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Ullrich L, Lueder Y, Juergens AL, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Bubke A, Demera A, Ikuta K, Patzer GE, Janssen A, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Rampoldi F. IL-4-Producing Vγ1 +/Vδ6 + γδ T Cells Sustain Germinal Center Reactions in Peyer's Patches of Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729607. [PMID: 34804014 PMCID: PMC8600568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. Germinal centers (GCs) in the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine are constantly generated through stimulation of the microbiota. In this study, we investigated the role of γδ T cells in the GC reactions in PPs. Most γδ T cells in PPs localized in the GCs and expressed a TCR composed of Vγ1 and Vδ6 chains. By using mice with partial and total γδ T cell deficiencies, we found that Vγ1+/Vδ6+ T cells can produce high amounts of IL-4, which drives the proliferation of GC B cells as well as the switch of GC B cells towards IgA. Therefore, we conclude that γδ T cells play a role in sustaining gut homeostasis and symbiosis via supporting the GC reactions in PPs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/microbiology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice, Knockout
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Ullrich
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdi Demera
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Lin S, Mukherjee S, Li J, Hou W, Pan C, Liu J. Mucosal immunity-mediated modulation of the gut microbiome by oral delivery of probiotics into Peyer's patches. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/20/eabf0677. [PMID: 33980483 PMCID: PMC8115924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods capable of maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis to prevent bacterial translocation and infection under external threats are critical for multiple facets of human health but have been rarely reported. Here, we describe the elicitation of mucosal immunity to modulate the gut microbiota by oral delivery of living probiotics into Peyer's patches. Probiotics are individually camouflaged within a yeast membrane, on which the embedded β-glucan can facilitate the phagocytosis of microfold cells that locate in the intestinal epithelium. The delivery of probiotics into lymphoid follicles after oral ingestion promotes robust mucosal immune responses and notably upgrades the production of secretory immunoglobulin A. The provoked immunity positively regulates the gut microflora, which, in turn, retains gut homeostasis and provides defense against environmental attacks. In two murine models of gut barrier impairment, oral administration with camouflaged probiotics effectively prevents the breakdown of intestinal barrier and evidences limited bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Subhajit Mukherjee
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiliang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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3
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Prados A, Onder L, Cheng HW, Mörbe U, Lütge M, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Koliaraki V, Ludewig B, Kollias G. Fibroblastic reticular cell lineage convergence in Peyer's patches governs intestinal immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:510-519. [PMID: 33707780 PMCID: PMC7610542 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) determine the organization of lymphoid organs and control immune cell interactions. While the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying FRC differentiation in lymph nodes and the splenic white pulp have been elaborated to some extent, in Peyer's patches (PPs) they remain elusive. Using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics and cell fate mapping in advanced mouse models, we found that PP formation in the mouse embryo is initiated by an expansion of perivascular FRC precursors, followed by FRC differentiation from subepithelial progenitors. Single-cell transcriptomics and cell fate mapping confirmed the convergence of perivascular and subepithelial FRC lineages. Furthermore, lineage-specific loss- and gain-of-function approaches revealed that the two FRC lineages synergistically direct PP organization, maintain intestinal microbiome homeostasis and control anticoronavirus immune responses in the gut. Collectively, this study reveals a distinct mosaic patterning program that generates key stromal cell infrastructures for the control of intestinal immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/virology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/virology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Peyer's Patches/virology
- Phenotype
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prados
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mechthild Lütge
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Chen Q, Ren R, Zhang Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Xue M, Yin D, Yang Y. Coptis chinensis Franch polysaccharides provide a dynamically regulation on intestinal microenvironment, based on the intestinal flora and mucosal immunity. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113542. [PMID: 33152428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Coptis chinensis Franch is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbs in China and was firstly recorded in "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" in the Han Dynasty. The medical records in past thousands years have fully confirmed the clinical efficacies of Coptis chinensis Franch against intestinal diseases. The polysaccharides in herbal medicines can be digested by the flora and uptaken by the Peyer's patches (PPs) in intestine. It can be reasonably presumed that the polysaccharides in Coptis chinensis Franch (CCP) should be one of the critical element in the regulation of intestinal microenvironment. AIM OF THE STUDY This study intended to explore the dynamic regulation of CCP on intestinal microenvironment from the perspective of the intestinal mucosal immunity and the intestinal flora, in order to provide a new research perspective for the pharmacological mechanism of Coptis chinensis Franch. MATERIALS AND METHODS The absorption and distribution of CCP in intestinal tissues were observed after the perfusion of FITC labeled CCP. The influences of CCP on intestinal flora were evaluated by the 16sRNA gene illumina-miseq sequencing after gavage. The regulations of CCP on intestinal mucosal immunity were evaluated by the immunohistochemical analysis of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion in PPs and intestinal epithelial tissue. RESULTS With the self-aggregation into particles morphology, CCP can be up-taken by PPs and promote the IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β secretion in PPs in a dose-dependent manner. The CCP can also be utilized by the intestinal flora and dynamically regulate the diversity, composition and distribution of the intestinal flora. The temporal regulations of CCP on IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β secretions in intestinal epithelial tissues are consistent with the variation tendency of intestinal flora. CONCLUSION CCP can provide effective, dynamical and dose-dependent regulations on intestinal microenvironment, not only the intestinal flora but also the PPs and intestinal epithelium related immune response. These may be involved in the multiple biological activities of Coptis chinensis Franch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Mingsong Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
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5
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Martínez-López M, Iborra S, Conde-Garrosa R, Mastrangelo A, Danne C, Mann ER, Reid DM, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Chaparro M, Lorenzo MP, Minnerup L, Saz-Leal P, Slack E, Kemp B, Gisbert JP, Dzionek A, Robinson MJ, Rupérez FJ, Cerf-Bensussan N, Brown GD, Bernardo D, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Sancho D. Microbiota Sensing by Mincle-Syk Axis in Dendritic Cells Regulates Interleukin-17 and -22 Production and Promotes Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Immunity 2019; 50:446-461.e9. [PMID: 30709742 PMCID: PMC6382412 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22 by T helper 17 (Th17) cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in response to the gut microbiota ensures maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Here, we examined the mechanisms whereby the immune system detects microbiota in the steady state. A Syk-kinase-coupled signaling pathway in dendritic cells (DCs) was critical for commensal-dependent production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD4+ T cells. The Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptor Mincle detected mucosal-resident commensals in the Peyer's patches (PPs), triggered IL-6 and IL-23p19 expression, and thereby regulated function of intestinal Th17- and IL-17-secreting ILCs. Mice deficient in Mincle or with selective depletion of Syk in CD11c+ cells had impaired production of intestinal RegIIIγ and IgA and increased systemic translocation of gut microbiota. Consequently, Mincle deficiency led to liver inflammation and deregulated lipid metabolism. Thus, sensing of commensals by Mincle and Syk signaling in CD11c+ cells reinforces intestinal immune barrier and promotes host-microbiota mutualism, preventing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruth Conde-Garrosa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Annalaura Mastrangelo
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Camille Danne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Delyth M Reid
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau
- INRA Micalis Institut, UMR1319, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Maria Chaparro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Diego de León 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - María P Lorenzo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, km 0, M501, Alcorcón 28925, Spain
| | | | - Paula Saz-Leal
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Diego de León 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J Rupérez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, km 0, M501, Alcorcón 28925, Spain
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David Bernardo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Diego de León 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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6
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Abstract
A detailed knowledge about virulence-relevant genes, as well as where and when they are expressed during the course of an infection is required to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the complex host-pathogen interactions. The development of unbiased probe-independent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approaches has dramatically changed transcriptomics. It allows simultaneous monitoring of genome-wide, infection-linked transcriptional alterations of the host tissue and colonizing pathogens. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation and analysis of lymphatic tissue infected with the mainly extracellularly growing pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. This method can be used as a powerful tool for the discovery of Yersinia-induced host responses, colonization and persistence strategies of the pathogen, and underlying regulatory processes. Furthermore, we describe computational methods with which we analyzed obtained datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kusmierek
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aaron M Nuss
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Stojanovska V, McQuade RM, Fraser S, Prakash M, Gondalia S, Stavely R, Palombo E, Apostolopoulos V, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Oxaliplatin-induced changes in microbiota, TLR4+ cells and enhanced HMGB1 expression in the murine colon. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198359. [PMID: 29894476 PMCID: PMC5997344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic used for cancer treatment. Its use associates with peripheral neuropathies and chronic gastrointestinal side-effects. Oxaliplatin induces immunogenic cell death by provoking the presentation of damage associated molecular patterns. The damage associated molecular patterns high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein exerts pro-inflammatory cytokine-like activity and binds to toll-like receptors (namely TLR4). Gastrointestinal microbiota may influence chemotherapeutic efficacy and contribute to local and systemic inflammation. We studied effects of oxaliplatin treatment on 1) TLR4 and high-mobility group box 1 expression within the colon; 2) gastrointestinal microbiota composition; 3) inflammation within the colon; 4) changes in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes immune populations in mice. TLR4+ cells displayed pseudopodia-like extensions characteristic of antigen sampling co-localised with high-mobility group box 1 -overexpressing cells in the colonic lamina propria from oxaliplatin-treated animals. Oxaliplatin treatment caused significant reduction in Parabacteroides and Prevotella1, but increase in Prevotella2 and Odoribacter bacteria at the genus level. Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colon samples, a reduction in macrophages and dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes were found after oxaliplatin treatment. In conclusion, oxaliplatin treatment caused morphological changes in TLR4+ cells, increase in gram-negative microbiota and enhanced HMGB1 expression associated with immunosuppression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M. McQuade
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Fraser
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Prakash
