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Islam S, Moni MA, Urmi UL, Tanaka A, Hoshino H. C-C Chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) acts as coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus-2. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:6012867. [PMID: 33253374 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most of the typical chemokine receptors (CKRs) have been identified as coreceptors for a variety of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs). This study evaluated CCRL2 to examine if it was an HIV/SIV coreceptor. METHODS The Human glioma cell line, NP-2, is normally resistant to infection by HIV and SIV. The cell was transduced with amplified cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) as a receptor and CCR5, CXCR4 and CCRL2 as coreceptor candidates to produce NP-2/CD4/coreceptor cells (). The cells were infected with multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1.0. Infected cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in syncytia were quantified by Giemsa staining. Proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was measured. RESULTS IFA detected viral antigens of the primary isolates, HIV-1HAN2 and HIV-2MIR in infected NP-2/CD4/CCRL2 cells, indicated CCRL2 as a functional coreceptor. IFA results were confirmed by the detection of proviral DNA and measurement of RT-activity in the spent cell supernatants. Additionally, MGC was detected in HIV-2MIR-infected NP-2/CD4/CCCRL2 cells. HIV-2MIR were found more potent users of CCRL2 than HIV-1HAN2. Moreover, GWAS studies, gene ontology and cell signaling pathways of the HIV-associated genes show interaction of CCRL2 with HIV/SIV envelope protein. CONCLUSIONS In vitro experiments showed CCRL2 to function as a newly identified coreceptor for primary HIV-2 isolates conveniently. The findings contribute additional insights into HIV/SIV transmission and pathogenesis. However, its in vivo relevance still needs to be evaluated. Confirming in vivo relevance, ligands of CCRL2 can be investigated as potential targets for HIV entry-inhibitor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University (JU), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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Llorente García I, Marsh M. A biophysical perspective on receptor-mediated virus entry with a focus on HIV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183158. [PMID: 31863725 PMCID: PMC7156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of their entry and infection strategy, viruses interact with specific receptor molecules expressed on the surface of target cells. The efficiency and kinetics of the virus-receptor interactions required for a virus to productively infect a cell is determined by the biophysical properties of the receptors, which are in turn influenced by the receptors' plasma membrane (PM) environments. Currently, little is known about the biophysical properties of these receptor molecules or their engagement during virus binding and entry. Here we review virus-receptor interactions focusing on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a model system. HIV is one of the best characterised enveloped viruses, with the identity, roles and structure of the key molecules required for infection well established. We review current knowledge of receptor-mediated HIV entry, addressing the properties of the HIV cell-surface receptors, the techniques used to measure these properties, and the macromolecular interactions and events required for virus entry. We discuss some of the key biophysical principles underlying receptor-mediated virus entry and attempt to interpret the available data in the context of biophysical mechanisms. We also highlight crucial outstanding questions and consider how new tools might be applied to advance understanding of the biophysical properties of viral receptors and the dynamic events leading to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Sreedevi K, Subramanian SP, Mandagini G, Appukuttan PS. Anti-α-galactoside and Anti-β-glucoside Antibodies are Partially Occupied by Either of Two Albumin-bound O-glycoproteins and Circulate as Ligand-binding Triplets. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:222-241. [PMID: 30081721 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1502299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two heavily O-glycosylated proteins and albumin co-purified with anti-α-galactoside (anti-Gal), the chief xenograft-rejecting antibody and anti-β-glucan (ABG) antibody isolated from human plasma by affinity chromatography on respective ligand-bearing matrices. Both antibodies and O-glycoproteins co-purified with plasma albumin eluted from albumin-specific matrix. Using components of affinity-purified antibody samples separated by electrophoresis binding of either albumin or antibody to the affinity matrix of the other or binding of O-glycoprotein to either matrix was ruled out. Enzyme-linked immunoassay and ligand-induced fluorescence enhancement of fluorolabeled antibody showed that O-glycoproteins occupied sugar-binding sites of anti-Gal and ABG. Neither antibody recognized albumin. O-Glycoprotein-albumin complexes free in plasma, or released from antibodies by specific sugars, were captured on microwell-coated O-glycan-specific lectin jacalin and detected using labeled anti-albumin. We conclude that circulating anti-Gal and ABG form protein triplets in which either O-glycoprotein bridges between antibody and albumin by binding simultaneously to both. Bound albumin restricted O-glycoprotein occupation on antibodies enabling triplets to bind other ligands using spared binding sites. Free anti-Gal and ABG were undetectable in plasma. Jacalin treatment, but not de-O-glycosylation of O-glycoproteins abolished their recognition by anti-Gal or ABG indicating that antibodies recognized serine- and threonine-rich peptide sequences that underlie the O-glycans and are reported surrogate ligands for anti-Gal. The albumin- and antibody-binding O-glycoproteins AOP1 and AOP2 were single polypeptide proteins of size 107 kDa and 98 kDa, containing 54% and 51% carbohydrate respectively and conformed to no known plasma protein in properties. Prospects of triplet-mediated modulations in autologous tissues expressing antibody ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Sreedevi
- a Department of Biochemistry , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram - India
| | - Sabarinath P Subramanian
- a Department of Biochemistry , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram - India.,b Department of Technologies for the Advancement of Science , Presently at Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (Instem), NCBS-TIFR,GKVK POST , Bangalore , India
| | - Geetha Mandagini
- a Department of Biochemistry , Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram - India
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Endogenous Membrane Receptor Labeling by Reactive Cytokines and Growth Factors to Chase Their Dynamics in Live Cells. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Berning P, Schaefer C, Clemens D, Korsching E, Dirksen U, Potratz J. The CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100) promotes proliferation of Ewing sarcoma cell lines in vitro and activates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:21. [PMID: 29776413 PMCID: PMC5960216 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CXCR4 receptor antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100) is raising interest as an anti-cancer agent that disrupts the CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine - receptor interaction between neoplastic cells and their microenvironment in tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we investigated plerixafor for anti-cancer activity in Ewing sarcoma, a rare and aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissues. METHODS We used a variety of methods such as cell viability and migration assays, flow cytometry, phospho-tyrosine arrays and western blotting to determine plerixafor effects on five characterized Ewing sarcoma cell lines and a low-passage culture in vitro. RESULTS Unexpectedly, plerixafor led to an increase in cell viability and proliferation in standard cell growth conditions, and to chemotactic migration towards plerixafor. Exploring potential molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, we found that Ewing sarcoma cell lines divided into classes of high- and low-level CXCR4 surface expression. Proliferative plerixafor responses were observed in both groups, maintained despite significant CXCR4 down-regulation or inhibition of Gαi-protein signal transduction, and involved activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (DDR2, MERTK, MST1R, NTRK1, RET), the most prominent being platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB). PDGFRB was activated in response to inhibition of the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis by plerixafor and/or pertussis toxin (Gαi-protein inhibitor). Dasatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor of both PDGFRB and the CXCR4 downstream kinase SRC, counteracted this activation in some but not all cell lines. CONCLUSION These data suggest a feedback interaction between the CXCR4 chemokine receptor and RTK signaling cascades that elicits compensatory cell survival signaling and can shift the net effect of plerixafor towards proliferation. PDGFRB was identified as a candidate driver RTK and potential therapeutic co-target for CXCR4 in Ewing sarcoma. Although as yet limited to in vitro studies, these findings call for further investigation in the cancer - microenvironment interplay in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Berning
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Present address: Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christiane Schaefer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Clemens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Breun M, Schwerdtfeger A, Martellotta DD, Kessler AF, Perez JM, Monoranu CM, Ernestus RI, Matthies C, Löhr M, Hagemann C. CXCR4: A new player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9940-9950. [PMID: 29515781 PMCID: PMC5839412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that recruits blood stem cells and increases tumor cell growth and invasiveness. We examined CXCR4 expression in vestibular schwannomas (VS) from patients with and without neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and correlated the levels with the patients' clinical characteristics. The aim was to determine whether CXCR4 can be used as a prognostic marker and as a target for systemic therapy. RESULTS Overall, CXCR4 mRNA levels were 4.6-fold higher in VS versus control; the levels were 4.9-fold higher in NF2 patients and 4.2-fold higher in sporadic VS patients. IHC and WB showed heterogeneous protein expression, and CXCR4 was expressed mainly in S100-positive Schwann cells. There was no correlation between the CXCR4 protein levels and tumor extension. However, there was a trend towards correlation between higher expression levels and greater hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS CXCR4 mRNA and protein levels were determined in VS samples (n = 60); of these, 30 samples were from patients with NF2. Healthy nerves from autopsies served as controls. CXCR4 mRNA levels were measured by PCR, and protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB). Tumor extension and hearing loss were categorized according to the Hannover Classification as clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 mRNA was overexpressed in VS relative to healthy vestibular nerves, and there was a trend towards higher CXCR4 expression levels being correlated with greater functional impairment. Thus, CXCR4 may be a prognostic marker of VS, and CXCR4 inhibition has potential as a systemic approach for the treatment of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Almuth F. Kessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jose M. Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia M Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Mainfranken, Würzburg
| | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that relay extracellular signals to the inside of the cells. C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a GPCR that undergoes receptor internalization and recycling upon stimulation with its cognate ligand, C-X-C chemokine 12 (CXCL12). Using this receptor/ligand pair we describe the use of two techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, widely used to quantify GPCR internalization from the plasma membrane and its return to the cell surface by recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Giusti I, Delle Monache S, Di Francesco M, Sanità P, D'Ascenzo S, Gravina GL, Festuccia C, Dolo V. From glioblastoma to endothelial cells through extracellular vesicles: messages for angiogenesis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12743-12753. [PMID: 27448307 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma has one of the highest mortality rates among cancers, and it is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer. Among the typical features of glioblastoma tumors, there is an aberrant vascularization: all gliomas are among the most vascularized/angiogenic tumors. In recent years, it has become clear that glioblastoma cells can secrete extracellular vesicles which are spherical and membrane-enclosed particles released, in vitro or in vivo, by both normal and tumor cells; they are involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes; among the latter, cancer is the most widely studied. Extracellular vesicles from tumor cells convey messages to other tumor cells, but also to normal stromal cells in order to create a microenvironment that supports cancer growth and progression and are implicated in drug resistance, escape from immunosurveillance and from apoptosis, as well as in metastasis formation; they are also involved in angiogenesis stimulation, inducing endothelial cells proliferation, and other pro-angiogenic activities. To this aim, the present paper assesses in detail the extracellular vesicles phenomenon in the human glioblastoma cell line U251 and evaluates extracellular vesicles ability to promote the processes required to achieve the formation of new blood vessels in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, highlighting that they stimulate proliferation, motility, and tube formation in a dose-response manner. Moreover, a molecular characterization shows that extracellular vesicles are fully equipped for angiogenesis stimulation in terms of proteolytic enzymes (gelatinases and plasminogen activators), pro-angiogenic growth factors (VEGF and TGFβ), and the promoting-angiogenic CXCR4 chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marianna Di Francesco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sanità
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Ascenzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito 2, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Lindsay SL, Johnstone SA, McGrath MA, Mallinson D, Barnett SC. Comparative miRNA-Based Fingerprinting Reveals Biological Differences in Human Olfactory Mucosa- and Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:729-742. [PMID: 27117785 PMCID: PMC4940454 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that nestin-positive human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from the olfactory mucosa (OM) enhanced CNS myelination in vitro to a greater extent than bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). miRNA-based fingerprinting revealed the two MSCs were 64% homologous, with 26 miRNAs differentially expressed. We focused on miR-146a-5p and miR-140-5p due to their reported role in the regulation of chemokine production and myelination. The lower expression of miR-140-5p in OM-MSCs correlated with higher secretion of CXCL12 compared with BM-MSCs. Addition of CXCL12 and its pharmacological inhibitors to neural co-cultures supported these data. Studies on related miR-146a-5p targets demonstrated that OM-MSCs had lower levels of Toll-like receptors and secreted less pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. OM-MSCs polarized microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, illustrating potential differences in their inflammatory response. Nestin-positive OM-MSCs could therefore offer a cell transplantation alternative for CNS repair, should these biological behaviors be translated in vivo. OM-MSCs share 64% miRNA homology to BM-MSCs and differentially express 26 miRNAs CXCL12 promotes CNS myelination and is negatively regulated by miR-140-5p in BM-MSCs miR-146a-5p negatively regulates IL-6, IL-8, TLR2, and TLR4 on OM-MSCs These properties make OM-MSCs a suitable candidate for transplant-mediated CNS repair
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Louise Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Steven Andrew Johnstone
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael Anthony McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - David Mallinson
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Sistemic UK, Kelvin Campus, Maryhill Road, Glasgow G20 0SP, UK
| | - Susan Carol Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Li H, Liang R, Lu Y, Wang M, Li Z. RTN3 Regulates the Expression Level of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 and is Required for Migration of Primordial Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:382. [PMID: 27070582 PMCID: PMC4848882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a crucial chemokine receptor that plays key roles in primordial germ cell (PGC) homing. To further characterize the CXCR4-mediated migration of PGCs, we screened CXCR4-interacting proteins using yeast two-hybrid screening. We identified reticulon3 (RTN3), a member of the reticulon family, and considered an apoptotic signal transducer, as able to interact directly with CXCR4. Furthermore, we discovered that the mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCR4 could be regulated by RTN3. We also found that RTN3 altered CXCR4 translocation and localization. Moreover, increasing the signaling of either CXCR4b or RTN3 produced similar PGC mislocalization phenotypes in zebrafish. These results suggested that RTN3 modulates PGC migration through interaction with, and regulation of, CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yanan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mengxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zandong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Sand LGL, Jochemsen AG, Beletkaia E, Schmidt T, Hogendoorn PCW, Szuhai K. Novel splice variants of CXCR4 identified by transcriptome sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:89-94. [PMID: 26321665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Its function is regulated in many ways and one of them is alternative splicing. We identified two novel coding splice variants (CXCR4-3 and CXCR4-4) of CXCR4 in Ewing sarcoma (EWS) cell lines by whole transcriptome sequencing and validated these with reverse transcriptase- PCR and Sanger sequencing. The novel splice variants were expressed at RNA level in Ewing sarcoma samples and in other tumor cell lines and placenta, but not in lung. Due to inclusion of an additional exon the new isoforms have a 70 and 33 amino acid elongation of the N-terminal end of CXCR4. For validation at protein and functional level, the identified isoforms and normal CXCR4 were cloned into an EYFP tagged vector and ectopically expressed in HEK293T cell line and EWS cell line A673. Of the novel isoforms CXCR4-3 showed cell membrane localization and a functional response after addition of CXCR4 ligand CXCL12a. CXCR4-4 showed strong cytoplasmic accumulation and no response to ligand treatment. The role of the newly discovered isoforms in CXCR4 signaling is likely to be limited. Our data stresses the importance of functional validation of newly identified isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Beletkaia
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Schmidt
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P C W Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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The HFE genotype and a formulated diet controlling for iron status attenuate experimental cerebral malaria in mice. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:797-808. [PMID: 26296689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infects approximately 500million individuals each year. A small but significant number of infections lead to complications such as cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is associated with myelin damage and neurological deficits in survivors, and iron status is thought to impact the outcome of infection. We evaluated whether a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain was altered by dietary iron deficiency or genetic iron overload (H67D HFE). We found that H67D mice had increased survival over H67H (wild type) mice. Moreover, a specifically designed formulation diet increased survival regardless of whether the diet was iron deficient or iron adequate. To determine potential mechanisms underlying demyelination in experimental cerebral malaria, we measured Semaphorin4A (Sema4A) protein levels in the brain because we found it is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes. Sema4A was increased in wild type mice that developed experimental cerebral malaria while consuming standard rodent chow, consistent with a decrease in myelin basic protein, an indicator of myelin integrity. The brains of iron deficient and H67D mice had lower levels of Sema4A. Myelin basic protein was decreased in brains of mice fed the iron deficient diet as has been previously reported. We also examined erythropoietin, which is under consideration for treatment of cerebral malaria, and IL-6, which is known to increase during infection. We found that plasma erythropoietin was elevated and IL-6 was low in H67D mice and in the mice fed the formulation diets. These data reveal a paradigm-shifting concept that maintaining iron status may not increase the mortality associated with malaria and provide a dietary strategy for further examination. Moreover, the data provide clues for exploring the mechanism to limit the co-morbidity associated with experimental cerebral malaria that appears to include decreased Sema4A in brain as well as elevated erythropoietin and lower IL-6 in plasma.
