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Liao X, Yang Y, Wang L, Kong Z, Li W. CC chemokine receptors are prognostic indicators of gastric cancer and are associated with immune infiltration. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:1. [PMID: 38169378 PMCID: PMC10763316 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine receptors are responsible for regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and participating in carcinogenesis and tumor advancement. However, no functional study has investigated CC chemokine receptors in gastric cancer (GC) prognosis, risk, immunotherapy, or other treatments. METHODS We conducted a bioinformatics analysis on GC data using online databases, including the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, GeneMANIA, MethSurv, the University of ALabama at Birmingham CANcer (UALCAN) Data Analysis Portal, Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA), cBioportal, and Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER). RESULTS We noted that CC chemokine receptor expression correlated with survival in GC. CC chemokine receptor expression was also strongly linked to different tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Additionally, CC chemokine receptors were found to be broadly drug-resistant in GC. CONCLUSION Our study identifed CC chemokine receptor expression helped in predicting the prognosis of patients diagnosed with GC. The expression level of the CC chemokine receptors was also positively related to multiple tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). These findings provide evidence to monitor patients with GC using CC chemokine receptors, which can be used as an effective biomarker for predicting the disease prognosis and be regarded as a therapeutic target for modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghe Liao
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lihuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First people's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang City, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Kong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First people's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang City, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First people's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang City, 215400, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zheng J, Ma Y, Guo X, Wu J. Immunological characterization of stroke-heart syndrome and identification of inflammatory therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227104. [PMID: 37965346 PMCID: PMC10642553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute cardiac dysfunction caused by stroke-heart syndrome (SHS) is the second leading cause of stroke-related death. The inflammatory response plays a significant role in the pathophysiological process of cardiac damage. However, the mechanisms underlying the brain-heart interaction are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to analysis the immunological characterization and identify inflammation therapeutic targets of SHS. We analyzed gene expression data of heart tissue 24 hours after induction of ischemia stoke by MCAO or sham surgery in a publicly available dataset (GSE102558) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Bioinformatics analysis revealed 138 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in myocardium of MCAO-treated compared with sham-treated mice, among which, immune and inflammatory pathways were enriched. Analysis of the immune cells infiltration showed that the natural killer cell populations were significantly different between the two groups. We identified five DIREGs, Aplnr, Ccrl2, Cdkn1a, Irak2, and Serpine1 and found that their expression correlated with specific populations of infiltrating immune cells in the cardiac tissue. RT-qPCR and Western blot methods confirmed significant changes in the expression levels of Aplnr, Cdkn1a, Irak2, and Serpine1 after MCAO, which may serve as therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular complications after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin, China
- Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilin Ma
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xukun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin, China
- Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
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Li Y, Yang P, Chen F, Tang J, He Z, Yang Z, Weng L, Guo J, Zeng L, Yin H. Ccrl2-centred immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network revealed the local skin immune activation mechanism of moxibustion on adjuvant arthritis mice. Life Sci 2023; 329:121910. [PMID: 37406766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moxibustion is an important external therapy of traditional medicine that operates on some acupoints on the skin and is usually used for immune-related diseases. However, whether the immune function of the skin, especially the immune-related lncRNAs, contributes to the mechanism of moxibustion remains unclear. METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced by injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the right hind paw of mice. Moxibustion was administered on the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint for 3 weeks. The alteration of foot volume and cytokine concentration in serum was used to evaluate the anti-inflammation effect of moxibustion. CD83 expression in the local skin of ST36 was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and lncRNA-mRNA network analysis were performed to construct a moxibustion-induced Immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. qRT-PCR was used to validate the RNA-seq data. RESULTS Moxibustion at ST36 relieved the foot swelling, decreased the TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in serum, and obviously increased the CD83 expression at the local skin of ST36. A total of 548 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 520 linked mRNAs were screened out. The significantly and predominately enriched Go term was inflammatory and immune response, and the main pathways related to inflammatory and immune responses include Toll-like receptor, cytokine-cytokine receptor, and MAPK signaling. The immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network showed 88 lncRNAs and 36 mRNAs, and Ccrl2 is the central hub of this network. CONCLUSION Local immune activation is significantly triggered by moxibustion in ST36 of AA mice. The Ccrl2-centered immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network would be a promising target for decoding the mechanism of moxibustion for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Fenglin Chen
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Jinfan Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan He
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Zhonghao Yang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Li Weng
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Center Hospital of Qionglai City, Chengdu 611530, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610075, China.