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shakuntla Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Rouch JD, Scott A, Lei NY, Solorzano-Vargas RS, Wang J, Hanson EM, Kobayashi M, Lewis M, Stelzner MG, Dunn JCY, Eckmann L, Martín MG. Development of Functional Microfold (M) Cells from Intestinal Stem Cells in Primary Human Enteroids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148216. [PMID: 26820624 PMCID: PMC4731053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Intestinal microfold (M) cells are specialized epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of luminal antigens in the intestinal tract. They play a critical role in the intestinal mucosal immune response through transport of viruses, bacteria and other particles and antigens across the epithelium to immune cells within Peyer’s patch regions and other mucosal sites. Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that M cells are generated from Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and that infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium increases M cell formation. However, it is not known whether and how these findings apply to primary human small intestinal epithelium propagated in an in vitro setting. Methods Human intestinal crypts were grown as monolayers with growth factors and treated with recombinant RANKL, and assessed for mRNA transcripts, immunofluorescence and uptake of microparticles and S. Typhimurium. Results Functional M cells were generated by short-term culture of freshly isolated human intestinal crypts in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. RANKL stimulation of the monolayer cultures caused dramatic induction of the M cell-specific markers, SPIB, and Glycoprotein-2 (GP2) in a process primed by canonical WNT signaling. Confocal microscopy demonstrated a pseudopod phenotype of GP2-positive M cells that preferentially take up microparticles. Furthermore, infection of the M cell-enriched cultures with the M cell-tropic enteric pathogen, S. Typhimurium, led to preferential association of the bacteria with M cells, particularly at lower inoculum sizes. Larger inocula caused rapid induction of M cells. Conclusions Human intestinal crypts containing ISCs can be cultured and differentiate into an epithelial layer with functional M cells with characteristic morphological and functional properties. This study is the first to demonstrate that M cells can be induced to form from primary human intestinal epithelium, and that S. Typhimurium preferentially infect these cells in an in vitro setting. We anticipate that this model can be used to generate large numbers of M cells for further functional studies of these key cells of intestinal immune induction and their impact on controlling enteric pathogens and the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Rouch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nan Ye Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - R. Sergio Solorzano-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Masae Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias G. Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martín G. Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Miller HK, Kwuan L, Schwiesow L, Bernick DL, Mettert E, Ramirez HA, Ragle JM, Chan PP, Kiley PJ, Lowe TM, Auerbuch V. IscR is essential for yersinia pseudotuberculosis type III secretion and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004194. [PMID: 24945271 PMCID: PMC4055776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are essential for virulence in dozens of pathogens, but are not required for growth outside the host. Therefore, the T3SS of many bacterial species are under tight regulatory control. To increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind T3SS regulation, we performed a transposon screen to identify genes important for T3SS function in the food-borne pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We identified two unique transposon insertions in YPTB2860, a gene that displays 79% identity with the E. coliiron-sulfur cluster regulator, IscR. A Y. pseudotuberculosis iscR in-frame deletion mutant (ΔiscR) was deficient in secretion of Ysc T3SS effector proteins and in targeting macrophages through the T3SS. To determine the mechanism behind IscR control of the Ysc T3SS, we carried out transcriptome and bioinformatic analysis to identify Y. pseudotuberculosis genes regulated by IscR. We discovered a putative IscR binding motif upstream of the Y. pseudotuberculosis yscW-lcrF operon. As LcrF controls transcription of a number of critical T3SS genes in Yersinia, we hypothesized that Yersinia IscR may control the Ysc T3SS through LcrF. Indeed, purified IscR bound to the identified yscW-lcrF promoter motif and mRNA levels of lcrF and 24 other T3SS genes were reduced in Y. pseudotuberculosis in the absence of IscR. Importantly, mice orally infected with the Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔiscR mutant displayed decreased bacterial burden in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens, and livers, indicating an essential role for IscR in Y. pseudotuberculosis virulence. This study presents the first characterization of Yersinia IscR and provides evidence that IscR is critical for virulence and type III secretion through direct regulation of the T3SS master regulator, LcrF. Bacterial pathogens use regulators that sense environmental cues to enhance their fitness. Here, we identify a transcriptional regulator in the human gut pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which controls a specialized secretion system essential for bacterial growth in mammalian tissues. This regulator was shown in other bacterial species to alter its activity in response to changes in iron concentration and oxidative stress, but has never been studied in Yersinia. Importantly, Y. pseudotuberculosis experiences large changes in iron bioavailability upon transit from the gut to deeper tissues and iron is a critical component in Yersinia virulence, as individuals with iron overload disorders have enhanced susceptibility to systemic Yersinia infections. Our work places this iron-modulated transcriptional regulator within the regulatory network that controls virulence gene expression in Y. pseudotuberculosis, identifying it as a potential new target for antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie K. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Kwuan
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Leah Schwiesow
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Bernick
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Mettert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hector A. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - James M. Ragle
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia P. Chan
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Kiley
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Lowe
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Rossetti CA, Drake KL, Siddavatam P, Lawhon SD, Nunes JES, Gull T, Khare S, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Adams LG. Systems biology analysis of Brucella infected Peyer's patch reveals rapid invasion with modest transient perturbations of the host transcriptome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81719. [PMID: 24349118 PMCID: PMC3857238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis causes the most severe and acute symptoms of all Brucella species in human beings and infects hosts primarily through the oral route. The epithelium covering domed villi of jejunal-ileal Peyer's patches is an important site of entry for several pathogens, including Brucella. Here, we use the calf ligated ileal loop model to study temporal in vivo Brucella-infected host molecular and morphological responses. Our results document Brucella bacteremia occurring within 30 min after intraluminal inoculation of the ileum without histopathologic traces of lesions. Based on a system biology Dynamic Bayesian Network modeling approach (DBN) of microarray data, a very early transient perturbation of the host enteric transcriptome was associated with the initial host response to Brucella contact that is rapidly averted allowing invasion and dissemination. A detailed analysis revealed active expression of Syndecan 2, Integrin alpha L and Integrin beta 2 genes, which may favor initial Brucella adhesion. Also, two intestinal barrier-related pathways (Tight Junction and Trefoil Factors Initiated Mucosal Healing) were significantly repressed in the early stage of infection, suggesting subversion of mucosal epithelial barrier function to facilitate Brucella transepithelial migration. Simultaneously, the strong activation of the innate immune response pathways would suggest that the host mounts an appropriate protective immune response; however, the expression of the two key genes that encode innate immunity anti-Brucella cytokines such as TNF-α and IL12p40 were not significantly changed throughout the study. Furthermore, the defective expression of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling pathways may partially explain the lack of proinflammatory cytokine production and consequently the absence of morphologically detectable inflammation at the site of infection. Cumulatively, our results indicate that the in vivo pathogenesis of the early infectious process of Brucella is primarily accomplished by compromising the mucosal immune barrier and subverting critical immune response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Drake
- Seralogix, Limited Liability Corporation, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prasad Siddavatam
- Seralogix, Limited Liability Corporation, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Konieczna P, Ferstl R, Ziegler M, Frei R, Nehrbass D, Lauener RP, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L. Immunomodulation by Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in the murine lamina propria requires retinoic acid-dependent and independent mechanisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62617. [PMID: 23704880 PMCID: PMC3660574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate dendritic cell processing of the microbiota promotes intestinal homeostasis and protects against aberrant inflammatory responses. Mucosal CD103+ dendritic cells are able to produce retinoic acid from retinal, however their role in vivo and how they are influenced by specific microbial species has been poorly described. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 (B. infantis) feeding to mice resulted in increased numbers of CD103+retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH)+ dendritic cells within the lamina propria (LP). Foxp3+ lymphocytes were also increased in the LP, while TH1 and TH17 subsets were decreased. 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) treatment of mice blocked the increase in CD103+RALDH+ dendritic cells and the decrease in TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes, but not the increase in Foxp3+ lymphocytes. B. infantis reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis, associated with decreased TH1 and TH17 cells within the LP. Citral treatment confirmed that these effects were RALDH mediated. RALDH+ dendritic cells decreased within the LP of control inflamed animals, while RALDH+ dendritic cells numbers were maintained in the LP of B. infantis-fed mice. Thus, CD103+RALDH+ LP dendritic cells are important cellular targets for microbiota-associated effects on mucosal immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Konieczna
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Ferstl
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Ziegler
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Remo Frei
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Nehrbass
- AO Research Institute Davos (ARI), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Roger P. Lauener
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
- Hochgebirgsklinik Davos-Wolfgang, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Khare S, Lawhon SD, Drake KL, Nunes JES, Figueiredo JF, Rossetti CA, Gull T, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Adams LG. Systems biology analysis of gene expression during in vivo Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis enteric colonization reveals role for immune tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42127. [PMID: 22912686 PMCID: PMC3422314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the intestinal mucosa is associated with host immune tolerance. However, the initial events during MAP interaction with its host that lead to pathogen survival, granulomatous inflammation, and clinical disease progression are poorly defined. We hypothesize that immune tolerance is initiated upon initial contact of MAP with the intestinal Peyer's patch. To test our hypothesis, ligated ileal loops in neonatal calves were infected with MAP. Intestinal tissue RNAs were collected (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hrs post-infection), processed, and hybridized to bovine gene expression microarrays. By comparing the gene transcription responses of calves infected with the MAP, informative complex patterns of expression were clearly visible. To interpret these complex data, changes in the gene expression were further analyzed by dynamic Bayesian analysis, and genes were grouped into the specific pathways and gene ontology categories to create a holistic model. This model revealed three different phases of responses: i) early (30 min and 1 hr post-infection), ii) intermediate (2, 4 and 8 hrs post-infection), and iii) late (12 hrs post-infection). We describe here the data that include expression profiles for perturbed pathways, as well as, mechanistic genes (genes predicted to have regulatory influence) that are associated with immune tolerance. In the Early Phase of MAP infection, multiple pathways were initiated in response to MAP invasion via receptor mediated endocytosis and changes in intestinal permeability. During the Intermediate Phase, perturbed pathways involved the inflammatory responses, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cell-cell signaling. During the Late Phase of infection, gene responses associated with immune tolerance were initiated at the level of T-cell signaling. Our study provides evidence that MAP infection resulted in differentially regulated genes, perturbed pathways and specifically modified mechanistic genes contributing to the colonization of Peyer's patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Drake
- Seralogix, Limited Liability Company, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josely F. Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cristi L. Galindo
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harold R. Garner
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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13
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Roberts CL, Keita ÅV, Parsons BN, Prorok-Hamon M, Knight P, Winstanley C, O′Kennedy N, Söderholm JD, Rhodes JM, Campbell BJ. Soluble plantain fibre blocks adhesion and M-cell translocation of intestinal pathogens. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:97-103. [PMID: 22818716 PMCID: PMC3520008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibres may have prebiotic effects mediated by promotion of beneficial bacteria. This study explores the possibility that soluble plant fibre may also improve health by inhibiting epithelial adhesion and translocation by pathogenic bacteria. We have focussed on soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) from plantain bananas (Musa spp.) which previous studies showed to be particularly effective at blocking Escherichia coli epithelial adherence. In vitro and ex vivo studies assessed the ability of plantain NSP to inhibit epithelial cell adhesion and invasion of various bacterial pathogens, and to inhibit their translocation through microfold (M)-cells and human Peyer′s patches mounted in Ussing chambers. Plantain NSP showed dose-related inhibition of epithelial adhesion and M-cell translocation by a range of pathogens. At 5 mg/ml, a concentration readily achievable in the gut lumen, plantain NSP inhibited adhesion to Caco2 cells by Salmonella Typhimurium (85.0±8.2%, P<.01), Shigella sonnei (46.6±29.3%, P<.01), enterotoxigenic E.coli (56.1±23.7%, P<.05) and Clostridium difficile (67.6±12.3%, P<.001), but did not inhibit adhesion by enteropathogenic E.coli. Plantain NSP also inhibited invasion of Caco2 cells by S. Typhimurium (80.2 ± 9.7%) and Sh. sonnei (46.7±13.4%); P<.01. Plantain NSP, 5 mg/ml, also inhibited translocation of S. Typhimurium and Sh. sonnei across M-cells by 73.3±5.2% and 46.4±7.7% respectively (P<.05). Similarly, S. Typhimurium translocation across Peyer′s patches was reduced 65.9±8.1% by plantain NSP (P<.01). Soluble plantain fibre can block epithelial adhesion and M-cell translocation of intestinal pathogens. This represents an important novel mechanism by which soluble dietary fibres can promote intestinal health and prevent infective diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Roberts
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bryony N. Parsons
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Maelle Prorok-Hamon
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Knight
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Winstanley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Niamh O′Kennedy
- Provexis Plc, c/o Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, AB21 9S, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Rhodes
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
- Corresponding author. Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK. Tel.: + 44 0 151 794 6829; fax: + 44 0 151 794 6825.