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13
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Kubic JD, Lui JW, Little EC, Ludvik AE, Konda S, Salgia R, Aplin AE, Lang D. PAX3 and FOXD3 Promote CXCR4 Expression in Melanoma. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26205821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive and deadly disease. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is active in melanoma metastasis, although the mechanism for the promotion and maintenance of CXCR4 expression in these cells is mostly unknown. Here, we find melanoma cells express two CXCR4 isoforms, the common version and a variant that is normally restricted to cells during development or to mature blood cells. CXCR4 expression is driven through a highly conserved intronic enhancer element by the transcription factors PAX3 and FOXD3. Inhibition of these transcription factors slows melanoma cell growth, migration, and motility, as well as reduces CXCR4 expression. Overexpression of these transcription factors drives the production of increased CXCR4 levels. Loss of PAX3 and FOXD3 transcription factor activity results in a reduction in cell motility, migration, and chemotaxis, all of which are rescued by CXCR4 overexpression. Here, we discover a molecular pathway wherein PAX3 and FOXD3 promote CXCR4 gene expression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason W Lui
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | | | - Anton E Ludvik
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | - Sasank Konda
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, and Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Deborah Lang
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and
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14
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Wilson GC, Freeman CM, Kuethe JW, Quillin RC, Nojima H, Schuster R, Blanchard J, Edwards MJ, Caldwell CC, Lentsch AB. CXC chemokine receptor-4 signaling limits hepatocyte proliferation after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G702-9. [PMID: 25721302 PMCID: PMC4398844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00257.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) in ischemic liver injury and recovery has not been studied. Some reports suggest that this chemokine may aid in liver regeneration, but others suggest that it may be profibrotic through its activation of hepatic stellate cells. In this study we sought to elucidate the role of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 during liver injury, recovery, and regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). A murine model of partial (70%) I/R was used to induce liver injury and study the reparative and regenerative response. CXCR4 was expressed constitutively in the liver, and hepatic levels of SDF-1 peaked 8 h after reperfusion but remained significantly increased for 96 h. Treatment of mice with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 or agonist SDF-1 had no effect on acute liver injury assessed 8 h after I/R. However, treatment with AMD3100 increased hepatocyte proliferation after 72 and 96 h of reperfusion and reduced the amount of liver necrosis. In contrast, treatment with SDF-1 significantly decreased hepatocyte proliferation. These effects appeared to be dependent on the presence of liver injury, as AMD3100 and SDF-1 had no effect on hepatocyte proliferation or liver mass in mice undergoing 70% partial hepatectomy. The data suggest that signaling through CXCR4 is detrimental to liver recovery and regeneration after I/R and that clinical therapy with a CXCR4 antagonist may improve hepatic recovery following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Joshua W. Kuethe
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ralph C. Quillin
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hiroyuki Nojima
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca Schuster
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Blanchard
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael J. Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles C. Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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15
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Shankar V, Hori H, Kihira K, Lei Q, Toyoda H, Iwamoto S, Komada Y. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome up-regulates 47 kDa CXCR4 expression, and induce invasiveness in neuroblastoma cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120069. [PMID: 25774696 PMCID: PMC4361348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma accounts for 15% of childhood cancer deaths and presents with metastatic disease of the bone and the bone marrow at diagnosis in 70% of the cases. Previous studies have shown that the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) secretome, triggers metastases in several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancer, but the specific role of the MSC factors in neuroblastoma metastasis is unclear. To better understand the effect of MSC secretome on chemokine receptors in neuroblastoma, and its role in metastasis, we studied a panel of 20 neuroblastoma cell lines, and compared their invasive potential towards MSC-conditioned-RPMI (mRPMI) and their cytokine receptor expression profiles. Western blot analysis revealed the expression of multiple CXCR4 isoforms in neuroblastoma cells. Among the five major isoforms, the expression of the 47 kDa isoform showed significant correlation with high invasiveness. Pretreatment with mRPMI up-regulated the expression of the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform and also increased MMP-9 secretion, expression of integrin α3 and integrin β1, and the invasive potential of the cell; while blocking CXCR4 either with AMD 3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, or with an anti-47 kDa CXCR4 neutralizing antibody decreased the secretion of MMP-9, the expression of integrin α3 and integrin β1, and the invasive potential of the cell. Pretreatment with mRPMI also protected the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform from ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Our data suggest a modulatory role of the MSC secretome on the expression of the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform and invasion potential of the neuroblastoma cells to the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kentaro Kihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Qi Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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16
