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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Elguezabal N, Ladero-Auñon I, Royo M, Del Carmen Ferreras M, Benavides J, Pérez V. Early response of monocyte-derived macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats against in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2021; 52:69. [PMID: 33980310 PMCID: PMC8117269 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Vaccination is the most cost-effective control method. However, despite the fact that macrophages are the main target cells for this pathogen, the precise mechanisms behind the response of the macrophage to Map infection and how it is modified by vaccination are yet poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Silirum® vaccination in the early immune response of caprine monocyte-derived macrophages (CaMØs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, cultured in vitro until differentiation to macrophages and infected with Map. After a 24 h incubation, Map viability and DNA were assessed in culture by viable colony count and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, Map phagocytosis and expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6 and MIP-1β were also evaluated through immunofluorescence labelling and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. A significant reduction of Map viability was observed in both supernatants (P < 0.05) and CaMØs (P < 0.001) from the vaccinated group. Similarly, the percentage of infected CaMØs and the number of internalized Map by CaMØs (P < 0.0001) was higher in the vaccinated group. Finally, iNOS (P < 0.01) and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated in CaMØs from vaccinated goats, whereas only MIP-1β was up-regulated in non-vaccinated animals (P < 0.05). These results show that vaccination modifies the immune response of CaMØs, suggesting that the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages against Map is enhanced after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Jose Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE),, Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
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Optimized in vitro isolation of different subpopulation of immune cells from peripheral blood and comparative techniques for generation of monocyte-derived macrophages in small ruminants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110131. [PMID: 33129192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood from healthy sheep (n = 3) and goats (n = 3) were employed to establish an efficient method for simultaneous isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and neutrophils and to standardize protocols for monocyte purification and generation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In both species, a significantly enriched population of PBMCs, with higher purity and number of cells determined by flow cytometry, was achieved when processing through a density gradient a mixture of buffy-coat and red blood cell layer (RBC) in comparison to the use of just the buffy-coat (p < 0.05). Neutrophils could be subsequently isolated from the layer, located underneath PBMCs fraction with significant higher purity rates, higher than 85 % determined by flow cytometry, than those obtained with protocols without density gradients (< 60 %) (p < 0.05). This technique would allow the isolation of both cell populations from the same sample of blood. A pure cell population of monocytes, CD14+ cells, was purified from PBMCs when using immunomagnetic columns, which allow for 17 % (nº monocytes/nº PBMCs) of yield and high percentages of expression of CD14+ (88 %), MHC-II+ (91.5 %) and CD11b+ (94 %) established by flow cytometry. On the other hand, the classical and non-expensive purification of monocytes from PBMCs based on the adherence capacity of the former, allowed significantly lower yield of monocytes (4.6 %), with percentages of surface markers expression that dropped to 35 %, 65 % and 55 %, respectively (p < 0.001), suggesting the isolation of a mixed population of cells. The addition of GM-CSF to the culture, at concentration from 25 to 125 ng/mL, enhanced proportionally the number of MDMs generated compared to the absence of supplementation or the use of autologous serum from 5% to 20 %. However, purification of monocytes through the adherence method achieved higher yields of MDMs than those isolated through immunomagnetic columns in both species (p < 0.001). Under the conditions of this study, the use of centrifugation in density gradients allow for the simultaneous purification of PBMCs and neutrophils, with high purity of both populations, from the same sample of blood. The isolation of monocytes could be subsequently achieved through two different methods, i.e. based on immunomagnetic columns or adherence. The preference between both methods would depend on the necessities of the experiment, the initial sample with high purity of monocytes or a final population of MDMs required.
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Adhikari N. An Overview on Resistivity, Diagnostic Challenges and Zoonotic Significance of: Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a gram-positive, contagious, rod-shaped intracellular pathogen.
Methods:
MAP is the etiologic agent of Johne’s disease in cattle, and has tremendous economic effect in the ruminant industry. Simultaneously, the MAP has also been suspected as a cause of Crohn’s disease in humans.
Results:
There has been a challenge in the diagnosis of MAP due to its long incubation period, unknown pathogenesis & cross-reactivity among its closely related sub-species. The survival of MAP inside the host macrophages & monocytes, is still unclear. Resistivity & survival of MAP in the outside environment is also high.
Conclusion:
Thus, more research about its pathogenesis, control, and potential role as a zoonotic pathogen must be carried out in future.