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14
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Willer Y, Müller B, Bumann D. Intestinal inflammation responds to microbial tissue load independent of pathogen/non-pathogen discrimination. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35992. [PMID: 22586458 PMCID: PMC3346762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system mounts inflammatory responses to pathogens but tolerates harmless commensal microbiota. Various mechanisms for pathogen/non-pathogen discrimination have been proposed but their general relevance for inflammation control is unclear. Here, we compared intestinal responses to pathogenic Salmonella and non-pathogenic E. coli. Both microbes entered intestinal Peyer’s patches and, surprisingly, induced qualitatively and quantitatively similar initial inflammatory responses revealing a striking discrimination failure. Diverging inflammatory responses only occurred when Salmonella subsequently proliferated and induced escalating neutrophil infiltration, while harmless E. coli was rapidly cleared from the tissue and inflammation resolved. Transient intestinal inflammation induced by harmless E. coli tolerized against subsequent exposure thereby preventing chronic inflammation during repeated exposure. These data revealed a striking failure of the intestinal immune system to discriminate pathogens from harmless microbes based on distinct molecular signatures. Instead, appropriate intestinal responses to gut microbiota might be ensured by immediate inflammatory responses to any rise in microbial tissue loads, and desensitization after bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Willer
- Junior Group Mucosal Infections, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatrice Müller
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Junior Group Mucosal Infections, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Sauvanet P, Denizot J, Blanquet-Diot S, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Pradel N, Livrelli V. Interactions with M cells and macrophages as key steps in the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23594. [PMID: 21858177 PMCID: PMC3157389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are food-borne pathogens that can cause serious infections ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Translocation of Shiga-toxins (Stx) from the gut lumen to underlying tissues is a decisive step in the development of the infection, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Many bacterial pathogens target the follicle-associated epithelium, which overlies Peyer's patches (PPs), cross the intestinal barrier through M cells and are captured by mucosal macrophages. Here, translocation across M cells, as well as survival and proliferation of EHEC strains within THP-1 macrophages were investigated using EHEC O157:H7 reference strains, isogenic mutants, and 15 EHEC strains isolated from HC/HUS patients. We showed for the first time that E. coli O157:H7 strains are able to interact in vivo with murine PPs, to translocate ex vivo through murine ileal mucosa with PPs and across an in vitro human M cell model. EHEC strains are also able to survive and to produce Stx in macrophages, which induce cell apoptosis and Stx release. In conclusion, our results suggest that the uptake of EHEC by M cells and underlying macrophages in the PP may be a critical step in Stx translocation and release in vivo. A new model for EHEC infection in humans is proposed that could help in a fuller understanding of EHEC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, ERT 18, Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Sauvanet
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont Ferrand, Pôle des Pathologies Digestives, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Denizot
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, ERT 18, Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, JE 2526 Evolution des bactéries pathogènes et susceptibilité génétique de l'hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Sous Contrat USC-2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Bactériologie Mycologie Parasitologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Salim SY, Silva MA, Keita AV, Larsson M, Andersson P, Magnusson KE, Perdue MH, Söderholm JD. CD83+CCR7- dendritic cells accumulate in the subepithelial dome and internalize translocated Escherichia coli HB101 in the Peyer's patches of ileal Crohn's disease. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:82-90. [PMID: 19095953 PMCID: PMC2631321 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent Crohn's disease originates with small erosions in the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the Peyer's patches. Animal studies have illustrated mucosal immune regulation by dendritic cells located in the subepithelial dome. The aim of this study was to characterize the dendritic cells at this specific site in patients with Crohn's disease. Ileal tissues were obtained after surgery performed on Crohn's patients; ileal samples from noninflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis served as standard and inflammatory controls, respectively. Flow cytometry of isolated intestinal mononuclear cells showed a larger subset of dendritic cells in Crohn's samples compared with controls. This finding was corroborated by confocal microscopy, showing enhanced infiltrates of cells positive for the dendritic cell markers, DC-SIGN(+) and CD83(+), in the subepithelial dome. Moreover, the CD83(+) cells in Crohn's tissues showed reduced expression of the lymph node migratory receptor, CCR7, possibly contributing to the high numbers of dendritic cells. After exposure to nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in Ussing chambers, dendritic cells in the subepithelial dome of Crohn's disease demonstrated increased co-localization with translocated bacteria. Immunohistochemical results revealed that DC-SIGN(+) cells in Crohn's tissues were found to express toll-like receptor 4 and produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In conclusion, nonmigrating dendritic cells that accumulate in the subepithelial dome and internalize nonpathogenic bacteria may be important for the onset and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ad Y Salim
- Divisions of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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Salcedo SP, Marchesini MI, Lelouard H, Fugier E, Jolly G, Balor S, Muller A, Lapaque N, Demaria O, Alexopoulou L, Comerci DJ, Ugalde RA, Pierre P, Gorvel JP. Brucella control of dendritic cell maturation is dependent on the TIR-containing protein Btp1. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e21. [PMID: 18266466 PMCID: PMC2233671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular pathogen able to persist for long periods of time within the host and establish a chronic disease. We show that soon after Brucella inoculation in intestinal loops, dendritic cells from ileal Peyer's patches become infected and constitute a cell target for this pathogen. In vitro, we found that Brucella replicates within dendritic cells and hinders their functional activation. In addition, we identified a new Brucella protein Btp1, which down-modulates maturation of infected dendritic cells by interfering with the TLR2 signaling pathway. These results show that intracellular Brucella is able to control dendritic cell function, which may have important consequences in the development of chronic brucellosis. A key determinant for intracellular pathogenic bacteria to induce infectious diseases is their ability to avoid recognition by the host immune system. Although most microorganisms internalized by host cells are efficiently cleared, Brucella behave as a Trojan horse causing a zoonosis called brucellosis that affects both humans and animals. Here we show that pathogenic Brucella are able to target host cell defense mechanisms by controlling the function of the sentinels of the immune system, the dendritic cells. In particular, the Brucella TIR-containing protein (Btp1) targets the Toll-like receptor 2 activation pathway, which is a major host response system involved in bacterial recognition. Btp1 is involved in the inhibition of dendritic cell maturation. The direct consequence is a control of inflammatory cytokine secretion and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. These bacterial proteins are not specific for Brucella and have been identified in other pathogens and may be part of a general virulence mechanism used by several intracellular pathogens to induce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana P Salcedo
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - María Ines Marchesini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, IIB-INTECH Universidad Nacional de San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugues Lelouard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Fugier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Jolly
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Stephanie Balor
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Muller
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Demaria
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Lena Alexopoulou
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, IIB-INTECH Universidad Nacional de San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas CONICET-INTI-Ed. 24-, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, IIB-INTECH Universidad Nacional de San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas CONICET-INTI-Ed. 24-, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PP); (JPG)
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PP); (JPG)
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18
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Martinoli C, Chiavelli A, Rescigno M. Entry route of Salmonella typhimurium directs the type of induced immune response. Immunity 2008; 27:975-84. [PMID: 18083577 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) represents a first line of defense against mucosal pathogens by limiting their entrance. By using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium that target the two mechanisms of bacterial entry (microfold cell [M cell]- or dendritic cell-mediated), we demonstrated here that the distribution of bacteria after oral infection directed the type of induced immune response. M cell-penetrating invasive, but not noninvasive, S. typhimurium was found in large numbers in Peyer's patches (PPs), leading to the activation of immune cells and the release of fecal IgA. In contrast, both strains of bacteria were equally capable of reaching the mesenteric lymph node and the spleen and inducing IgG responses. These data suggest that PPs are absolutely required for the initiation of an IgA response to Salmonella, whereas they are dispensable for a systemic response. This compartmentalization could allow the fast generation of both mucosal and systemic acquired immunity to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martinoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20124 Milan, Italy
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19
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Aldwell FE, Baird MA, Fitzpatrick CE, McLellan AD, Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Buchan GS. Oral vaccination of mice with lipid-encapsulated Mycobacterium bovis BCG: anatomical sites of bacterial replication and immune activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 83:549-53. [PMID: 16174106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipid microencapsulation of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) produces an oral delivery vaccine that can establish systemic cell-mediated immune reactivity and protection against aerosol mycobacterial challenge in mice. Here, we describe the lymphatic and mucosal sites of bacterial replication, and location of Mycobacterium-specific IFN-gamma-secreting cell populations, following oral vaccination of BALB/c mice. Eight weeks following a single oral dose of lipid-encapsulated BCG, viable BCG organisms were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 11/12 mice investigated (93%). Live bacteria were also occasionally recovered from the cervical lymph nodes (17%) and Peyer's patches (8%), but not from homogenates of the lungs or spleen. Strong Mycobacterium-specific IFN-gamma production was recorded among isolated splenocytes, but not among populations of mononuclear cells derived from the MLN or lungs. Oral vaccination of mice with lipid-encapsulated BCG thus appears to promote a state of systemic immunological reactivity more akin to that observed following parenteral rather than conventional oral vaccination, despite the fact that replicating bacilli are restricted to lymphatic tissues of the alimentary tract. Possible patterns of lymphocyte sensitization and trafficking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Aldwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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20