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Quaranta MT, Olivetta E, Sanchez M, Spinello I, Paolillo R, Arenaccio C, Federico M, Labbaye C. miR-146a controls CXCR4 expression in a pathway that involves PLZF and can be used to inhibit HIV-1 infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Virology 2015; 478:27-38. [PMID: 25705792 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA miR-146a and PLZF are reported as major players in the control of hematopoiesis, immune function and cancer. PLZF is described as a miR-146a repressor, whereas CXCR4 and TRAF6 were identified as miR-146a direct targets in different cell types. CXCR4 is a co-receptor of CD4 molecule that facilitates HIV-1 entry into T lymphocytes and myeloid cells, whereas TRAF6 is involved in immune response. Thus, the role of miR-146a in HIV-1 infection is currently being thoroughly investigated. In this study, we found that PLZF mediates suppression of miR-146a to control increases of CXCR4 and TRAF6 protein levels in human primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We show that miR-146a upregulation by AMD3100 treatment or PLZF silencing, decreases CXCR4 protein expression and prevents HIV-1 infection of leukemic monocytic cell line and CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Our findings improve the prospects of developing new therapeutic strategies to prevent HIV-1 entry via CXCR4 by using the PLZF/miR-146a axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Quaranta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Spinello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Paolillo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Liu T, Liu Y, Wang Y, Hull M, Schultz PG, Wang F. Rational design of CXCR4 specific antibodies with elongated CDRs. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10557-60. [PMID: 25041362 PMCID: PMC4120998 DOI: 10.1021/ja5042447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bovine antibody (BLV1H12) which has an ultralong heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) provides a novel scaffold for antibody engineering. By substituting the extended CDRH3 of BLV1H12 with modified CXCR4 binding peptides that adopt a β-hairpin conformation, we generated antibodies specifically targeting the ligand binding pocket of CXCR4 receptor. These engineered antibodies selectively bind to CXCR4 expressing cells with binding affinities in the low nanomolar range. In addition, they inhibit SDF-1-dependent signal transduction and cell migration in a transwell assay. Finally, we also demonstrate that a similar strategy can be applied to other CDRs and show that a CDRH2-peptide fusion binds CXCR4 with a K(d) of 0.9 nM. This work illustrates the versatility of scaffold-based antibody engineering and could greatly expand the antibody functional repertoire in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mitchell Hull
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Islam S, Kanbe K, Shimizu N, Ohtsuki T, Jinno-Oue A, Tanaka A, Hoshino H. CKR-L3, a deletion version CCR6-isoform shows coreceptor-activity for limited human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:354. [PMID: 24980635 PMCID: PMC4089560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine receptors (CKRs), mainly CCR5 and CXCR4 function as major coreceptors in infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified as minor coreceptors, alike CCR6 that we reported recently. Since CKR-L3 is indentified as a natural isoform of CCR6, we attempted in this study to explore the coreceptor function of CKR-L3. Methods NP-2 cells transduced with CD4-receptor (NP-2/CD4) normally remain resistant to HIV or SIV infection. However, the introduction of functional coreceptors can make these cells susceptible to these viruses. NP-2/CD4/CKR-L3 cells were produced to examine the coreceptor activity of CKR-L3. Likely, CCR6-isoform and the major coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4 were also examined in parallel. Presence of viral antigen in infected NP-2/CD4/coreceptor cells was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results were validated by detection of syncytia, proviral DNA and by measuring reverse transcriptase (RT) activities. Results HIV-2MIR and SIVsmE660 were found to infect NP-2/CD4/CKR-L3 cells, indicative of the coreceptor function of CKR-L3. Viral antigens appeared faster in NP-2/CD4/CKR-L3 cells than in NP-2/CD4/CCR6, indicating that CKR-L3 is a more efficient coreceptor. Moreover, syncytia formation was more rapid and RT release evidenced earlier and at higher levels with CKR-L3 than with CCR6. Sequence analysis in the C2-V3 envelope region of HIV-2MIR replicated through CKR-L3 and CCR6 coreceptor showed two and three amino acid substitutions respectively, in the C2 region compared to the CCR5-variant. The SIVsmE660-CKRL3 variant showed three amino acid substitutions in the V1 region, one change in the V2 and two changes in the C2 region. The SIVsmE660-CCR6 variant produced two changes in the V1 region, and three in the C2 region. Conclusions Isoform CKR-L3 exhibited coreceptor activity for limited primary HIV and SIV isolates with better efficiency than the parent CCR6-isoform. Amino acid substitutions in the envelope region of these viruses may confer selective pressure towards CKR-L3-use. CKR-L3 with other minor coreceptors may contribute to HIV and SIV pathogenesis including dissemination, trafficking and latency especially when major coreceptors become compromised. However, further works will be required to determine its clinical significance in HIV and SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salequl Islam
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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19
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Pelekanos RA, Ting MJ, Sardesai VS, Ryan JM, Lim YC, Chan JKY, Fisk NM. Intracellular trafficking and endocytosis of CXCR4 in fetal mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:15. [PMID: 24885150 PMCID: PMC4065074 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) represent a developmentally-advantageous cell type with translational potential. To enhance adult MSC migration, studies have focussed on the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 (CXCL12), but more recent work implicates an intricate system of CXCR4 receptor dimerization, intracellular localization, multiple ligands, splice variants and nuclear accumulation. We investigated the intracellular localization of CXCR4 in fetal bone marrow-derived MSC and role of intracellular trafficking in CXCR4 surface expression and function. Results We found that up to 4% of human fetal MSC have detectable surface-localized CXCR4. In the majority of cells, CXCR4 is located not at the cell surface, as would be required for ‘sensing’ migratory cues, but intracellularly. CXCR4 was identified in early endosomes, recycling endosomes, and lysosomes, indicating only a small percentage of CXCR4 travelling to the plasma membrane. Notably CXCR4 was also found in and around the nucleus, as detected with an anti-CXCR4 antibody directed specifically against CXCR4 isoform 2 differing only in N-terminal sequence. After demonstrating that endocytosis of CXCR4 is largely independent of endogenously-produced SDF-1, we next applied the cytoskeletal inhibitors blebbistatin and dynasore to inhibit endocytotic recycling. These increased the number of cells expressing surface CXCR4 by 10 and 5 fold respectively, and enhanced the number of cells migrating to SDF1 in vitro (up to 2.6 fold). These molecules had a transient effect on cell morphology and adhesion, which abated after the removal of the inhibitors, and did not alter functional stem cell properties. Conclusions We conclude that constitutive endocytosis is implicated in the regulation of CXCR4 membrane expression, and suggest a novel pharmacological strategy to enhance migration of systemically-transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Pelekanos
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4029, Australia.