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Rawat P, Brummel SS, Singh KK, Kim J, Frazer KA, Nichols S, Seage GR, Williams PL, Van Dyke RB, Harismendy O, Trout RN, Spector SA. Genomics Links Inflammation With Neurocognitive Impairment in Children Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:870-880. [PMID: 33373444 PMCID: PMC8408770 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified host single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 217 PHIV with cognitive score for age (CSA) < 70 and 247 CSA ≥ 70 (discovery cohort [DC]). SNVs identified in DC were evaluated in 2 validation cohorts (VC). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for NCI. A human microglia NLRP3 inflammasome assay characterized the role of identified genes. RESULTS Twenty-nine SNVs in 24 genes reaching P ≤ .002 and OR ≥ 1.5 comparing CSA < 70 to CSA ≥ 70 were identified in the DC, of which 3 SNVs were identified in VCs for further study. Combining the 3 cohorts, SNV in CCRL2 (rs3204849) was associated with decreased odds of NCI (P < .0001); RETREG1/FAM134B (rs61733811) and YWHAH (rs73884247) were associated with increased risk of NCI (P < .0001 and P < .001, respectively). Knockdown of CCRL2 led to decreased microglial release of IL-1β following exposure to ssRNA40 while knockdown of RETREG1 and YWHAH resulted in increased IL-1β release. CONCLUSIONS Using WES and 2 VCs, and gene silencing of microglia we identified 3 genetic variants associated with NCI and inflammation in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean S Brummel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kumud K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sharon Nichols
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George R Seage
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell B Van Dyke
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rodney N Trout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Li HL, Wang LH, Hu YL, Feng Y, Li XH, Liu YF, Li P, Mao QS, Xue WJ. Clinical and prognostic significance of CC chemokine receptor type 8 protein expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4656-4668. [PMID: 32884223 PMCID: PMC7445867 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i31.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical resection and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are defined as the main treatments but cannot cure patients with advanced GIST, which eventually develops into recurrence and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to identify prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for GISTs. CC chemokine receptor type 8 (CCR8) protein participates in regulation of immune responses. Recent studies on CCR8 in non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer showed that it was highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells and correlated with a poor prognosis.
AIM To detect CCR8 expression in GIST tissues and analyze its relationships with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with GISTs.
METHODS Tissue samples were used for the tissue microarrays construction. The microarrays were then subjected to immunohistochemical analyses to detect CCR8 expression. Next, Kaplan–Meier analysis was utilized to calculate the survival rate of patients with complete follow-up data, and the potential prognostic value of CCR8 was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. Finally, a Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes single-gene enrichment chart of CCR8 was constructed using the STRING database.
RESULTS CCR8-positive signals were detected as brown or brown-yellow particles by immunohistochemistry located in the cytoplasm. Among 125 tissue samples, 74 had CCR8 high expression and 51 had low or negative expression. Statistical analyses suggested CCR8 was significantly correlated with tumor size, mitotic index, AFIP-Miettinen risk classification and tumor location. Kaplan–Meier and multivariate analyses showed that patients with low or negative CCR8 expression, mitotic index < 5/high-power fields (HPF) and tumor diameter < 5 cm had a better prognosis. Based on the STRING database, CCR8 was significantly enriched in biological processes such as tumor immunity, T lymphocyte chemotaxis, migration and pathways like the nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor pathways as well as intestinal immune regulation networks.