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Glomski IJ, Piris-Gimenez A, Huerre M, Mock M, Goossens PL. Primary involvement of pharynx and peyer's patch in inhalational and intestinal anthrax. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e76. [PMID: 17542645 PMCID: PMC1885272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis causes three forms of anthrax: inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous. Anthrax is characterized by both toxemia, which is caused by secretion of immunomodulating toxins (lethal toxin and edema toxin), and septicemia, which is associated with bacterial encapsulation. Here we report that, contrary to the current view of B. anthracis pathogenesis, B. anthracis spores germinate and establish infections at the initial site of inoculation in both inhalational and cutaneous infections without needing to be transported to draining lymph nodes, and that inhaled spores establish initial infection in nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, we found that Peyer's patches in the mouse intestine are the primary site of bacterial growth after intragastric inoculation, thus establishing an animal model of gastrointestinal anthrax. All routes of infection progressed to the draining lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, and ultimately the blood. These discoveries were made possible through the development of a novel dynamic mouse model of B. anthracis infection using bioluminescent non-toxinogenic capsulated bacteria that can be visualized within the mouse in real-time, and demonstrate the value of in vivo imaging in the analysis of B. anthracis infection. Our data imply that previously unrecognized portals of bacterial entry demand more intensive investigation, and will significantly transform the current perception of inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous B. anthracis pathogenesis. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterial pathogen that forms spores, dormant bacteria that are highly resistant to destruction. Infections initiate from the introduction of spores into airways or damaged skin, or from the consumption of contaminated food. Within the host, spores germinate, then bacteria secrete toxins that cripple the immune response and sheath themselves in a capsule that prevents them from being phagocytosed. We strove to determine in real space and time where and when spores introduced by these three routes of infection germinate and how bacteria subsequently disseminate in a mouse model. This was achieved through the development of light-emitting B. anthracis that could be tracked inside a living mouse. Contrary to current models, our studies indicated that spores germinated in situ in the skin, the intestines, and the nasal passages without needing to be transported to lymph nodes. Furthermore, bacteria disseminate from initial sites of infection in a similar fashion, first to the draining lymph nodes, then the spleen, and finally the lungs and blood. These findings imply that spore interactions with local sites of entry are critical in the development of systemic disease and that disruption of these interactions may offer new methods of anthrax prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Glomski
- Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Alejandro Piris-Gimenez
- Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise en Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Mock
- Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA 2172, Paris, France
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA 2172, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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21
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Simon R, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, Samuel CE. Comparison of tissue-selective proinflammatory gene induction in mice infected with wild-type, DNA adenine methylase-deficient, and flagellin-deficient Salmonella enterica. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5627-39. [PMID: 17893133 PMCID: PMC2168366 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01021-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium deficient in DNA adenine methylase (Dam) are attenuated for virulence in mice and confer heightened immunity in vaccinated animals. In contrast, infection of mice with wild-type (WT) strains or flagellin-deficient mutants of Salmonella causes typhoid fever. Here we examined the bacterial load and spatiotemporal kinetics of expression of several classes of host genes in Peyer's patches, the liver, and the spleen following oral infection of mice with WT, dam mutant, or flagellin-deficient (flhC) Salmonella. The genes evaluated included inflammatory (interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta], tumor necrosis factor alpha), chemokine (macrophage inflammatory protein 2), Th1/Th2 indicator (IL-12p40, IL-4), and interferon system (beta interferon [IFN-beta], IFN-gamma, protein Mx1 GTPase, RNA-dependent protein kinase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1) beacons. We showed that maximal interferon system and proinflammatory gene induction occurred by 5 days after infection and that the levels were comparable for the WT and flhC strains but were significantly lower for the dam mutant. Additionally, host gene expression in systemic tissues of individual animals was dependent on the bacterial load in the Peyer's patches for mice infected with WT, dam mutant, or flhC mutant Salmonella as early as 8 h after infection. Moreover, a bacterial load threshold in the Peyer's patches was necessary to stimulate the host gene induction in the liver and spleen. Taken together, these results suggest that bacterial load and the accompanying strain-specific cytokine signature are important determinants of the host innate immune response and associated disease manifestations observed in dam mutant Salmonella-infected animals compared to the immune response and disease manifestations observed in WT and flhC mutant Salmonella-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Simon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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22
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Chong Y, Fitzhenry R, Heuschkel R, Torrente F, Frankel G, Phillips AD. Human intestinal tissue tropism in Escherichia coli O157 : H7--initial colonization of terminal ileum and Peyer's patches and minimal colonic adhesion ex vivo. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:794-802. [PMID: 17322200 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are an important cause of diarrhoeal and renal disease in man. Studies of a single prototypic O157 : H7 strain have shown tropism for follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of distal ileal Peyer's patches without colonization of either small or large intestine. This study determined tropism in a range of Shiga toxin (Stx)-negative EHEC strains and looked for factors that might induce colonic colonization using human in vitro intestinal organ culture (IVOC). An FAE-restricted colonization was confirmed in two strains; four strains additionally colonized ileal villous surfaces, and adhesion to proximal small intestinal FAE was observed. All strains showed minimal adhesion to non-FAE regions of proximal small intestinal and to the transverse colon. Extensive large-bowel IVOC studies using three O157 : H7 strains, an O26 : H11 and an O103 : H2 strain, and tissue from caecum to rectum found colonization and attaching/effacing lesion formation in only 4 of 113 (3.5 %) IVOCs. Colonic adhesion was not enhanced by altering the IVOC technique or environment. Co-incubation of O157 : H7-infected ileal FAE with colonic samples enhanced colonic colonization, producing a novel, non-intimate adhesive phenotype. Thus, in the initial stages of colonization Stx-negative EHEC preferentially infect FAE and villi of the terminal ileal region ex vivo; colonic colonization is infrequently observed as an initial event but may represent a subsequent stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Chong
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robert Fitzhenry
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Franco Torrente
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alan D Phillips
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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23
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Sevil Domènech VE, Panthel K, Meinel KM, Winter SE, Rüssmann H. Pre-existing anti-Salmonella vector immunity prevents the development of protective antigen-specific CD8 T-cell frequencies against murine listeriosis. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1447-53. [PMID: 17913544 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has focused its research on the use of the type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to translocate heterologous antigens directly into the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells. We have previously reported that the single oral immunization of mice with a recombinant Salmonella aroA/sptP mutant strain expressing the translocated Yersinia outer protein E fused to the immunodominant antigen p60 from Listeria monocytogenes in a type III-mediated fashion results in the efficient induction of p60-specific CD8 T cells and confers protection against a lethal Listeria challenge infection. In the present study, we determined whether pre-existing anti-Salmonella vector immunity influences the induction of p60-specific CD8 T cells and modulates protective immunity against listeriosis after oral vaccination with recombinant Salmonella. After single oral immunization, the Salmonella aroA/sptP double mutant strain was found to colonize spleens of mice for 21days. In contrast, the period of colonization was significantly shortened to 6days due to anti-Salmonella vector immunity after second oral immunization. The latter scenario led to the induction of low-level frequencies of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Compared to the significantly higher numbers of p60-specific T lymphocytes elicited after single oral immunization, the low amount of Listeria-specific CD8 T cells did not confer protection against listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victòria E Sevil Domènech
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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24
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Eguchi M, Sekiya Y, Kikuchi Y, Takaya A, Yamamoto T, Matsui H. ExpressedSalmonellaantigens within macrophages enhance the proliferation of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes by means of bystander dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:411-20. [PMID: 17573927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-dependent Lon protease-deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (strain CS2022) appeared to invade successfully the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and Peyer's patches (PP) of BALB/c mice and appeared to be easily eradicated by the host after oral immunization. As detected by flow cytometry, the population of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-expressing macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) was increased in the PP of mice immunized with CS2022 on day 6 after immunization. Thereafter, the population of splenic surface CD69(+) T lymphocytes prepared from mice immunized with CS2022 6 weeks prior to measurement increased as a result of the administration of the extracellular vesicles of RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells derived by Salmonella challenge. In addition, the proliferation of CD8(+) and even of CD4(+)T cells isolated from mouse spleens immunized with CS2022 was enhanced after cocultivation with naive DCs in the presence of the extracellular vesicles. These findings indicate that the extracellular vesicles prepared from the Salmonella-challenged macrophages carried salmonellae antigens to bystander DCs, thereby stimulating T-cell responses. Therefore, as antigen presentation after phagocytosis should be a central process in the T-cell activation that occurs in response to Salmonella infection, an oral immunization with CS2022 sufficiently induces T cell-mediated immunity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Eguchi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Oellerich MF, Jacobi CA, Freund S, Niedung K, Bach A, Heesemann J, Trülzsch K. Yersinia enterocolitica infection of mice reveals clonal invasion and abscess formation. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3802-11. [PMID: 17562774 PMCID: PMC1951990 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00419-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of food-borne gastrointestinal disease leading to self-limiting diarrhea and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Occasionally, focal abscess formation in the livers and spleens of certain predisposed patients (those with iron overload states such as hemochromatosis) is observed. In the mouse oral infection model, yersiniae produce a similar disease involving the replication of yersiniae in the small intestine, the invasion of Peyer's patches, and dissemination to the liver and spleen. In these tissues and organs, yersiniae are known to replicate predominantly extracellularly and to form microcolonies. By infecting mice orally with a mixture of equal amounts of green- and red-fluorescing yersiniae (yersiniae expressing green or red fluorescent protein), we were able to show for the first time that yersiniae produce exclusively monoclonal microcolonies in Peyer's patches, the liver, and the spleen, indicating that a single bacterium is sufficient to induce microcolony and microabscess formation in vivo. Furthermore, we present evidence for the clonal invasion of Peyer's patches from the small intestine. The finding that only very few yersiniae are required to establish microcolonies in Peyer's patches is due to both Yersinia-specific and host-specific factors. We demonstrate that yersiniae growing in the small intestinal lumen show strongly reduced levels of invasin, the most important factor for the early invasion of Peyer's patches. Furthermore, we show that the host severely restricts sequential microcolony formation in previously infected Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Oellerich