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20
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Walter I, Wolfesberger B, Miller I, Mair G, Burger S, Gallè B, Steinborn R. Human osteosarcoma cells respond to sorafenib chemotherapy by downregulation of the tumor progression factors S100A4, CXCR4 and the oncogene FOS. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:1147-56. [PMID: 24378831 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare but aggressive bone neoplasm in humans, which is commonly treated with surgery, classical chemotherapy and radiation. Sorafenib, an inhibitor of a number of kinases targeting the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, is a promising new chemotherapeutic agent in human medicine that has been approved since 2006 for the therapy of renal cell carcinoma and since 2007 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we studied the antimetastatic potential of 4 µM of this multikinase inhibitor in a human osteosarcoma cell line. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling detected 297 and 232 genes upregulated or downregulated at a threshold of >2-fold expression alteration (P<0.05) in the sorafenib-treated cells. Three genes (CXCR4, FOS and S100A4) that are involved in tumor progression were chosen for validation by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and protein expression analysis. The decrease in RNA expression detected by microarray profiling was confirmed by qPCR for all three genes (P<0.01). On the protein level, sorafenib-induced reduction of S100A4 was verified both by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. For CXCR4 and c-Fos, a reduced protein expression was shown by immunohistochemistry, for c-Fos also by immunoblotting. We conclude that sorafenib could serve as a potent chemotherapeutical agent by which to inhibit the metastatic progression of osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Walter
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Clinic for Companion Animal Medicine, Unit for Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Mair
- VetOmics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Burger
- VetOmics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Steinborn
- VetOmics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Zhong C, Wang J, Li B, Xiang H, Ultsch M, Coons M, Wong T, Chiang NY, Clark S, Clark R, Quintana L, Gribling P, Suto E, Barck K, Corpuz R, Yao J, Takkar R, Lee WP, Damico-Beyer LA, Carano RD, Adams C, Kelley RF, Wang W, Ferrara N. Development and Preclinical Characterization of a Humanized Antibody Targeting CXCL12. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4433-45. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Li S, Fu J, Ma H, Mapara MY, Lentzsch S. Lenalidomide-induced upregulation of CXCR4 in CD34+ hematopoietic cells, a potential mechanism of decreased hematopoietic progenitor mobilization. Leukemia 2012; 27:1407-11. [PMID: 23138185 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Szpakowska M, Fievez V, Arumugan K, van Nuland N, Schmit JC, Chevigné A. Function, diversity and therapeutic potential of the N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1366-80. [PMID: 22935450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play fundamental roles in many physiological and pathological processes such as leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, cancer and HIV-1 infection. Chemokine-receptor interactions are particularly intricate and therefore require precise orchestration. The flexible N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors has regularly been demonstrated to hold a crucial role in the initial recognition and selective binding of the receptor ligands. The length and the amino acid sequences of the N-termini vary considerably among different receptors but they all show a high content of negatively charged residues and are subject to post-translational modifications such as O-sulfation and N- or O-glycosylation. In addition, a conserved cysteine that is most likely engaged in a receptor-stabilizing disulfide bond delimits two functionally distinct parts in the N-terminus, characterized by specific molecular signatures. Structural analyses have shown that the N-terminus of chemokine receptors recognizes a groove on the chemokine surface and that this interaction is stabilized by high-affinity binding to a conserved sulfotyrosine-binding pocket. Altogether, these data provide new insights on the chemokine-receptor molecular interplay and identify the receptor N-terminus-binding site as a new target for the development of therapeutic molecules. This review presents and discusses the diversity and function of human chemokine receptor N-terminal domains and provides a comprehensive annotated inventory of their sequences, laying special emphasis on the presence of post-translational modifications and functional features. Finally, it identifies new molecular signatures and proposes a computational model for the positioning and the conformation of the CXCR4 N-terminus grafted on the first chemokine receptor X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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24
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Oliver JA, Maarouf O, Cheema FH, Liu C, Zhang QY, Kraus C, Zeeshan Afzal M, Firdous M, Klinakis A, Efstratiadis A, Al-Awqati Q. SDF-1 activates papillary label-retaining cells during kidney repair from injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1362-73. [PMID: 22461304 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00202.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult kidney contains a population of low-cycling cells that resides in the papilla. These cells retain for long periods S-phase markers given as a short pulse early in life; i.e., they are label-retaining cells (LRC). In previous studies in adult rat and mice, we found that shortly after acute kidney injury many of the quiescent papillary LRC started proliferating (Oliver JA, Klinakis A, Cheema FH, Friedlander J, Sampogna RV, Martens TP, Liu C, Efstratiadis A, Al-Awqati Q. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2315-2327, 2009; Oliver JA, Maarouf O, Cheema FH, Martens TP, Al-Awqati Q. J Clin Invest 114: 795-804, 2004) and, with cell-tracking experiments, we found upward migration of some papillary cells including LRC (Oliver JA, Klinakis A, Cheema FH, Friedlander J, Sampogna RV, Martens TP, Liu C, Efstratiadis A, Al-Awqati Q. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2315-2327, 2009). To identify molecular cues involved in the activation (i.e., proliferation and/or migration) of the papillary LRC that follows injury, we isolated these cells from the H2B-GFP mice and found that they migrated and proliferated in response to the cytokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Moreover, in a papillary organ culture assay, the cell growth out of the upper papilla was dependent on the interaction of SDF-1 with its receptor Cxcr4. Interestingly, location of these two proteins in the kidney revealed a complementary location, with SDF-1 being preferentially expressed in the medulla and Cxcr4 more abundant in the papilla. Blockade of Cxcr4 in vivo prevented mobilization of papillary LRC after transient kidney ischemic injury and worsened its functional consequences. The data indicate that the SDF-1/Cxcr4 axis is a critical regulator of papillary LRC activation following transient kidney injury and during organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Oliver
- 1Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Deschamps L, Bacha D, Rebours V, Mebarki M, Bretagnol F, Panis Y, Bedossa P, Ruszniewski P, Couvelard A. The expression of the hypoxia markers CA9 and CXCR4 is correlated with survival in patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the ileum. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:214-22. [PMID: 22133596 DOI: 10.1159/000329873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The hypoxia-inducible factor pathway regulates the expression of a diverse group of molecules such as CA9 and CXCR4. Our aim was to investigate the expression of these markers in a series of patients with an ileal neuroendocrine tumour (IET) at various stages of tumorigenesis. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of CA9 and CXCR4 was examined in 51 patients with a resected IET. A 'hypoxic score' was calculated, integrating the expression of both CA9 and CXCR4 (hypoxic score 0: absence of expression of both molecules; hypoxic score 1: expression of CXCR4 and/or CA9). Results were compared to histoprognostic factors (including tumour size, stage and grade, WHO and TNM classifications, presence of vascular or perineural invasion, presence of a fibrotic stroma and microvascular density) and to survival. RESULTS All tumours were well differentiated. 69% of tumours were less than 25 mm. 46% of tumours largely infiltrated the intestinal wall (≥T3, subserosa and serosa) and 90% were classified as N1 and/or 63% as M1. 57% of tumours were of grade G1, 43% of grade G2. Grade G2 (p=0.004) and larger tumour infiltration (≥T4; p=0.03) correlated with lower survival. Hypoxic score 1 correlated with a greater tumour size (p=0.034), larger tumour infiltration (T3 or T4; p=0.001), grade G2 (p=0.046), presence of lymph node metastasis (p=0.0066) and with lower survival of patients (p=0.03). CONCLUSION The hypoxia-inducible factors CA9 and CXCR4 were found associated to the malignant progression of neuroendocrine tumours of the ileum. Their expression may reflect higher tumour aggressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Deschamps
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CRB3-INSERM U773, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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Bennett LD, Fox JM, Signoret N. Mechanisms regulating chemokine receptor activity. Immunology 2011; 134:246-56. [PMID: 21977995 PMCID: PMC3209565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated movement and controlled positioning of leucocytes is key to the development, maintenance and proper functioning of the immune system. Chemokines and their receptors play an essential role in these events by mediating directed cell migration, often referred to as chemotaxis. The chemotactic property of these molecules is also thought to contribute to an array of pathologies where inappropriate recruitment of specific chemokine receptor-expressing leucocytes is observed, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. As a result, chemokine receptors have become major targets for therapeutic intervention, and during the past 15 years much research has been devoted to understanding the regulation of their biological activity. From these studies, processes which govern the availability of functional chemokine receptors at the cell surface have emerged as playing a central role. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the regulation of chemokine receptor surface expression, from gene transcription and protein degradation to post-translational modifications, multimerization, intracellular transport and cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Bennett
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Conformational HIV-1 envelope on particulate structures: a tool for chemokine coreceptor binding studies. J Transl Med 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 21284899 PMCID: PMC3105500 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein gp120 presents conserved binding sites for binding to the primary virus receptor CD4 as well as the major HIV chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. Concerted efforts are underway to understand the specific interactions between gp120 and coreceptors as well as their contribution to the subsequent membrane fusion process. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on this biological aspect, which represents one of the key and essential points of the HIV-host cell interplay and HIV life cycle. The relevance of conformational HIV-1 Envelope proteins presented on Virus-like Particles for appropriate assessment of this molecular interaction, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab, of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond, G, Pascale, Naples, Italy
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28
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Hutchings CJ, Koglin M, Marshall FH. Therapeutic antibodies directed at G protein-coupled receptors. MAbs 2010; 2:594-606. [PMID: 20864805 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important classes of targets for small molecule drug discovery, but many current GPCRs of interest are proving intractable to small molecule discovery and may be better approached with bio-therapeutics. GPCRs are implicated in a wide variety of diseases where antibody therapeutics are currently used. These include inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease, as well as metabolic disease and cancer. Raising antibodies to GPCRs has been difficult due to problems in obtaining suitable antigen because GPCRs are often expressed at low levels in cells and are very unstable when purified. A number of new developments in over-expressing receptors, as well as formulating stable pure protein, are contributing to the growing interest in targeting GPCRs with antibodies. This review discusses the opportunities for targeting GPCRs with antibodies using these approaches and describes the therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical development.