CONCLUSION CCR8 is a prognostic biomarker for malignant potential of GISTs, with high expression correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Liang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin-Hua Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lee-Thacker S, Choi Y, Taniuchi I, Takarada T, Yoneda Y, Ko C, Jo M. Core Binding Factor β Expression in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Is Essential for Female Fertility. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2094-2109. [PMID: 29554271 PMCID: PMC5905395 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Core binding factor β (CBFβ) is a non-DNA-binding partner of all RUNX proteins and critical for transcription activity of CBF transcription factors (RUNXs/CBFβ). In the ovary, the expression of Runx1 and Runx2 is highly induced by the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in ovulatory follicles, whereas Cbfb is constitutively expressed. To investigate the physiological significance of CBFs in the ovary, the current study generated two different conditional mutant mouse models in which granulosa cell expression of Cbfb and Runx2 was reduced by Cre recombinase driven by an Esr2 promoter. Cbfbgc-/- and Cbfbgc-/- × Runx2gc+/- mice exhibited severe subfertility and infertility, respectively. In the ovaries of both mutant mice, follicles develop normally, but the majority of preovulatory follicles failed to ovulate either in response to human chorionic gonadotropin administration in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-primed immature animals or after the LH surge at 5 months of age. Morphological and physiological changes in the corpus luteum of these mutant mice revealed the reduced size, progesterone production, and vascularization, as well as excessive lipid accumulation. In granulosa cells of periovulatory follicles and corpora lutea of these mice, the expression of Edn2, Ptgs1, Lhcgr, Sfrp4, Wnt4, Ccrl2, Lipg, Saa3, and Ptgfr was also drastically reduced. In conclusion, the current study provided in vivo evidence that CBFβ plays an essential role in female fertility by acting as a critical cofactor of CBF transcription factor complexes, which regulate the expression of specific key ovulatory and luteal genes, thus coordinating the ovulatory process and luteal development/function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somang Lee-Thacker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yohan Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Section of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinoisa
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Misung Jo, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Room MS 335, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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Banas M, Zegar A, Kwitniewski M, Zabieglo K, Marczynska J, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, LaJevic M, Zabel BA, Cichy J. The expression and regulation of chemerin in the epidermis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117830. [PMID: 25659101 PMCID: PMC4320080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a protein ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1 and also binds to two atypical heptahelical receptors, CCRL2 and GPR1. Chemerin is a leukocyte attractant, adipokine, and antimicrobial protein. Although chemerin was initially identified as a highly expressed gene in healthy skin keratinocytes that was downregulated during psoriasis, the regulation of chemerin and its receptors in the skin by specific cytokines and microbial factors remains unexplored. Here we show that chemerin, CMKLR1, CCRL2 and GPR1 are expressed in human and mouse epidermis, suggesting that this tissue may be both a source and target for chemerin mediated effects. In human skin cultures, chemerin is significantly downregulated by IL-17 and IL-22, key cytokines implicated in psoriasis, whereas it is upregulated by acute phase cytokines oncostatin M and IL-1β. Moreover, we show that human keratinocytes in vitro and mouse skin in vivo respond to specific microbial signals to regulate expression levels of chemerin and its receptors. Furthermore, in a cutaneous infection model, chemerin is required for maximal bactericidal effects in vivo. Together, our findings reveal previously uncharacterized regulators of chemerin expression in skin and identify a physiologic role for chemerin in skin barrier defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Banas
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zabieglo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Melissa LaJevic
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
Obesity, characterized by an excess of adipose tissue, is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Different mechanisms linking obesity with these comorbidities have been postulated but remain poorly understood. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormone-like compounds, termed adipokines, that are important for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism. Alterations in the secretion of adipokines with obesity are believed to contribute to the undesirable changes in glucose metabolism that ultimately result in the development of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we have shown that serum levels of the novel adipokine chemerin are significantly elevated in mouse models of obesity/diabetes. The expression of chemerin and its receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2, and G protein-coupled receptor 1 are altered in white adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue of obese/diabetic mice. Administration of exogenous chemerin exacerbates glucose intolerance, lowers serum insulin levels, and decreases tissue glucose uptake in obese/diabetic but not normoglycemic mice. Collectively, these data indicate that chemerin influences glucose homeostasis and may contribute to the metabolic derangements characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Chemokines