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Park HS, Back YW, Son YJ, Kim HJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp . paratuberculosis MAP1889c Protein Induces Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Drives Th2-biased Immune Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040944. [PMID: 32290379 PMCID: PMC7226993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of chronic granulomatous bowel disease in animals and is associated with various autoimmune diseases in humans including Crohn’s disease. A good understanding of the host-protective immune response and antibacterial immunity controlled by MAP and its components may contribute to the development of effective control strategies. MAP1889c was identified as a seroreactive antigen in Crohn’s disease patients. In this study, we investigated the immunological function of MAP1889c in dendritic cells (DCs). MAP1889c stimulated DCs to increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class molecules and to secret higher interleukin (IL)-10 and moderate IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-12p70 levels through the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway. MAP1889c-induced DC activation was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cAMPp-response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In particular, the CREB signal was essential for MAP1889c-mediated IL-10 production but not TNF-α and IL-12p70. In addition, MAP1889c-matured DCs induced T cell proliferation and drove the Th2 response. Production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines was suppressed and enhanced respectively by MAP1889c pretreatment in DCs and T cells. Furthermore, treatment of MAP1889c in M. avium-infected macrophages promoted intracellular bacterial growth and IL-10 production. These findings suggest that MAP1889c modulates the host antimycobacterial response and may be a potential virulence factor during MAP infection.
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Karponi G, Kritas S, Petridou E, Papanikolaou E. Efficient Transduction and Expansion of Ovine Macrophages for Gene Therapy Implementations. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020057. [PMID: 29912168 PMCID: PMC6024765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteria provoking zoonotic diseases present intracellular survival and a host cell tropism limited to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Thus, infection is rendered difficult to eradicate, causing chronic inflammatory reactions to the host and widespread prevalence. Although self-inactivating lentiviral vectors have been successfully tested in the clinic against virally-induced human infectious diseases, little is known about the transduction susceptibility of ruminant animal phagocytes that play a critical role in the outbreak of zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis. In view of the development of a lentiviral vector-based platform targeting and inactivating specific genetic features of intracellular bacteria, we have tested the transducibility of ovine macrophages in terms of transgene expression and vector copy number (VCN). We show that ovine macrophages are relatively resistant to transduction even at a high multiplicity of infection with a conventional lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescence protein and that addition of transduction enhancers, such as polybrene, increases transgene expression even after a one-week culture of the transduced cells in vitro. Overall, we demonstrate that ovine macrophages may be efficiently expanded and transduced in culture, thus providing the benchmark for gene therapy applications for zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfalia Karponi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Marino R, Capoferri R, Panelli S, Minozzi G, Strozzi F, Trevisi E, Snel GGM, Ajmone-Marsan P, Williams JL. Johne's disease in cattle: an in vitro model to study early response to infection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using RNA-seq. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:259-271. [PMID: 28988040 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratubercolosis (MAP) which affects ruminants worldwide and has a significant economic impact. MAP has also been associated with human Crohn's disease, although this connection is not well established. MAP is highly adapted for survival within host macrophages and prevents macrophage activation, blocks phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuates presentation of antigens to the immune system. The consequence is a very long silent infection before clinical signs are observed. The present work examined the transcriptome of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with the L1 strain of MAP at 2h, 6h and 24h post infection using RNA-seq. Pathway over-representation analysis of genes differentially expressed between infected vs. control MDM identified that immune related pathways were affected. Genes belonging to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and members of the JAK-STAT pathway, which is involved in the regulation of immune response, were up-regulated. However, in parallel inhibitors of immune functions were activated, including suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), which most likely suppresses IFNγ and the JAK/STAT signaling cascade in infected MDM, which may favour MAP survival. After exposure, macrophages phagocytise pathogens, activate the complement cascade and the adaptive immune system through the antigen presentation process. However, data presented here suggest that genes related to phagocytosis and lysosome function are down regulated in MAP infected MDM. Genes of MHC class II and complement pathway were also down-regulated. This study therefore shows that MAP infection is associated with changes in expression of genes related to the host immune response that may affect its ability to survive and multiply inside the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marino
- CREA Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "Lazzaro Spallanzani", 26027, Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy; Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Rossana Capoferri
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "Lazzaro Spallanzani", 26027, Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy.