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximillians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Münich, Germany
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26
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Negi VD, Singhamahapatra S, Chakravortty D. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain lacking pmrG-HM-D provides excellent protection against salmonellosis in murine typhoid model. Vaccine 2007; 25:5315-23. [PMID: 17574312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The superiority of live attenuated vaccines in systemic salmonellosis has been proven over killed and subunit vaccines, because of its ability to induce protective cell mediated immunity by CD8+ T cells. A live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine has been developed by systematic site directed deletion of the pmrG-HM-D chromosomal genomic loci. This gene confers involved in antimicrobial peptide resistance and is involved in LPS modification, both of which are the major immune evasive mechanisms in Salmonella. The efficacy of the newly developed strain in inducing protection against mortality after challenge with the virulent wild type Salmonella typhimurium 12023 was evaluated in mice model of typhoid fever. Animals were immunized and then boosted on days 7 and 14. Following challenge with virulent S. typhimurium 12023, organ burden and mortality of vaccinated mice were less compared to non-immunized controls. The vaccine strain also induced elevated CD8+ T cells in the vaccinated mice. This multiple mutant vaccine candidate appears to be safe for use in pregnant mice and provides a model for the development of live vaccine candidates against naturally occurring salmonellosis and typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Devi Negi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Handley SA, Miller VL. General and specific host responses to bacterial infection in Peyer's patches: a role for stromelysin-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) during Salmonella enterica infection. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:94-110. [PMID: 17376075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Yersinia enterocolitica are enteric pathogens capable of colonizing and inducing inflammatory responses in Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Although the tissue colonization pattern is similar between these two pathogens, their pathogenic lifestyles are quite different. For example, while S. typhimurium is primarily an intracellular pathogen, Y. enterocolitica survives primarily extracellularly. We determined and compared the transcriptional changes occurring in response to S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica colonization of PP using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Both pathogens elicited a general inflammatory response indicated by the upregulation of cytokines and chemokines. However, specific differences were also observed, most notably in the transcriptional regulation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IFN-gamma-regulated genes in response to S. typhimurium but not Y. enterocolitica. Of particular note, a group of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) had increased transcript numbers in the PPs following infection with both pathogens. The experiments described here compare oral S. typhimurium or Y. enterocolitica infection in stromelysin-1 (MMP-3)-deficient mice (mmp-3(-/-)) with mice possessing functional MMP-3 (mmp-3(+/+)). There was little difference in the survival of MMP-3-deficient mice infected with Y. enterocolitica when compared with littermate controls. Surprisingly though, mmp-3(-/-) mice were markedly more resistant to S. typhimurium infection than the control mice. S. typhimurium was able to colonize mmp-3(-/-) mice, albeit in a delayed fashion, to equivalent levels as mmp-3(+/+) mice. Nevertheless, significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected in tissues and serum in the mmp-3(-/-) mice in comparison with mmp-3(+/+) mice. We hypothesize that MMP-3 is involved in initiating an early and lethal cytokine response to S. typhimurium colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Handley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Martinez-Argudo I, Sands C, Jepson MA. Translocation of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli across an in vitro M cell model is regulated by its type III secretion system. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1538-46. [PMID: 17298392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an extracellular pathogen that utilizes a type III secretion system (TTSS) to modulate diverse host cell processes including cytoskeletal dynamics, tight junction permeability and macrophage phagocytosis. Some EPEC strains exhibit selective tropism for the specialized follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) overlying lymphoid follicles in the gut, which is a major site of uptake of inert particulates and pathogens, but do not translocate from the intestinal lumen in significant numbers. We have investigated the interaction of EPEC with FAE using an established in vitro model of the specialized FAE in which polarized enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells cocultured with the Raji B cell line undergo a phenotypic switch to a form that morphologically and functionally resembles the specialized antigen-transporting M cells found within FAE. Having confirmed that coculture with Raji B cells induces brush border reorganization and enhances particle transport across Caco-2 cells, we investigated translocation of bacteria across the M cell model. While Salmonella translocation was markedly upregulated by Raji coculture, transport of wild-type EPEC occurred at similarly low levels across both native Caco-2 and Caco-2/Raji-cocultured layers. Translocation rates were markedly higher for EPEC strains lacking either functional TTSS or the effector protein EspF. These observations resemble previously reported data on the inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis by EPEC, which has also been reported to be dependent on TTSS and EspF. Furthermore, as with macrophage phagocytosis, enhanced translocation of a TTSS mutant was blocked by wortmannin, implicating inhibition of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-mediated signalling in the regulation of M cell translocation by EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez-Argudo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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29
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Chin K, Onishi S, Yuji M, Inamoto T, Qi WM, Yamamoto K, Warita K, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H. Special sugar expression on apoptotic epithelial cells of Peyer's patches and intestinal villi in rat small intestine. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:193-9. [PMID: 17339765 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study clarified that the apical regions of both the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches and the intestinal villi are the only adhesion sites of indigenous bacteria in rat jejuno-ileum. To survey the ligands against bacterial lectins, sugar expression patterns on epithelial cells were lectin-histochemically investigated using 21 lectins in the jejuno-ileal Peyer's patches of rats. As a result, (D-glcNAc)(2-4), detected by Solanum tuberosum (STL) and by Lycopersicon esculentum (LEL), and beta-D-gal(1-3)-D-galNAc detected by Peanut agglutinin (PNA), were strongly expressed on the brush borders of the apical regions of the FAE and the intestinal villi. On the other hand, neither sugar was expressed on the brush borders of the basal regions of both FAE and intestinal villi. The positive intensities for the lectins correlated with the progression of epithelial apoptosis in the FAE and in the intestinal villi. Moreover, the double staining with lectin histochemical method and the in situ nick end-labeling method could simultaneously detect the strong expression of both sugars and nuclear DNA fragmentation in epithelial cells at the late apoptotic stage. Other sugar expression patterns in the intestinal villi were similar with those in the FAE. There were no lectins specific for M cells in the FAE. From these findings, the possible sugars of ligands against some indigenous bacterial lectins, expressing specially on the apoptotic epithelial cells, might be narrowed down in rat jejuno-ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigi Chin
- Department of Bioresource and Agrobiosciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan
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30
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a complex system of highly specialised cells that provide digestive and absorptive functions as well as innate and adaptive immunity. Induction of an adaptive immune response in the intestine can occur through the interaction of antigen with M-cells that overlay the lymphoid aggregates of the intestine (Peyer's patches). This study demonstrated that specific common microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognised by pattern recognition receptors on the surface of the M-cells and this interaction initiates transcytosis through the M-cell of particulate antigen from the intestinal milieu to underlying antigen presenting cells within the Peyer's patch. The study has found that among the pattern recognition molecules that have a role in recognising bacterial components, the apical expression of alpha5beta1 integrin was important for the transcytotic function of M-cells. A proportion of intestinal enterocytes transform to an M-cell morphology in vitro, when cultured with Peyer's patch cells and our studies have demonstrated that CD4+ cells are integral for the development of M-cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Tyrer
- Macrophage Research Group, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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31