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29
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Tochikura TS, Motokawa K, Naito Y, Kozutsumi Y, Tanabe-Tochikura A, Hohdatsu T. Differential CXCR4 expression and function in subpopulations of the feline lymphoma cell line 3201 susceptible to feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:269-77. [PMID: 19896878 PMCID: PMC11135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The infection of feline thymic lymphoma 3201 cells with a cell culture-adapted Petaluma strain of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) led to the establishment of survivor cells designated as 3201-S after a productive infection associated with extensive cell killing. 3201-S cells were free of FIV DNA, and were found to express CXCR4, a coreceptor for infection but not CD134, a primary receptor. When 3201-S cells were reinfected with FIV, viral DNA was transiently detectable for 5 days postinfection, indicating that 3201-S cells cannot support the FIV replicative cycle. Furthermore, comparative studies found that in contrast to SDF-1alpha-responsive 3201 cells, 3201-S cells did not show a flux of Ca(2+) in response to SDF-1alpha, implying that CXCR4 is not functionally active on 3201-S cells. These results suggest that 3201 cells can be heterogeneous in the phenotype of the CXCR4 expressed, and this heterogeneity may account for the differences in susceptibility to FIV. Determining the mechanism(s) within 3201-S cells that restrict FIV could result in therapeutic strategies against FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi S Tochikura
- Center for Integrative Education of Pharmacy Frontier, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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30
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Sullivan JS, Selleck PW, Downton T, Boehm I, Axell AM, Ayob Y, Kapitza NM, Dyer W, Fitzgerald A, Walsh B, Lynch GW. Heterosubtypic anti-avian H5N1 influenza antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins from globally separate populations protect against H5N1 infection in cell culture. J Mol Genet Med 2009; 3:217-24. [PMID: 20076794 PMCID: PMC2805843 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With antigenically novel epidemic and pandemic influenza strains persistently on the horizon it is of fundamental importance that we understand whether heterosubtypic antibodies gained from exposures to circulating human influenzas exist and can protect against emerging novel strains. Our studies of IVIG obtained from an infection-naive population (Australian) enabled us to reveal heterosubtypic influenza antibodies that cross react with H5N1. We now expand those findings for an Australian donor population to include IVIG formulations from a variety of northern hemisphere populations. Examination of IVIGs from European and South East-Asian (Malaysian) blood donor populations further reveal heterosubtypic antibodies to H5N1 in humans from different global regions. Importantly these protect against highly pathogenic avian H5N1 infection in vitro, albeit at low titres of inhibition. Although there were qualitative and quantitative differences in binding and protection between globally different formulations, the heterosubtypic antibody activities for the respective IVIGs were in general quite similar. Of particular note because of the relative geographic proximity to the epicentre of H5N1 and the majority of human infections, was the similarity in the antibody binding responses between IVIGs from the Malayan peninsula, Europe and Australia. These findings highlight the value of employing IVIGs for the study of herd immunity, and particularly heterosubtypic antibody responses to viral antigens such as those conserved between circulating human influenzas and emerging influenza strains such as H5N1. They also open a window into a somewhat ill defined arena of antibody immunity, namely heterosubtypic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Sullivan
- Biosafety, Immunobiology, Global Health and Pandemic Infections Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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31
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Carlisle AJ, Lyttle CA, Carlisle RY, Maris JM. CXCR4 expression heterogeneity in neuroblastoma cells due to ligand-independent regulation. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:126. [PMID: 20028517 PMCID: PMC2807429 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR4, the receptor for the chemokine stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), has been shown to mediate many of the processes essential for cancer progression such as tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. To understand the role of CXCR4 in the biology of neuroblastoma, a disease that presents with wide spread metastases in over 50% of patients, we screened ten patient derived-neuroblastoma cell-lines for basal CXCR4 expression and sought to identify characteristics that correlate with tumor cell phenotype. RESULTS All cell lines expressed CXCR4 mRNA at variable levels, that correlated well with three distinct classes of CXCR4 surface expression (low, moderate, or high) as defined by flow cytometry. Analysis of the kinetics of CXCR4 surface expression on moderate and high expressing cell lines showed a time-dependent down-regulation of the receptor that directly correlated with cell confluency, and was independent of SDF1. Cell lysates showed the presence of multiple CXCR4 isoforms with three major species of approximately 87, 67 and 55 kDa associating with high surface expression, and two distinct species of 45 and 38 kDa correlating with low to null surface expression. Western blot analysis of CXCR4 immunoprecipitates showed that the 87 and 67 kDa forms were ubiquitinated, while the others were not. Finally, treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor resulted in down regulation of CXCR4 surface expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that regulation of CXCR4 surface expression in neuroblastoma cells can occur independently of SDF-1 contribution arguing against an autocrine mechanism. Additionally these data suggest that post-translational modifications of CXCR4, in part through direct ubiquitination, can influence trafficking of CXCR4 to the surface of neuroblastoma cells in a ligand-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Carlisle
- Division of Oncology, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC-907A, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA.