- Chemotactic Factors/blood
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacokinetics
- Glucose Intolerance/blood
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/blood
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/etiology
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Ernst
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Efficient induction of mucosal immunity usually employs nasal or oral vaccination while parenteral immunization generally is ineffective at generating mucosal immune responses. This relates to the unique ability of resident mucosal dendritic cells (DC) to induce IgA switching and to imprint mucosa-specific homing receptors on lymphocytes. Based on the well-established plasticity of the DC system, this study sought to investigate whether peripheral DC could be modulated toward "mucosa-type" DC by treatment with immunomodulatory, and therefore potentially adjuvant-like, factors. In this study, we show that monocyte-derived DCs pretreated with the vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (RA) indeed acquired several attributes characteristic of mucosal DC: secretion of TGF-beta and IL-6 and the capacity to augment mucosal homing receptor expression and IgA responses in cocultured lymphocytes. Addition of a TGF-beta-neutralizing Ab to cocultures significantly inhibited alpha4beta7 integrin, but not CCR9 mRNA expression by the lymphocytes. Both alpha4beta7 integrin and CCR9 mRNA expression, but not IgA production, were suppressed in the presence of a RA receptor antagonist. None of the observed effects on the lymphocytes were influenced by citral, a retinal dehydrogenase inhibitor, arguing against a role for de novo-synthesized RA. Collectively, our findings identified a novel role for RA as a mucosal immune modulator targeting DC. Our results further demonstrate that DC can act as efficient carriers of RA at least in vitro. Consequently, RA targeting of DC shows potential for promoting vaccine-induced mucosal immune responses via a parenteral route of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Saurer
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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10
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Wurbel MA, Malissen M, Guy-Grand D, Malissen B, Campbell JJ. Impaired accumulation of antigen-specific CD8 lymphocytes in chemokine CCL25-deficient intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. J Immunol 2007; 178:7598-606. [PMID: 17548595 PMCID: PMC2564614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL25 and CCR9 constitute a chemokine/receptor pair involved in T cell development and in gut-associated immune responses. In this study, we generated CCL25(-/-) mice to answer questions that could not be addressed with existing CCR9(-/-) mice. Similar phenotypes were observed for both CCL25(-/-) and CCR9(-/-) mice, consistent with the notion that CCL25 and CCR9 interact with each other exclusively. We assessed the requirement for CCL25 in generating CCR9(high) CD8 intestinal memory-phenotype T cells and the subsequent accumulation of these cells within effector sites. TCR-transgenic naive CD8 T cells were transferred into wild-type or CCL25-deficient hosts. Oral sensitization with Ag allowed these naive donor cells to efficiently differentiate into CCR9(high) memory-phenotype cells within the mesenteric lymph nodes of wild-type hosts. This differentiation event occurred with equal efficiency in the MLN of CCL25-deficient hosts, demonstrating that CCL25 is not required to induce the CCR9(high) memory phenotype in vivo. However, we found that CCL25 deficiency severely impaired the Ag-dependent accumulation of donor-derived CD8 T cells within both lamina propria and epithelium of the small intestine. Thus, although CCL25 is not necessary for generating memory-phenotype CD8 T cells with "gut-homing" properties, this chemokine is indispensable for their trafficking to the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Wurbel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Guy-Grand
- Cytokines et Développement Lymphoïde, INSERM Unité 668, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de la Mediterranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. James J. Campbell, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Eugene Braunwald Research Center 511, Boston, MA 02115; E-mail address: or Dr. Bernard Malissen, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France; E-mail address: (address requests for CCL25-deficient mice to Dr. B. Malissen)
| | - James J. Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. James J. Campbell, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Eugene Braunwald Research Center 511, Boston, MA 02115; E-mail address: or Dr. Bernard Malissen, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France; E-mail address: (address requests for CCL25-deficient mice to Dr. B. Malissen)