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Lecuit M, Sonnenburg JL, Cossart P, Gordon JI. Functional genomic studies of the intestinal response to a foodborne enteropathogen in a humanized gnotobiotic mouse model. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15065-72. [PMID: 17389602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610926200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Listeria provide a model for defining host responses to invasive foodborne enteropathogens. Active translocation of Listeria monocytogenes across the gut epithelial barrier is mediated by interaction of bacterial internalin (InlA) and its species-specific host receptor, E-cadherin, whereas translocation across Peyer's patches through M-cells is InlA-independent. To define microbial determinants and molecular correlates of the host response to translocation via these two routes, we colonized germ-free transgenic mice expressing the human enterocyte-associated E-cadherin receptor with wild-type (WT) or mutant L. monocytogenes strains, or its nonpathogenic noninvasive relative Listeria innocua, or with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent gut symbiont. Mouse Gene-Chips, combined with Ingenuity Pathway software, were used to identify canonical signaling pathways that comprise the response to WT L. monocytogenes versus the other species. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments with L. innocua and L. monocytogenes, respectively, demonstrated that the 773-member transcriptional signature of the response to WT L. monocytogenes is largely conserved in the DeltainlA mutant. Internalin-dependent responses include down-regulation of gene networks involved in various aspects of lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism and up-regulation of immunoinflammatory responses. The host response is markedly attenuated in a listeriolysin-deficient (Deltahly) mutant despite its ability to be translocated to the lamina propria. Together, these studies establish that hly, rather than bacterial invasion of the lamina propria mediated by InlA, is a dominant determinant of the intensity of the host response to L. monocytogenes infection via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecuit
- Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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32
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Martins FS, Rodrigues ACP, Tiago FCP, Penna FJ, Rosa CA, Arantes RME, Nardi RMD, Neves MJ, Nicoli JR. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905 reduces the translocation of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and stimulates the immune system in gnotobiotic and conventional mice. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:352-359. [PMID: 17314366 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results in the laboratory of the authors showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905, isolated during 'cachaça' production, was able to colonize and survive in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free and conventional mice, and to protect these animals against oral challenge with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium or Clostridium difficile. In the present work, the effects of S. cerevisiae 905 on the translocation of Salm. Typhimurium (mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, spleen, liver) as well as on the immune system (number of Küpffer cells, immunoglobulin production, clearance of Escherichia coli B41) were evaluated in gnotobiotic and/or conventional mice. The treatment with the yeast reduced significantly the translocation of Salm. Typhimurium to liver in gnotobiotic animals and to all the organs tested in conventional mice. The number of Küpffer cells per 100 hepatocytes in liver was significantly higher (P<0.05) in yeast mono-associated mice (52.9+/-15.7) than in germ-free controls (38.1+/-9.0). Probably as a consequence, clearance of E. coli B41 from the bloodstream was more efficient in yeast mono-associated animals when compared to germ-free mice. Higher levels (P<0.05) of secretory IgA in intestinal content and of IgA and IgM in serum were observed in yeast mono-associated mice when compared to germ-free group. Concluding, the protection against pathogenic bacteria observed in a previous study was probably due to a modulation of both local and systemic immunity of mice treated with S. cerevisiae 905.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviano S Martins
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana C P Tiago
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Penna
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Regina M D Nardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria J Neves
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Kiriya K, Watanabe N, Nishio A, Okazaki K, Kido M, Saga K, Tanaka J, Akamatsu T, Ohashi S, Asada M, Fukui T, Chiba T. Essential role of Peyer's patches in the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis. Int Immunol 2007; 19:435-46. [PMID: 17314082 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter bacteria colonize in the stomach and induce strong, specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Helicobacter binds to the host epithelial cells, directly triggering the recruitment of neutrophils. Local inflammatory processes in the gastric mucosa are followed by extensive immune cell infiltration, resulting in chronic active gastritis characterized by a marked infiltration of T(h)1 cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms underlying the development of T(h)1 cell-mediated chronic gastritis, however, are not clear. Peyer's patches (PPs), the major inductive sites for mucosal immunity in the gut system, might orchestrate Helicobacter-specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity. To examine the roles of PPs in the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis, we generated PP-null mice that normally develop well-organized lymphoid organs except for PPs and intra-gastrically infected the resulting PP-null mice with Helicobacter felis. PP deficiency severely impaired both the development of T(h)1 cell-mediated gastritis induced by Helicobacter and the production of anti-Helicobacter antibodies despite marked bacterial colonization of the gastric mucosa. Although PP deficiency did not impair the differentiation of Helicobacter-specific CD4(+) T cells into IFN-gamma--producing T(h)1 cells, Helicobacter-specific IFN-gamma--producing CD4(+) T cells in PP-null mice lacked the ability to migrate into Helicobacter-colonized gastric mucosa. These findings suggest that PPs have an important role in Helicobacter-specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity, including the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kiriya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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34
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Pielage JF, Cichon C, Greune L, Hirashima M, Kucharzik T, Schmidt MA. Reversible differentiation of Caco-2 cells reveals galectin-9 as a surface marker molecule for human follicle-associated epithelia and M cell-like cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1886-901. [PMID: 17596995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
M cells interspersed in the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches represent the major antigen sampling cells of the intestinal mucosa providing immune surveillance for particulate antigens. Despite their crucial role in immune defense our knowledge about these elusive cells is still only rudimentary. A Caco-2 co-culture model for the induction of M cell-like cells and DNA microarray analysis for differential gene expression profiling were employed to identify (a) putative suitable surface marker(s). Induction of M cell-like cells was demonstrated morphologically by electron microscopy, evaluated by infection with Yersinia enterocolitica and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain E2348/69 and further monitored by changes in binding of the lectin UEA-1. The differentiation of Caco-2 cells was found to be reversible, dependent on (a) lymphocyte-derived soluble factor(s) and accompanied by the up-regulation of the glycoprotein lectin galectin-9, which was specifically expressed on these cells as well as on human follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells. Galectin-9 represents a novel surface marker which might be employed for molecular targeting to the Peyer's patches thereby opening new opportunities for drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Pielage
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
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35
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Sun JL, Le GW, Hou LX, Wang NF, Chang GF, Shi YH. Nonopsonic phagocytosis of Lactobacilli by mice Peyer's patches' macrophages. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16 Suppl 1:204-7. [PMID: 17392105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of lactobacilli is of great importance for the probiotic effect of host gut Peyer's patches (PPs) macrophages. The present study is in time focus on the investigation of the factors determining the ingestion of lactobacilli by PPs macrophages. Physicochemical properties of cell surface and adhesive property of nine Lactobacillus strains were examined in the present work. The association of the bacteria with PPs macrophage was checked with macrophage monolayers on coverslips. The influence of lactobacilli on macrophages phagocytic capacity was also investigated with a neutral red uptake assay in vitro. The results show that the macrophages could ingest lactobacilli in a strain dependent manner, and the most ingested strain is L. plantarum Lp6 compared to other tested strains, which displayed strain specific enhancement on the phagocytic activity of PPs macrophages. And there is no correlation between the physicochemical or adhesive properties of the cell surface and the ingestion. The association of L. plantarum Lp6 with PPs macrophage could be decreased by Protease K treatment. Surface proteins of L. plantarum Lp6 could promote the ingestion of fluorescent latex beads by PPs macrophages. In conclusion, the hydrophobicity of the cell surface might not be the key factor determining the association of lactobacilli with PPs macrophages. Cell surface proteins are the media for the binding L. plantarum Lp6 to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin L Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Balada-Llasat JM, Mecsas J. Yersinia has a tropism for B and T cell zones of lymph nodes that is independent of the type III secretion system. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e86. [PMID: 16948531 PMCID: PMC1557584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia have a pronounced tropism for lymphatic tissues and harbor a virulence plasmid that encodes a type III secretion system, pTTSS, that transports Yops into host cells. Yops are critical virulence factors that prevent phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils and Yersinia mutants lacking one or more Yops are defective for survival in lymphatic tissues, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. However, here we demonstrate that Y. pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) mutants lacking the pTTSS survived as well as or better than wild-type (WT) Yptb in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Infection with pTTSS mutants caused lymphadenitis with little necrosis, whereas infection with WT Yptb provoked lymphadenitis with multiple necrotic suppurative foci. Gentamicin protection assays and microscopic examination of the MLN revealed that pTTSS mutants resided extracellularly adjacent to B and T lymphocytes in the cortex and paracortex. WT Yptb was found extracellularly adjacent to neutrophils and macrophages in necrotic areas and adjacent to B and T lymphocytes in less-inflamed areas. To determine whether lymphocytes protected pTTSS mutants from phagocytic cells, Rag1−/− mice were infected with pTTSS mutants or WT Yptb. pTTSS mutants but not WT, were impaired for survival in MLN of Rag1−/− mice, suggesting that lymphocyte-rich regions constitute a protective niche for pTTSS mutants. Finally, we show that invasin and the chromosomally encoded TTSS were not required for Yptb survival in MLN. In summary, chromosomally encoded factors are sufficient for Yptb replication in the cortex and paracortex of MLN; the pTTSS enables Yersinia to survive within phagocyte-rich areas of lymph nodes, and spread to other tissues. The pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia, synthesize an apparatus called a type III secretion system, which transports bacterial proteins, Yops, from the bacteria into important immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Normally, macrophages and neutrophils control bacterial infections by ingesting the bacteria; however, the Yops inactivate these immune cells, which in turn, enable Yersinia to replicate extracellularly and cause disease in many types of tissues. Pathogenic Yersinia are frequently found in lymph nodes of infected hosts, and the Yops are important for the bacteria to replicate and cause disease in lymph nodes since Yersinia mutants that lack Yops do not colonize lymph nodes efficiently. Surprisingly, the authors found that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lacking the type III secretion system colonizes the mesenteric lymph nodes and survives extracellularly next to lymphocytes. However, in mice lacking lymphocytes, the type III secretion mutants did not survive although wild-type Yersinia did. The authors' findings reveal that other bacterial factors are sufficient for mesenteric lymph node (MLN) colonization of Yersinia and that lymphocytes provide a protective niche for Yersinia strains lacking the type III secretion system. Potentially, these avirulent mutant strains, which persist for at least 5 d in the mesenteric lymph nodes, could be used as live attenuated vaccines to protect against Yersinia infections, or as carriers of other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chin K, Onishi S, Yuji M, Inamoto T, Qi WM, Warita K, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H. Differentiation of epithelial cells to M cells in response to bacterial colonization on the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patch in rat small intestine. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1023-8. [PMID: 17085879 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the relationship between M cells and intestinal microflora, histoplanimetrical investigation into the bacterial colonization and the differentiation to M cells was carried out in rat Peyer's patch under physiological conditions. The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), except for the narrow area of apical region, was closely covered with both neighboring intestinal villi and a thick mucous layer, the latter of which also filled the intervillous spaces as well as the space between the FAE and the neighboring intestinal villi. Indigenous bacteria adhered almost constantly to the narrow areas of apical regions of both intestinal villi and the FAE. Bacterial colonies were occasionally located on the basal to middle region of FAE, where M cells also appeared, forming large pockets. When bacterial colonies were located on the basal to middle region of FAE, bacteria with the same morphological characteristics also proliferated in the intervillous spaces neighboring the Peyer's patch. In cases with no bacterial colonies on the basal to middle region of FAE, however, M cells were rare in the FAE. Histoplanimetrical analysis showed the similar distribution pattern of bacterial colonies on the FAE and M cells in the FAE. M cells ultrastructurally engulfed indigenous bacteria, which were then transported to the pockets. These results suggest that indigenous bacterial colonization on the FAE stimulates the differentiation of M cells in the FAE under physiological conditions. The uptake of bacteria by M cells might contribute the regulation of the development of indigenous bacterial colonies in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigi Chin
- Department of Bioresource and Agrobiosciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan
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38
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Corr S, Hill C, Gahan CGM. An in vitro cell-culture model demonstrates internalin- and hemolysin-independent translocation of Listeria monocytogenes across M cells. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:241-50. [PMID: 17049432 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An ability to translocate the mucosal epithelia through M cells provides invasive pathogens with a rapid means of accessing the mucosal lymphoid tissues. In order to determine the role of M cells in Listeria monocytogenes infection, we initially assessed colonization of Peyer's patch (PP) epithelium in BALB/c mice by Vibrio cholerae Eltor, wild-type L. monocytogenes and an isogenic hemolysin mutant (LO28Deltahly). It was observed that both wild-type L. monocytogenes and Deltahly showed preferential colonization of PP epithelium in this model. Furthermore, a novel luciferase reporter system was used to show rapid site-specific localization of L. monocytogenes in intestinal Peyer's patches. To examine the role of M cells in transcytosis of L. monocytogenes we utilized an in vitro transwell model that mimics M-cell activity through differentiation of C2Bbe1 epithelial enterocytes via co-culture with murine Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL). It was shown that L. monocytogenes transits M cells at significantly increased rates compared to C2Bbe1 monocultures. In addition, M-cell transport occurred independently of bacterial hemolysin and internalin production. This study demonstrates rapid transcytosis of L. monocytogenes through M cells, a process that occurs independently of the action of classical virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Corr
- Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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39
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Feng P, Truant AL, Meissler JJ, Gaughan JP, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. Morphine withdrawal lowers host defense to enteric bacteria: spontaneous sepsis and increased sensitivity to oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5221-6. [PMID: 16926415 PMCID: PMC1594820 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00208-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of drug withdrawal on immune function and host defense to infection is important. We, and others, previously demonstrated that morphine withdrawal results in immunosuppression and sensitizes to lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. In the present study, the effect of morphine withdrawal on spontaneous sepsis and on oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was examined. Mice were chronically exposed to morphine for 96 h by implantation of a slow-release morphine pellet. Abrupt withdrawal was induced by removal of the pellet. In the sepsis model, bacterial colonization was examined and bacterial species were identified by necropsy of various tissues. It was found that at 48 h postwithdrawal, morphine-treated mice had enteric bacteria that were detected in the Peyer's patches (4/5), mesenteric lymph nodes (4/5), spleens (4/10), livers (6/10), and peritoneal cavities (8/10). In placebo pellet-withdrawn mice, only 2/40 cultures were positive. The most frequently detected organisms in tissues of morphine-withdrawn mice were Enterococcus faecium followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Both organisms are part of the normal gastrointestinal flora. In the infection model, mice were orally inoculated with S. enterica 24 h post-initiation of abrupt withdrawal from morphine. Withdrawal significantly decreased the mean survival time and significantly increased the Salmonella burden in various tissues of infected mice compared to placebo-withdrawn animals. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were observed in spleens of morphine-withdrawn mice, compared to placebo-withdrawn mice. These findings demonstrate that morphine withdrawal sensitizes to oral infection with a bacterial pathogen and predisposes mice to bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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40
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Abstract
The characteristics of the adhesion of PCC Lactobacillus fermentum VRI 003 to Peyer's patches was studied in vitro. The adhesion of L. fermentum 003 was strongly inhibited in the presence of d-mannose and methyl-alpha-d-mannoside although other carbohydrates tested, such as N-acetyl-glucosamine, d-galactose, d-glucose and l-fucose, did not affect the adhesion. Lactobacillus fermentum 003 was shown to strongly attach to mannose immobilized on a surface using BSA, suggesting that L. fermentum 003 specifically adhered to mannose-containing molecule(s). Pretreatment of L. fermentum 003 with proteinase K and trypsin decreased the adhesive capacity and bacterial surface extracts diminished adhesion of L. fermentum 003 indicating that cell surface proteins are involved in adhesion to Peyer's patches. It was concluded that a mannose-specific protein mediated adhesion of L. fermentum 003 to the Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Seong Kang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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41
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Abstract
How an immune response to pathogens is initiated in the gut is still an open question. In this issue of Immunity, it has been found that a distinct subset of CCR6-expressing dendritic cells are absolutely required to activate anti-Salmonella-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milano, Italy
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Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Niess JH, Zammit DJ, Ravindran R, Srinivasan A, Maxwell JR, Stoklasek T, Yadav R, Williams IR, Gu X, McCormick BA, Pazos MA, Vella AT, Lefrancois L, Reinecker HC, McSorley SJ. CCR6-mediated dendritic cell activation of pathogen-specific T cells in Peyer's patches. Immunity 2006; 24:623-32. [PMID: 16713979 PMCID: PMC2855652 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) is critical to the initiation of adaptive immune responses and protection against pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that a specialized DC subset in Peyer's patches (PPs) mediates the rapid activation of pathogen specific T cells. This DC subset is characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 and is found only in PPs. CCR6(+) DCs were recruited into the dome regions of PPs upon invasion of the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) by an enteric pathogen and were responsible for the rapid local activation of pathogen-specific T cells. CCR6-deficient DCs were unable to respond to bacterial invasion of PPs and failed to initiate T cell activation, resulting in reduced defense against oral infection. Thus, CCR6-dependent regulation of DCs is responsible for localized T cell dependent defense against entero-invasive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Salazar-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, GI Division and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility, TRF DC 2873, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jan H. Niess
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - David J. Zammit
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Rajesh Ravindran
- Department of Medicine, GI Division and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility, TRF DC 2873, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Aparna Srinivasan
- Department of Medicine, GI Division and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility, TRF DC 2873, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Joseph R. Maxwell
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Thomas Stoklasek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Rajwardhan Yadav
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Ifor R. Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 105D, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiubin Gu
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Michael A. Pazos
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Leo Lefrancois
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Medicine, GI Division and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility, TRF DC 2873, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Correspondence:
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43
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Jeffrey M, González L, Espenes A, Press CM, Martin S, Chaplin M, Davis L, Landsverk T, MacAldowie C, Eaton S, McGovern G. Transportation of prion protein across the intestinal mucosa of scrapie-susceptible and scrapie-resistant sheep. J Pathol 2006; 209:4-14. [PMID: 16575799 DOI: 10.1002/path.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms of intestinal transport of infection, and early pathogenesis, of sheep scrapie, isolated gut-loops were inoculated to ensure that significant concentrations of scrapie agent would come into direct contact with the relevant ileal structures (epithelial, lymphoreticular, and nervous). Gut loops were inoculated with a scrapie brain pool homogenate or normal brain or sucrose solution. After surgery, animals were necropsied at time points ranging from 15 min to 1 month and at clinical end point. Inoculum-associated prion protein (PrP) was detected by immunohistochemistry in villous lacteals and in sub-mucosal lymphatics from 15 min to 3.5 h post-challenge. It was also detected in association with dendritic-like cells in the draining lymph nodes at up to 24 h post-challenge. Replication of infection, as demonstrated by the accumulation of disease-associated forms of PrP in Peyer's patches, was detected at 30 days and sheep developed clinical signs of scrapie at 18-22 months post-challenge. These results indicate discrepancies between the routes of transportation of PrP from the inoculum and sites of de novo-generated disease-associated PrP subsequent to scrapie agent replication. When samples of homogenized inoculum were incubated with alimentary tract fluids in vitro, only trace amounts of protease-resistant PrP could be detected by western blotting, suggesting that the majority of both normal and abnormal PrP within the inoculum is readily digested by alimentary fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA)-Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK.