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32
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Whole-genome association studies of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: are retroelements involved? Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:148-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wong D, Korz W. Translating an Antagonist of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4: from bench to bedside. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7975-80. [PMID: 19088012 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of current cancer therapies focus on a primary tumor approach. However, it is metastases that cause the majority of cancer deaths. The metastatic process has been shown repeatedly to be greatly influenced by chemokines such as CXCL12 [stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)] and its receptor CXCR4. The activation of this pathway has been reported to modulate cell migration, survival, proliferation, and gene transcription through G proteins, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, arrestin, and Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription. A wide variety of strategies, such as peptides, small molecules, antibodies, and small interfering RNA, have been used to target this pathway. Treatments in combination with current therapies seem to be especially promising in preclinical studies. A few compounds are advancing into early stages of clinical development. In this article, we will review the development of CXCR4 antagonists in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wong
- Chemokine Therapeutics Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Specific interactions between the viral coreceptor CXCR4 and the biguanide-based compound NB325 mediate inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:631-8. [PMID: 19047650 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00866-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies were conducted to better define the mechanism of action of polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide (PEHMB) (designated herein as NB325), which was shown in previous studies to inhibit infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Fluorescence-activated flow cytometric analyses of activated human CD4(+) T lymphocytes exposed to NB325 demonstrated concentration-dependent reductions in CXCR4 epitope recognition in the absence of altered recognition of selected CD4 or CD3 epitopes. NB325 also inhibited chemotaxis of CD4(+) T lymphocytes induced by the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12. However, NB325 did not cause CXCR4 internalization (unlike CXCL12) and did not interfere with CXCL12 binding. Additional flow cytometric analyses using antibodies with distinct specificities for extracellular domains of CXCR4 demonstrated that NB325 specifically interfered with antibody binding to extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). This interaction was confirmed using competitive binding analyses, in which a peptide derived from CXCR4 ECL2 competitively inhibited NB325-mediated reductions in CXCR4 epitope recognition. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the biguanide-based compound NB325 inhibits HIV-1 infection by specifically interacting with the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4.
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35
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Gómez-Icazbalceta G, Huerta L, Soto-Ramirez LE, Larralde C. Extracellular HIV-1 Nef protein modulates lytic activity and proliferation of human CD8+ T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2008; 250:85-90. [PMID: 18358457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of extracellular HIV Nef (exNef) protein on the induction of lytic activity and proliferation of CD8+T lymphocytes from 18 donors was studied. At 10 ng/ml, exNef-induced a 2- to 8-fold enhancement of basal lytic activity in cells from all donors in an allogeneic induction assay, whereas it was ineffective at 100ng/ml. The extent of enhancement was inversely correlated with the basal level of lytic activity without exNef. Only in combination with PHA did both exNef concentrations stimulate proliferation, and in a manner inversely related to the effect of PHA alone. Thus, concentrations of exNef commonly found in sera of HIV-infected patients were found to modulate the induction of lytic activity and proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro, to an extent strongly dependent on the quite variable responsiveness of each donor. These findings point to Nef as a potential agent for modulating CD8+ T cell function in pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gómez-Icazbalceta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, AP 70228, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México.
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36
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Reggeti F, Ackerley C, Bienzle D. CD134 and CXCR4 expression corresponds to feline immunodeficiency virus infection of lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:277-287. [PMID: 18089752 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphotropic lentiviruses feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enter cells by sequential interaction with primary receptors CD134 or CD4, respectively, and subsequently with chemokine receptors. The host-cell range for FIV is broader than that for HIV, but whether this is a function of receptor expression is unknown. Lack of reagents specific to feline molecules has limited detection and analysis of receptors and their interaction with viral components. Here, the expression of CD134 and CXCR4 on feline T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages was examined and the kinetics of FIV replication were assessed. Quantification of CD134 mRNA by real-time PCR indicated expression in all leukocytes, with significantly more transcripts in CD4(+) lymphocytes than in other leukocytes. Antibodies against human CD134 bound inconsistently to feline leukocytes. CXCR4 was detected with antibody clone 12G5 on the surface of monocyte-derived cells only, but gene transcripts were present in all cells, with the highest copy number in lymphocytes. CXCR4 expression decreased and CD134 expression increased with cell activation in lymphocytes. A subtype B biological isolate of FIV infected DCs, macrophages and lymphocytes, with the highest replication in CD4(+) lymphocytes, whilst cloned FIV P14 infected all cells, but replicated less efficiently. Although viral replication was lower in DCs and macrophages than in lymphocytes, DCs expressed specific receptors and were infected productively with FIV, as indicated by viral ultrastructure and DNA detection. These results may implicate altered function of DCs in the induction of specific immunity against FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reggeti
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Ackerley
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - D Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Xu C, Sui J, Tao H, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Human anti-CXCR4 antibodies undergo VH replacement, exhibit functional V-region sulfation, and define CXCR4 antigenic heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:2408-18. [PMID: 17675502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) are essential for many biological processes and various pathological conditions. However, the relationship between CXCR4 antigenic structure and SDF-1-mediated biological responses is poorly understood. In this report, a panel of human anti-CXCR4 Abs were isolated and used to explore CXCR4 antigenic heterogeneity and function. Multiple fixed CXCR4 antigenic isoforms were detected on the surface of hemopoietic cells. Epitope mapping studies demonstrated the complex nature of the surface-exposed CXCR4 epitopes. Ab-mediated inhibition of chemotaxis correlated strongly with binding affinity, epitope recognition, as well as the level of CXCR4 isoform expression. In addition, detailed genetic analyses of these Abs showed evidence of V(H) replacement. Importantly, structural and biochemical studies demonstrated tyrosine sulfation in novel regions of the V genes that contributed bidirectionally to the binding activity of the Abs. These data provide the first evidence that functional tyrosine sulfation occurs in self-reactive Abs and suggest a potential new mechanism that may contribute to the pathogenesis of Ab-mediated autoimmune disease. These Abs also provide valuable tools to explore the selective in vivo targeting of CXCR4 isoforms that may be preferentially expressed in certain disease states and involved in steady-state CXCR4-SDF-1 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Prabakaran P, Dimitrov AS, Fouts TR, Dimitrov DS. Structure and function of the HIV envelope glycoprotein as entry mediator, vaccine immunogen, and target for inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2007; 55:33-97. [PMID: 17586312 PMCID: PMC7111665 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)55002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advances of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) structure as related to the interactions of conserved Env structures with receptor molecules and antibodies with implications for the design of vaccine immunogens and inhibitors. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env binds to cell surface–associated receptor (CD4) and coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) by one of its two non-covalently associated subunits, gp120. The induced conformational changes activate the other subunit (gp41), which causes the fusion of the viral with the plasma cell membranes resulting in the delivery of the viral genome into the cell and the initiation of the infection cycle. As the only HIV protein exposed to the environment, the Env is also a major immunogen to which neutralizing antibodies are directed and a target that is relatively easy to access by inhibitors. A fundamental problem in the development of effective vaccines and inhibitors against HIV is the rapid generation of alterations at high levels of expression during long chronic infection and the resulting significant heterogeneity of the Env. The preservation of the Env function as an entry mediator and limitations on size and expression impose restrictions on its variability and lead to the existence of conserved structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, CCRNP, CCR, NCI-Frederick, NIH Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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39