| | - Simona Panelli
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | | | | | - Erminio Trevisi
- Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrigenomics and Proteomic Research Center - PRONUTRIGEN, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrigenomics and Proteomic Research Center - PRONUTRIGEN, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - John L Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
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Hussain T, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Sreevatsan S, Zhou X. The role of IL-10 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27905994 PMCID: PMC5131435 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen and is the causative agent of Johne's disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Johne's disease is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to substantial economic losses to the livestock sector across the world. MAP persistently survives in phagocytic cells, most commonly in macrophages by disrupting its early antibacterial activity. MAP triggers several signaling pathways after attachment to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytic cells. MAP adopts a survival strategy to escape the host defence mechanisms via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The signaling mechanism initiated through toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) activates MAPK-p38 results in up-regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and subsequent repression of inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory response of IL-10 is mediated through membrane-bound IL-10 receptors, leading to trans-phosphorylation and activation of Janus Kinase (JAK) family receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (TyKs), that promotes the activation of latent transcription factors, signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). IL-10 is an important inhibitory cytokine playing its role in blocking phagosome maturation and apoptosis. In the current review, we describe the importance of IL-10 in early phases of the MAP infection and regulatory mechanisms of the IL-10 dependent pathways in paratuberculosis. We also highlight the strategies to target IL-10, MAPK and STAT3 in other infections caused by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and key Laboratory of Animal and Zoonosis of Ministry Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Pridans C, Davis GM, Sauter KA, Lisowski ZM, Corripio-Miyar Y, Raper A, Lefevre L, Young R, McCulloch ME, Lillico S, Milne E, Whitelaw B, Hume DA. A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2297-305. [PMID: 27521343 PMCID: PMC5009875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Csf1r in adults is restricted to cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic reporters based upon the Csf1r locus require inclusion of the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element for expression. We have created Csf1r-EGFP transgenic sheep via lentiviral transgenesis of a construct containing elements of the mouse Fms-intronic regulatory element and Csf1r promoter. Committed bone marrow macrophage precursors and blood monocytes express EGFP in these animals. Sheep monocytes were divided into three populations, similar to classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes in humans, based upon CD14 and CD16 expression. All expressed EGFP, with increased levels in the nonclassical subset. Because Csf1r expression coincides with the earliest commitment to the macrophage lineage, Csf1r-EGFP bone marrow provides a tool for studying the earliest events in myelopoiesis using the sheep as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary E McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
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Mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induced apoptosis and necrosis in bovine macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:392-401. [PMID: 23639474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and macrophages is a complex process to maximize the chances of their respective survival. Previous studies have shown that Map induces cell death in macrophages, but the mechanism is not known. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which Map induces cell death in bovine macrophages using the fluorescent and electron microscopic techniques. The macrophages infected with an equal number of Map (i.e., multiplicity of infection, MOI=1) showed no changes of cell death, but those macrophages infected at MOI=10 showed the morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Strikingly, the macrophages infected by Map at MOI=50 showed the changes of apoptosis and necrosis. The Map-induced apoptosis was a caspase-dependent mechanism at MOI=10 while it was caspase- and nitric oxide-independent at MOI=50. The results of the present study suggest that the mitochondrial damage following Map infection initiates the cell death processes in macrophages.
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Lybeck K, Løvoll M, Johansen T, Olsen I, Storset A, Valheim M. Intestinal Strictures, Fibrous Adhesions and High Local Interleukin-10 Levels in Goats Infected Naturally with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. J Comp Pathol 2013; 148:157-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Dobson B, Liggett S, O'Brien R, Griffin JFT. Innate immune markers that distinguish red deer (Cervus elaphus) selected for resistant or susceptible genotypes for Johne's disease. Vet Res 2013; 44:5. [PMID: 23347398 PMCID: PMC3574005 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While many factors contribute to resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease, a major component is the genotype of the host and the way in which it is expressed. Johne’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting ruminants and is caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). We have previously identified red deer breeds (Cervus elaphus) that are resistant; have a low rate of MAP infection and do not progress to develop Johne’s disease. In contrast, susceptible breeds have a high rate of MAP infection as seen by seroconversion and progress to develop clinical Johne’s disease. The aim of this study was to determine if immunological differences exist between animals of resistant or susceptible breeds. Macrophage cultures were derived from the monocytes of deer genotypically defined as resistant or susceptible to the development of Johne’s disease. Following in vitro infection of the cells with MAP, the expression of candidate genes was assessed by quantitative PCR as well as infection rate and cell death rate. The results indicate that macrophages from susceptible animals show a significantly higher upregulation of inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1α, TNF-α and IL-23p19) than the macrophages from resistant animals. Cells from resistant animals had a higher rate of apoptosis at 24 hours post infection (hpi) compared to macrophages from susceptible animals. The excessive expression of inflammatory mRNA transcripts in susceptible animals could cause inefficient clearing of the mycobacterial organism and the establishment of disease. Controlled upregulation of inflammatory pathways coupled with programmed cell death in the macrophages of resistant animals may predispose the host to a protective immune response against this mycobacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dobson