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44
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Cummings LA, Wilkerson WD, Bergsbaken T, Cookson BT. In vivo, fliC expression by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is heterogeneous, regulated by ClpX, and anatomically restricted. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:795-809. [PMID: 16803592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FliC is a natural antigen recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems during Salmonella infection in mice and humans; however, the regulatory mechanisms governing its expression in vivo are incompletely understood. Here, we use flow cytometry to quantify fliC gene expression in single bacteria. In vitro, fliC transcription was not uniformly positive; a viable fliC-negative subpopulation was also identified. Intracellular Salmonella repressed transcription of fliC and its positive regulator fliA, but constitutively transcribed the master regulator flhD; fliC repression required ClpXP protease, known to degrade FlhD. In orally infected mice, fliC transcription was anatomically restricted: Salmonella transcribed fliC in the Peyer's Patches (PP) but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. The intracellularly transcribed pagC promoter was upregulated by Salmonella in all tissues, defining the infected PP as a unique environment that initiates expression of intracellularly induced genes and yet permits transcription of fliC. Because a single bacterium can escape the GI tract to colonize deeper tissues, heterogeneous gene expression may have important implications for Salmonella pathogenesis: FliC-positive bacteria in the PP could stimulate inflammation and facilitate the priming of FliC-specific immune responses, while FliC-negative bacteria escape host detection in the gut and spread to systemic sites of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Cummings
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Logsdon LK, Mecsas J. The proinflammatory response induced by wild-type Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection inhibits survival of yop mutants in the gastrointestinal tract and Peyer's patches. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1516-27. [PMID: 16495522 PMCID: PMC1418670 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1516-1527.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-strain infections and coinfections are frequently used to assess roles of virulence factors in infected tissues. After oral inoculation of mice, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis yopE and yopH mutants colonize the intestines and Peyer's patches in single-strain infections but fail to persist in competition with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis, indicating that these two infection models provide different insights into the roles of Yops. To determine how wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis hinders yop mutant survival, yop mutant colonization and host responses were investigated in several different infection models that isolated specific features of wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Infection with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis caused significantly more inflammation than yop mutants. Results from coinfections of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-/- mice revealed that IFN-gamma-regulated defenses target these mutants, suggesting that YopE and YopH protect Y. pseudotuberculosis from these defenses in BALB/c mice. We developed an oral-intraperitoneal infection model to evaluate the effects of spleen and liver colonization by Y. pseudotuberculosis on yop mutants in the intestines. Spleen and liver infection increased inflammation and decreased yop mutant survival in the intestines, indicating that infection of these organs has consequences in intestinal tissues. Finally, competition infections with Y. pseudotuberculosis mutants with various abilities to induce inflammation demonstrated that survival of the yopE, but not the yopH, mutant was consistently decreased in inflamed tissues. In summary, infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis in intestinal and systemic sites induces intestinal inflammation, which decreases yop mutant survival. Thus, competition studies with wild-type yersiniae reveal critical roles of Yops in combating host responses to a normal virulent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Logsdon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Handley SA, Dube PH, Miller VL. Histamine signaling through the H(2) receptor in the Peyer's patch is important for controlling Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9268-73. [PMID: 16717182 PMCID: PMC1482599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510414103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Yersinia enterocolitica readily colonize and induce disease within the lymphatic tissues of the small intestine. To gain a comprehensive view of the host response to pathogens within these tissues, we determined the transcriptional profiles of intestinal lymphatic tissue infected with Y. enterocolitica. Expression analysis using Affymetrix GeneChips revealed a complex host response in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes after oral infection with Y. enterocolitica. Interestingly, histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) was significantly up-regulated in response to Y. enterocolitica infection. HDC is the enzyme solely responsible for the production of the biogenic amine histamine. Although histamine is well known for its role in allergy and for its effects on immunity and inflammation, little is known about its role or specific histamine receptors during the host response to bacterial infection. In this study, we provide evidence that histamine signaling through the histamine H(2) but not the H(1) receptor is important for controlling Y. enterocolitica infection within the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Virginia L. Miller
- Departments of *Molecular Microbiology and
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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47
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Keita AV, Gullberg E, Ericson AC, Salim SY, Wallon C, Kald A, Artursson P, Söderholm JD. Characterization of antigen and bacterial transport in the follicle-associated epithelium of human ileum. J Transl Med 2006; 86:504-16. [PMID: 16482102 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), covering Peyer's patches, provides a route of entry for antigens and microorganisms. Animal studies showed enhanced antigen and bacterial uptake in FAE, but no study on barrier function of human FAE has been reported. Our aim was to characterize the normal barrier properties of human FAE. Specimens of normal ileum were taken from 30 patients with noninflammatory colonic disease. Villus epithelium (VE) and FAE were identified and mounted in Ussing chambers. Permeability to 51Cr-EDTA, transmucosal flux of the protein antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and transport of fluorescent Escherichia coli (chemically killed K-12 and live HB101) were measured. Uptake mechanisms were studied by confocal- and transmission electron microscopy, and by using pharmacological inhibitors in an in vitro coculture model of FAE and in human ileal FAE. HRP flux was substantially higher in FAE than in VE, and was reduced by an amiloride analog. Electron microscopy showed HRP-containing endosomes. Transport of E. coli K-12 and HB101 was also augmented in FAE and was confirmed by confocal microscopy. In vitro coculture experiments and electron microscopy revealed actin-dependent, mainly transcellular, uptake of E. coli K-12 into FAE. 51Cr-EDTA permeability was equal in FAE and VE. Augmented HRP flux and bacterial uptake but similar paracellular permeability, suggest functional variations of transcellular transport in the FAE. We show for the first time that FAE of human ileum is functionally distinct from regular VE, rendering the FAE more prone to bacterial-epithelial cell interactions and delivery of antigens to the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa V Keita
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Surgery, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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48
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Critchley-Thorne RJ, Stagg AJ, Vassaux G. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing invasin targets the Peyer's patches: the basis for a bacterial formulation for oral vaccination. Mol Ther 2006; 14:183-91. [PMID: 16581299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the tropism of nonpathogenic recombinant invasive Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract and the efficacy of this invasive E. coli as an oral vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. E. coli expressing invasin from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis selectively invade nonphagocytic cells in which beta(1)-integrin is expressed and accessible. Following internalization the E. coli are degraded in the phagosome. Coexpression of listeriolysin O (LLO) mediates release of the content of the bacteria into the cytosol of the invaded cell. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that gut epithelial cells failed to be invaded by invasive E. coli, due to a basolateral localization of beta(1)-integrin. By contrast, selective uptake of invasive bacteria from the intestinal lumen into Peyer's patches was observed ex vivo. Once in this structure, invasive E. coli colocalized with dendritic cells and possibly B cells. Oral administration of invasive E. coli coexpressing the model antigen ovalbumin and LLO from Listeria monocytogenes was able to elicit systemic protection against a lethal challenge of B16 tumor cells expressing ovalbumin. These data demonstrate the selectivity of invasin-mediated invasion to the Peyer's patches and indicate the potential of nonpathogenic, invasive E. coli as an oral vaccine with applications in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Critchley-Thorne
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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49
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Hyland KA, Kohrt L, Vulchanova L, Murtaugh MP. Mucosal innate immune response to intragastric infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1890-9. [PMID: 16325910 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is critical to enteric disease resistance and the induction of mucosal adaptive immunity. In mucosae of the small intestine, Peyer's patches play a central role in immune surveillance and sampling of bacteria by specialized M cells. The innate immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, an enteric pathogen of swine, involves IL-1beta and IL-8 mRNA induction but not that of IL-6 and TNFalpha, in contrast to Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection of murine small intestine. We investigated in vivo responses to Salmonella and potential effects of animal variation since the gut environment is highly dynamic and constantly changing physiologically. Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis induced an early proinflammatory cytokine response at 6h after infection, which was characterized by a 4-fold increase in production of CXCL2 mRNA by jejunal Peyer's patches (JPP), and a 12-fold increase in IL-1beta and 4-fold increase in IL-8 (CXCL8) mRNAs by distal ileal Peyer's patches (IPP). Levels of IL-1beta and IL-8 mRNA were positively correlated with numbers of mucosal neutrophils in the distal IPP. Salmonella DNA was also detected in ileal tissues, including Peyer's patches, absorptive epithelium and mesenteric lymph nodes, in 33-83% of infected animals, compared to the jejunal tissues, which were positive in 0-33% of infected pigs. Notwithstanding substantial animal-to-animal variation, IL-1beta was increased in both proximal and distal IPP, IL-8 was increased in the distal IPP, and calprotectin was associated with both by cluster analysis. These data indicate that IL-1beta and IL-8 expression in the IPP plays a key role early in the interaction between Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis and the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Hyland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, 1460 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Feng P, Rahim RT, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY, Peng X, Gaughan J, Meissler JJ, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. Effects of mu, kappa or delta opioids administered by pellet or pump on oral Salmonella infection and gastrointestinal transit. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 534:250-7. [PMID: 16513108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has shown previously that subcutaneously implanted, slow-release morphine pellets markedly enhanced susceptibility to oral infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Further, morphine, kappa and delta opioid receptor agonists infused via osmotic minipumps were immunosuppressive. The present study compared morphine pellets to morphine pumps and also examined the differential effects of morphine versus U50,488H (kappa agonist), deltorphin II (delta2 agonist), and (D-Pen2, D-Pen5)-enkephalin (DPDPE, delta1 agonist), administered via Alzet minipumps, on oral Salmonella infection and on gastrointestinal transit. The results show that all morphine-pelleted mice (26/26) had a marked increase in Salmonella burden in the Peyer's Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. In comparison, only 8/20 mice receiving morphine by minipump at doses ranging from 1 to 25 mg/kg/day had any culturable Salmonella in their organs and the number of bacteria was very low. The level of Salmonella colonization correlated with blood morphine levels and gut transit measured using an intragastric charcoal meal. Morphine pellets inhibited gut transit by 38%, while mice receiving morphine by minipump at doses of 1 to 25 mg/kg/day showed only a dose-dependent 7% to 17% inhibition. Mice receiving various doses of U50,488H or DPDPE had no culturable Salmonella in the three sites. Deltorphin II given by minipump resulted in a moderate level of Salmonella in the spleen. Deltorphin II and U50,488H (0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day) did not suppress gut transit. The present studies indicate that a predominantly mu opioid receptor agonist, morphine, given by slow-release pellet, potentiated Salmonella infection and inhibited gastrointestinal transit. In contrast, morphine in pumps slightly inhibited intestinal transit, but did not sensitize to Salmonella infection. A delta1 opioid receptor agonist did not sensitize to infection, and a delta2 and a kappa opioid receptor agonist had minimal effects on either parameter.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Disease Susceptibility
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Implants
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects
- Infusion Pumps, Implantable
- Lymph Nodes/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects
- Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development
- Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification
- Spleen/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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