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Melar M, Ott DE, Hope TJ. Physiological levels of virion-associated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope induce coreceptor-dependent calcium flux. J Virol 2006; 81:1773-85. [PMID: 17121788 PMCID: PMC1797554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01316-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into target cells requires the engagement of receptor and coreceptor by envelope glycoprotein (Env). Coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are chemokine receptors that generate signals manifested as calcium fluxes in response to binding of the appropriate ligand. It has previously been shown that engagement of the coreceptors by HIV Env can also generate Ca(2+) fluxing. Since the sensitivity and therefore the physiological consequence of signaling activation in target cells is not well understood, we addressed it by using a microscopy-based approach to measure Ca(2+) levels in individual CD4(+) T cells in response to low Env concentrations. Monomeric Env subunit gp120 and virion-bound Env were able to activate a signaling cascade that is qualitatively different from the one induced by chemokines. Env-mediated Ca(2+) fluxing was coreceptor mediated, coreceptor specific, and CD4 dependent. Comparison of the observed virion-mediated Ca(2+) fluxing with the exact number of viral particles revealed that the viral threshold necessary for coreceptor activation of signaling in CD4(+) T cells was quite low, as few as two virions. These results indicate that the physiological levels of virion binding can activate signaling in CD4(+) T cells in vivo and therefore might contribute to HIV-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melar
- Northwestern University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward 8-140, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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40
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Kalinkovich A, Tavor S, Avigdor A, Kahn J, Brill A, Petit I, Goichberg P, Tesio M, Netzer N, Naparstek E, Hardan I, Nagler A, Resnick I, Tsimanis A, Lapidot T. Functional CXCR4-Expressing Microparticles and SDF-1 Correlate with Circulating Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11013-20. [PMID: 17108140 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 are implicated in the pathogenesis and prognosis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Cellular microparticles, submicron vesicles shed from the plasma membrane of various cells, are also associated with human pathology. In the present study, we investigated the putative relationships between the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and microparticles in AML. We detected CXCR4-expressing microparticles (CXCR4(+) microparticles) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow plasma samples of normal donors and newly diagnosed adult AML patients. In samples from AML patients, levels of CXCR4(+) microparticles and total SDF-1 were elevated compared with normal individuals. The majority of CXCR4(+) microparticles in AML patients were CD45(+), whereas in normal individuals, they were mostly CD41(+). Importantly, we found a strong correlation between the levels of CXCR4(+) microparticle and WBC count in the peripheral blood and bone marrow plasma obtained from the AML patients. Of interest, levels of functional, noncleaved SDF-1 were reduced in these patients compared with normal individuals and also strongly correlated with the WBC count. Furthermore, our data indicate NH(2)-terminal truncation of the CXCR4 molecule in the microparticles of AML patients. However, such microparticles were capable of transferring the CXCR4 molecule to AML-derived HL-60 cells, enhancing their migration to SDF-1 in vitro and increasing their homing to the bone marrow of irradiated NOD/SCID/beta2m(null) mice. The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reduced these effects. Our findings suggest that functional CXCR4(+) microparticles and SDF-1 are involved in the progression of AML. We propose that their levels are potentially valuable as an additional diagnostic AML variable.
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41
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Busillo JM, Benovic JL. Regulation of CXCR4 signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:952-63. [PMID: 17169327 PMCID: PMC1952230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 belongs to the large superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, and is directly involved in a number of biological processes including organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and immune response. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of CXCR4 in a variety of diseases including HIV, cancer, and WHIM syndrome. Importantly, the involvement of CXCR4 in cancer metastasis and WHIM syndrome appears to be due to dysregulation of the receptor leading to enhanced signaling. Herein we review what is currently known regarding the regulation of CXCR4 and how dysregulation contributes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Busillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Jeffrey L. Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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42
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Segret A, Rücker-Martin C, Pavoine C, Flavigny J, Deroubaix E, Châtel MA, Lombet A, Renaud JF. Structural localization and expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in rat heart and isolated cardiac myocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 55:141-50. [PMID: 17046839 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7050.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 (SDF-1), which binds CXCR4, is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. In heart, this axis seems to play a key role in cardiogenesis and is involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. Rats have three known CXCL12 mRNA isoforms, of which only alpha and gamma are present in the normal heart. However, little is known about CXCL12 protein expression and localization. We investigated the pattern of protein expression and the localization of both CXCR4 and CXCL12 in the heart, using isolated cardiomyocytes and a rat myocardial infarction model. Western blots showed that cardiomyocytes contained a specific 67-kDa CXCR4 isoform and a 12-kDa CXCL12 isoform. Confocal and electron microscopy clearly showed that CXCR4 was present at the plasmalemma and CXCL12 in continuity of the Z-line, in the proximal part of T-tubules. In conclusion, we provide the first description of the expression and fine localization of CXCR4 and CXCL12 proteins in normal rat heart and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may be involved in cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis regulation. Our work and the well-known chemoattraction properties of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis highlight the importance of deciphering the function of this axis in both normal and pathological hearts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/ultrastructure
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segret
- CNRS-UMR 8162, Université Paris XI Sud, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
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43
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Lynch GW, Turville S, Carter B, Sloane AJ, Chan A, Muljadi N, Li S, Low L, Armati P, Raison R, Zoellner H, Williamson P, Cunningham A, Church WB. Marked differences in the structures and protein associations of lymphocyte and monocyte CD4: resolution of a novel CD4 isoform. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:154-65. [PMID: 16519733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures, molecular interactions and functions of CD4 in a subset of T lymphocytes have been well characterized. The CD4 receptors of other cell types have, however, been poorly documented. We have previously shown that lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages differ in their expression of CD4 monomers and dimers. In the present study, we have shown further significant differences. Variability in the blocking of CD4 mAb binding by sulfated polyanions indicated differences in exofacial CD4 structures. In contrast to the well-documented 55 kDa monomers in lymphocytic cells, monocytic cells were found to coexpress two monomer isoforms: the 55 kDa form and a novel 59 kDa species. Experimental uncoupling of CD4 disulfides indicated that the oxidized 55 kDa monomer could be converted to the 59 kDa form. This was achieved by chemical reduction of purified native or recombinant CD4, or in cell transfection experiments by mutation of cysteine to alanine in domain 1 (D1) (Cys16 or Cys84) and in domain 4 (D4) (Cys303 or Cys345). All of these modifications promote CD4 distension on SDS-PAGE analysis and indicate that, when CD4 inter-beta-sheet disulfides in the D1 and D4 Ig folds are disrupted, there is an unravelling of the oxidized form to an extended 59 kDa unfolded state. We hypothesize that this may be a transition-state, structural-intermediate in the formation of disulfide-linked homodimers. Also identified were CD4-tyrosine kinase dissimilarities in which lymphocyte CD4 associated with Lck, but monocyte CD4 associated with HcK. These findings show that there is complex heterogeneity in structures and interactions in the CD4 of T lymphocytes and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry W Lynch
- HIV-Protein Interactions Laboratory, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia.
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Basmaciogullari S, Pacheco B, Bour S, Sodroski J. Specific interaction of CXCR4 with CD4 and CD8alpha: functional analysis of the CD4/CXCR4 interaction in the context of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion. Virology 2006; 353:52-67. [PMID: 16808956 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible interactions between HIV-1 receptor (CD4) and the main coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. We found that CD4 and CXCR4 coexpressed in 293T cells form a complex that can be immunoprecipitated with antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of either protein. Mutagenesis revealed that the CD4/CXCR4 interaction maps to two previously uncharacterized basic motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of CD4. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion was found to be independent of the ability of CD4 and CXCR4 to interact, whether fusion was studied in a virus-cell or a cell-cell model. However, this interaction might explain the adaptation of HIV-1 to CXCR4 as an alternative to CCR5. We found that CXCR4 also interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of CD8alpha in a way that is similar to the CD4/CXCR4 interaction. The CD4/CXCR4 and CD8alpha/CXCR4 interactions may thus be involved in cellular signaling pathways shared by the CD4 and CD8alpha molecules.
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