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11
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Stenstad H, Svensson M, Cucak H, Kotarsky K, Agace WW. Differential homing mechanisms regulate regionalized effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell accumulation within the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10122-7. [PMID: 17551016 PMCID: PMC1891238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700269104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor (CCR)9 is expressed on the majority of small intestinal, but few colonic, T cells, whereas its ligand CCL25 is constitutively expressed by small intestinal epithelial cells. As such, CCR9/CCL25 have been proposed to play a central role in regulating small intestinal but not colonic immune responses and thus to organize regionalized immunity within the intestinal mucosa. Here, we demonstrate that CCL25 is expressed at reduced levels by epithelial cells in the distal compared with proximal small intestine, which correlated with less efficient CCR9-dependent effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell entry into the ileal epithelium. In vitro-generated alpha4beta7+ effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell entry into the lamina propria was less dependent on CCR9 than entry into the epithelium along the entire length of the small intestine and in particular in the ileum. CCR9-independent alpha4beta7+ effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell entry was pertussis toxin-sensitive, suggesting a role for additional Galpha(I)-linked G protein-coupled receptors. Finally, in vivo-primed effector CD8alphabeta+ T cells displayed regionalized differences in their entry to the small intestinal epithelium with enhanced CCR9-independent entry to the ileum. These results highlight a hitherto underappreciated compartmentalization of immune responses within the small intestine and have direct implications for targeting strategies aimed at regulating T cell localization to the small intestinal mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stenstad
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Svensson
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Cucak
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - William W. Agace
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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12
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Olaussen RW, Karlsson MR, Lundin KEA, Jahnsen J, Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN. Reduced chemokine receptor 9 on intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease suggests persistent epithelial activation. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:2371-82. [PMID: 17570212 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is caused by an inappropriate immune response to dietary gluten, with increased epithelial lymphocyte infiltration in the duodenum/jejunum as a hallmark. The chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a small intestinal homing receptor normally found on most mucosal T cells in this organ. Because CCR9 expression appears to be activation dependent, we examined CCR9 on duodenal T cells from untreated and treated (gluten-free diet) patients with celiac disease and healthy controls. METHODS Duodenal biopsy specimens and blood samples were obtained for histologic analysis and flow-cytometric CCR9 analysis of isolated lymphocytes. CCR9 expression after activation was studied in peripheral blood T cells from healthy volunteers. RESULTS The median number of CCR9(+) cells among CD3(+) T cells in epithelium and lamina propria, respectively, was 56% and 48% in controls, 11% and 40% in treated patients, and 1% and 8% in untreated patients. Significant differences occurred between controls and treated or untreated patients in the epithelium but only between controls and untreated patients in the lamina propria (P=.008, all comparisons). No such differences were seen in peripheral blood, but stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin and, to a lesser extent, stimulation via NKG2D reduced the CCR9 expression on blood T cells. CONCLUSIONS CCR9 expression is reduced on epithelial and lamina propria T cells in untreated celiac disease. Down-regulation of CCR9 persists in intraepithelial T cells from well-treated patients. This suggests ongoing immune activation preferentially within the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olaussen
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Elgbratt K, Bjursten M, Willén R, Bland PW, Hörnquist EH. Aberrant T-cell ontogeny and defective thymocyte and colonic T-cell chemotactic migration in colitis-prone Galphai2-deficient mice. Immunology 2007; 122:199-209. [PMID: 17490434 PMCID: PMC2265997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Galphai2-deficient mice, which spontaneously develop colitis, have previously been reported to have an increased frequency of mature, single positive thymocytes compared to wild-type mice. In this study we further characterized the intrathymic changes in these mice before and during overt colitis. Even before the onset of colitis, Galphai2(-/-) thymi weighed less and contained fewer thymocytes, and this was exacerbated with colitis development. Whereas precolitic Galphai2(-/-) mice had unchanged thymocyte density compared to Galphai2(+/-) mice of the same age, this was significantly decreased in mice with colitis. Thymic atrophy in Galphai2(-/-) mice involved