- Disease Research Laboratory, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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12
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Rani PS, Tulsian NK, Sechi LA, Ahmed N. In vitro cytokine profiles and viability of different human cells treated with whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:10. [PMID: 23006537 PMCID: PMC3495707 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a zoonotic pathogen, a very slow growing bacterium which is difficult to isolate and passage in conventional laboratory culture. Although its association with Johne's disease or paratuberculosis of cattle is well established, it has been only putatively linked to Crohn's disease in humans. Further, MAP has been recently suggested to be a trigger for other autoimmune diseases such as type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recently, some studies have indicated that exposure to MAP is associated with elevated levels of antibodies against MAP lysate although the exact mechanism and significance of the same remains unclear. Further, the cytokine profiles relevant in MAP associated diseases of humans and their exact role in the pathophysiology are not clearly known. We performed in vitro cytokine analyses after exposing different cultured human cells to the whole cell lysate of MAP and found that MAP lysate induces secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Also, it induces secretion of IL-8 by cultured human stomach adenocarcinoma cells (AGS) and PANC-1(human pancreatic carcinoma cell line) cells. We also found that MAP lysate induced cytotoxicity in PANC-1cells. Collectively, these results provide a much needed base-line data set of cytokines broadly signifying a MAP induced cellular response by human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pittu Sandhya Rani
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nikhil Kumar Tulsian
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Khare S, Lawhon SD, Drake KL, Nunes JES, Figueiredo JF, Rossetti CA, Gull T, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Adams LG. Systems biology analysis of gene expression during in vivo Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis enteric colonization reveals role for immune tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42127. [PMID: 22912686 PMCID: PMC3422314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the intestinal mucosa is associated with host immune tolerance. However, the initial events during MAP interaction with its host that lead to pathogen survival, granulomatous inflammation, and clinical disease progression are poorly defined. We hypothesize that immune tolerance is initiated upon initial contact of MAP with the intestinal Peyer's patch. To test our hypothesis, ligated ileal loops in neonatal calves were infected with MAP. Intestinal tissue RNAs were collected (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hrs post-infection), processed, and hybridized to bovine gene expression microarrays. By comparing the gene transcription responses of calves infected with the MAP, informative complex patterns of expression were clearly visible. To interpret these complex data, changes in the gene expression were further analyzed by dynamic Bayesian analysis, and genes were grouped into the specific pathways and gene ontology categories to create a holistic model. This model revealed three different phases of responses: i) early (30 min and 1 hr post-infection), ii) intermediate (2, 4 and 8 hrs post-infection), and iii) late (12 hrs post-infection). We describe here the data that include expression profiles for perturbed pathways, as well as, mechanistic genes (genes predicted to have regulatory influence) that are associated with immune tolerance. In the Early Phase of MAP infection, multiple pathways were initiated in response to MAP invasion via receptor mediated endocytosis and changes in intestinal permeability. During the Intermediate Phase, perturbed pathways involved the inflammatory responses, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cell-cell signaling. During the Late Phase of infection, gene responses associated with immune tolerance were initiated at the level of T-cell signaling. Our study provides evidence that MAP infection resulted in differentially regulated genes, perturbed pathways and specifically modified mechanistic genes contributing to the colonization of Peyer's patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Drake
- Seralogix, Limited Liability Company, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josely F. Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cristi L. Galindo
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harold R. Garner
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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The interleukin 10 response in ovine Johne's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Haçariz O, Sayers G, Flynn RJ, Lejeune A, Mulcahy G. IL-10 and TGF-beta1 are associated with variations in fluke burdens following experimental fasciolosis in sheep. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:613-22. [PMID: 19751473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Fasciola hepatica causes an economically important disease in ruminants. Variability in parasite load may indicate innate differences in the host immune system. This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms that are associated with variability in parasite burden following experimental F. hepatica infection in cross-bred sheep. Of a total of 16 animals, four were randomly chosen as uninfected controls, and the remainder infected with 100 viable metacercariae. Uninfected animals were used as the control group for evaluation of cytokine gene expression levels. For comparative analysis, specific animals were selected on the basis of extremes of fluke burdens, and were categorised into light (n = 4) and heavy burdened (n = 3) cohorts. Serum antibody levels, haematological parameters, and expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma genes in hepatic lymph nodes were equivalent in both groups. However, significant differences in mitogen-specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 genes in hepatic lymph nodes were observed at acute and chronic phases of infection, respectively. These results provide useful information in developing further understanding of natural resistance to fasciolosis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Haçariz
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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