors to adult pigment cells: genetic requirements and dynamics of morphogenesis and differentiation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002044. [PMID: 21625562 PMCID: PMC3098192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pigment cells of vertebrates serve a variety of functions and generate a
stunning variety of patterns. These cells are also implicated in human
pathologies including melanoma. Whereas the events of pigment cell development
have been studied extensively in the embryo, much less is known about
morphogenesis and differentiation of these cells during post-embryonic stages.
Previous studies of zebrafish revealed genetically distinct populations of
embryonic and adult melanophores, the ectotherm homologue of amniote
melanocytes. Here, we use molecular markers, vital labeling, time-lapse imaging,
mutational analyses, and transgenesis to identify peripheral nerves as a niche
for precursors to adult melanophores that subsequently migrate to the skin to
form the adult pigment pattern. We further identify genetic requirements for
establishing, maintaining, and recruiting precursors to the adult melanophore
lineage and demonstrate novel compensatory behaviors during pattern regulation
in mutant backgrounds. Finally, we show that distinct populations of latent
precursors having differential regenerative capabilities persist into the adult.
These findings provide a foundation for future studies of post-embryonic pigment
cell precursors in development, evolution, and neoplasia. Understanding the biology of post-embryonic stem and progenitor cells is of both
basic and translational importance. To identify mechanisms by which stem and
progenitor cells are established, maintained, and recruited to particular fates,
we are using the zebrafish adult pigment pattern. Previous work showed that
embryonic and adult pigment cells have different genetic requirements, but
little is known about the molecular or proliferative phenotypes of precursors to
adult pigment cells or where these precursors reside during post-embryonic
development. We show here that post-embryonic pigment cell precursors are
associated with peripheral nerves and that these cells migrate to the skin
during the larval-to-adult transformation when the adult pigment pattern forms.
We also define morphogenetic and differentiative roles for several genes in
promoting these events. Finally, we demonstrate that latent precursor pools
persist into the adult and that different pools have different capacities for
supplying new pigment cells in the context of pattern regeneration. Our study
sets the stage for future analyses to identify additional common and essential
features of pigment stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H. Budi
- Department of Biology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of
America
| | - Larissa B. Patterson
- Department of Biology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yamada T, Okauchi M, Araki K. Origin of adult-type pigment cells forming the asymmetric pigment pattern, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Dyn 2010; 239:3147-62. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Itoh K, Watanabe K, Wu X, Suzuki T. Three members of the iodothyronine deiodinase family, dio1, dio2 and dio3, are expressed in spatially and temporally specific patterns during metamorphosis of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:574-80. [PMID: 20608846 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flounder metamorphosis, marked by eye migration, lateralized pigmentation, and tissue differentiation in the stomach and skeletal muscle, is stimulated by thyroid hormone (TH). It is known that tri-iodothyronine (T3) produced by iodothyronine deiodinase type-1 (Dio1) from thyroxine (T4) enters the blood, whereas T3 produced by Dio2 penetrates into the nucleus of the Dio2-expressing cells, and then Dio3 inactivates both T4 and T3. To better understand the distinct functions of these three deiodinases in T3 regulation during flounder metamorphosis, we examined the tissue expression patterns of dio1, dio2, and dio3 in larvae of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by section in situ hybridization (SISH). We found that each deiodinase is expressed in a spatially and temporally specific pattern. dio1 is expressed in liver parenchymal cells from pro-metamorphosis to early climax, while dio2 is expressed in limited regions of the eyes, tectum, and skeletal muscles from pro-metamorphosis to post-climax. Considering these findings together with reports on other vertebrates, we predict that the liver cells expressing dio1 supply T3 to the blood, and that this systemic T3 synchronizes metamorphosis of differentiating tissues throughout the larval body, whereas the eyes, tectum, and skeletal muscles autonomously produce additional T3 for local tissue differentiation. Finally, dio3 expression is detected in skeletal muscle and gastric gland blastemas, which both undergo marked tissue differentiation at metamorphic climax. We hypothesize that dio3 expression protects these tissues from basal T3 levels early in metamorphosis, ensuring, together with the T3 surge from the liver, the synchronization of tissue differentiation at metamorphic climax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Itoh
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Informatics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Suzuki T, Washio Y, Aritaki M, Fujinami Y, Shimizu D, Uji S, Hashimoto H. Metamorphic pitx2 expression in the left habenula correlated with lateralization of eye-sidedness in flounder. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:797-808. [PMID: 19843151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bilateral symmetry of flounder larvae changes through the process of morphogenesis to produce external asymmetry at metamorphosis. The process is characterized by the lateral migration of one eye and pigmentation at the ocular side. Migration of the left or right eye to produce either dextral or sinistral forms, respectively, is usually fixed within a species. Here we propose a mechanism for the mediation of lateralization by the nodal-lefty-pitx2 (NLP) pathway in flounders, in which pitx2, the final left-right determinant of the NLP pathway, is re-expressed in the left habenula at pre-metamorphosis. After the initiation of left-sided pitx2 re-expression, the eye commences migration, when the habenulae shift their position on the ventral diencephalon rightwards in sinistral flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and leftwards in dextral flounder (Verasper variegatus). In addition, the right habenula increases in size relative to the left habenula in both species. Loss of pitx2 re-expression induces randomization of eye-sidedness, manifesting as normal, reversed or bilateral symmetry, with laterality of the structural asymmetry of habenulae being entirely inverted in reversed flounders compared with normal ones. Thus, flounder pitx2 appears to be re-expressed in the left habenula at metamorphosis to direct eye-sidedness by lateralizing the morphological asymmetry of the habenulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Informatics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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