mainly the cortex. Using a five-stage phenotypic characterization of thymocyte maturation based on expression of CD4, CD8, TCRalphabeta, CD69 and CD62L, we found that both precolitic and colitic Galphai2(-/-) mice had significantly increased frequencies of mature single-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) medullary thymocytes, and significantly reduced frequencies and total numbers of immature CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes compared to Galphai2(+/-) mice. Furthermore, cortical and transitional precolitic Galphai2(-/-) thymocytes showed significantly reduced chemotactic migration towards CXCL12, and a trend towards reduced migration to CCL25, compared to wild-type thymocytes, a feature even more pronounced in colitic mice. This impaired chemotactic migration of Galphai2(-/-) thymocytes could not be reversed by increased chemokine concentrations. Galphai2(-/-) thymocytes also showed reduced expression of the CCL25 receptor CCR9, but not CXCR4, the receptor, for CXCL12. Finally, wild-type colonic lamina propria lymphocytes migrated in response to CXCL12, but not CCL25 and, as with thymocytes, the chemokine responsiveness was significantly reduced in Galphai2(-/-) mucosal lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/pathology
- Colon/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2/deficiency
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2/genetics
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Organ Size
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Elgbratt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden
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14
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Seidl H, Richtig E, Tilz H, Stefan M, Schmidbauer U, Asslaber M, Zatloukal K, Herlyn M, Schaider H. Profiles of chemokine receptors in melanocytic lesions: de novo expression of CXCR6 in melanoma. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:768-80. [PMID: 17306330 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective expression of certain chemokine receptors by melanoma cells and the presence of their ligands in tissues might govern organ site-specific metastasis. Because the expression profile of chemokine receptors in tissues of melanocytic origin is unknown, we performed a comprehensive study on melanocytic tissue samples investigating the expression of 18 chemokine receptors at the mRNA level by real-time polymerase chain reaction, using a semiquantitative approach, and of 3 chemokine receptors (CXCR6, CCR9, and XCR1) at the protein level. We report on the de novo expression of CXCR6 in primary melanomas and melanoma metastases, but absence in melanoma cell lines and congenital nevi. CXCR4 and CCR1 were the only 2 chemokine receptors that were consistently expressed in melanocytes, melanoma cell lines, primary, and metastatic melanoma; CCR1 expression increased significantly over progression. CCR9 and XCR1 transcripts were found in melanocytic lesions, and expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Transcripts for CCR10 were not found in any of the lesions, but in some melanoma cell lines. Expression of CCR7 was observed in primary melanomas and some metastases. CCR5 was exclusively expressed in primary melanomas and some cutaneous metastases. Results revealed a restricted and differential pattern of chemokine receptor expression in melanoma tissue, which varies substantially from the expression profile of melanoma cell lines and warrants functional studies on some receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidl
- Department of Dermatology, Tumor Biology Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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15
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Saruta M, Yu QT, Avanesyan A, Fleshner PR, Targan SR, Papadakis KA. Phenotype and effector function of CC chemokine receptor 9-expressing lymphocytes in small intestinal Crohn's disease. J Immunol 2007; 178:3293-300. [PMID: 17312180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL25/CCR9 chemokine ligand/receptor pair has been reported to play an important role in small bowel (SB) immunity and inflammation. We have previously reported an aberrant SB expression of CCL25 in Crohn's disease (CD) and an increased frequency of CCR9(+) T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with SB inflammatory diseases such as CD and celiac disease. In this study, we have characterized the phenotype and effector function of CCR9(+) T cells in mucosal lymphoid tissues in CD. We show that CCR9(+) T cells isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) draining CD SB express a more activated phenotype compared with MLN draining normal SB. Stimulation of CCR9(+) T cells isolated from CD SB lamina propria produced more IFN-gamma and IL-17 in response to anti-CD3 or IL-12/IL-18 stimulation compared with those isolated from normal SB. The addition of TL1A to the cytokine combination markedly augmented the secretion of IFN-gamma, but not IL-17, by CD lamina propria CCR9(+) T cells. CCL25 incubation of CD SB lamina propria lymphocytes and MLN lymphocytes increased their adhesion to VCAM-1/Fc in vitro. Finally, the TCRVbeta analysis of CCR9(+) T cells revealed a diverse TCRVbeta repertoire among MLN CCR9(+) T cells in patients with SB CD. Our data indicate that CCR9(+) T cells in SB CD are proinflammatory and support the rationale for the use of CCR9 antagonists for the treatment of human SB CD.
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MESH Headings
- Crohn Disease/blood
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Crohn Disease/therapy
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saruta
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Immunobiology Institute, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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16
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Kriegova E, Tsyrulnyk A, Arakelyan A, Mrazek F, Ordeltova M, Petzmann S, Zatloukal J, Kolek V, du Bois RM, Popper H, Petrek M. Expression of CCX CKR in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Inflamm Res 2007; 55:441-5. [PMID: 17109071 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-006-6019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCX CKR is a decoy chemokine receptor that specifically binds the chemokines CCL19, CCL25 and CCL21. CCL19 was previously found to be upregulated in pulmonary sarcoidosis. We have, therefore, investigated CCX CKR expression in this inflammatory disease. METHODS AND RESULTS CCX CKR mRNA was semiquantitated using RT-PCR in unseparated bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells from sarcoidosis patients (S, n = 29) and healthy control subjects (C, n = 9). CCX CKR transcripts were upregulated in patients (mean +/- SEM); S, 0.82 +/- 0.10; C, 0.44 +/- 0.04; p = 0.01; this upregulation paralleled the disease course as assessed by the chest radiographic stage (p < 0.02). Immunocytochemistry localised the CCX CKR protein to ciliated bronchial cells. Flow cytometric fluorescent ligand uptake assay showed that these cells are able to internalize its ligand. CONCLUSION These observations implicate CCX CKR in the modulation of the inflammatory response in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kriegova
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University and Faculty Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova str. 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Nagakubo D, Jin Z, Hieshima K, Nakayama T, Shirakawa AK, Tanaka Y, Hasegawa H, Hayashi T, Tsukasaki K, Yamada Y, Yoshie O. Expression of CCR9 in HTLV-1+ T cells and ATL cells expressing Tax. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1591-7. [PMID: 17205512 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a highly aggressive mature CD4+ T-cell malignancy that is etiologically associated with human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL is characterized by frequent infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, skin and gut. Previously, we and others have shown that the majority of ATL cases are strongly positive for CCR4, which may explain the frequent skin invasion of ATL. Here, we examined whether ATL cells express CCR9, which is involved in T-cell homing to the gastrointestinal tract. Human T cell lines carrying HTLV-1 consistently expressed CCR9 together with the HTLV-1-encoded transcriptional activator Tax. Although ATL cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood hardly expressed CCR9, ATL cells cultured for 1 day consistently expressed CCR9 in parallel with the upregulation of Tax. Induction of Tax by Cd2+ in JPX-9, a subline of Jurkat human T cell line carrying Tax under the control of metallothionein promoter, led to upregulation of CCR9. A luciferase reporter gene under the control of the CCR9 promoter was expressed by cotransfection of an expression vector for Tax or in Cd2+-treated JPX-9 cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that ATL cells infiltrating gastrointestinal tract were frequently positive for CCR9. Collectively, CCR9 is inducible in ATL cells expressing Tax and may play a role in the gastrointestinal involvement of ATL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cell Line, Transformed/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed/virology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Microbiology and SORST, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The thymus requires continuous replenishment of progenitors from the bone marrow (BM) to sustain T cell development. However, it remains unclear which hematopoietic progenitors downstream from hematopoietic stem cells in the BM home to the thymus in adult mice. In this work, we demonstrate that although multiple BM populations have intrinsic T lineage differentiation potential, a small subset of multipotent progenitors (MPPs) expressing CCR9 preferentially homes to the thymus. These CCR9(+) MPPs are phenotypically similar to the most immature early T lineage progenitors (ETPs) in the thymus and are present in the peripheral blood. Similar to ETPs, CCR9(+) MPPs undergo Notch signaling, as indicated by higher expression of Notch1 and downstream target Hes1 genes compared with other MPP subsets. Furthermore, CCR9(+) MPPs possess differentiation potential similar to that of ETPs, with very limited granulocyte/macrophage differentiation potential, but they can differentiate into T, B, and dendritic cells. These characteristics implicate CCR9(+) MPPs as the BM precursors of the earliest thymic progenitors. In addition, our data suggest that before transition from BM to thymus, MPPs are lymphoid-specified and primed for T lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y. Lai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Jones Building, DUMC Box 3010, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Motonari Kondo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Jones Building, DUMC Box 3010, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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19
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Wendland M, Czeloth N, Mach N, Malissen B, Kremmer E, Pabst O, Förster R. CCR9 is a homing receptor for plasmacytoid dendritic cells to the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6347-52. [PMID: 17404233 PMCID: PMC1851094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609180104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that intestinal pDC show the characteristic plasma cell-like morphology, and are recognized by antibodies against B220, Ly6c, 120G8, and PDCA-1, markers that are typically expressed by pDC. Furthermore, intestinal pDC carry high levels of CCR9 and are largely absent in the intestine, but not in lung, liver, or secondary lymphoid organs of CCR9-deficient animals. Competitive adoptive transfers reveal that CCR9-deficient pDC are impaired in homing to the small intestine after i.v. transfer. In a model of cholera toxin-induced gut inflammation, pDC are recruited to the intestine in WT but not CCR9-deficient animals. Furthermore, after oral application of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 ligand, myeloid DC of the lamina propria are rapidly mobilized in WT but not in CCR9-deficient animals. Mobilization of myeloid DC can be completely rescued by adoptively transferred WT pDC to CCR9-deficient mice before oral challenge. Together, our data reveal an essential role for CCR9 in the homing of pDC to the intestine under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions and demonstrate an important role for intestinal pDC for the rapid mobilization of lamina propria DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Wendland
- *Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas Czeloth
- *Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Mach
- Oncology Division, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U631, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6102, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; and
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Molecular Immunology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- *Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- *Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. E-mail:
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20
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Schwarz BA, Sambandam A, Maillard I, Harman BC, Love PE, Bhandoola A. Selective thymus settling regulated by cytokine and chemokine receptors. J Immunol 2007; 178:2008-17. [PMID: 17277104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To generate T cells throughout adult life, the thymus must import hemopoietic progenitors from the bone marrow via the blood. In this study, we establish that thymus settling is selective. Using nonirradiated recipient mice, we found that hemopoietic stem cells were excluded from the thymus, whereas downstream multipotent progenitors (MPP) and common lymphoid progenitors rapidly generated T cells following i.v. transfer. This cellular specificity correlated with the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR9 by a subset of MPP and common lymphoid progenitors but not hemopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, CCR9 expression was required for efficient thymus settling. Finally, we demonstrate that a prethymic signal through the cytokine receptor fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-3 was required for the generation of CCR9-expressing early lymphoid progenitors, which were the most efficient progenitors of T cells within the MPP population. We conclude that fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-3 signaling is required for the generation of T lineage-competent progenitors, which selectively express molecules, including CCR9, that allow them to settle within the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Schwarz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Kiriya K, Watanabe N, Nishio A, Okazaki K, Kido M, Saga K, Tanaka J, Akamatsu T, Ohashi S, Asada M, Fukui T, Chiba T. Essential role of Peyer's patches in the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis. Int Immunol 2007; 19:435-46. [PMID: 17314082 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter bacteria colonize in the stomach and induce strong, specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Helicobacter binds to the host epithelial cells, directly triggering the recruitment of neutrophils. Local inflammatory processes in the gastric mucosa are followed by extensive immune cell infiltration, resulting in chronic active gastritis characterized by a marked infiltration of T(h)1 cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms underlying the development of T(h)1 cell-mediated chronic gastritis, however, are not clear. Peyer's patches (PPs), the major inductive sites for mucosal immunity in the gut system, might orchestrate Helicobacter-specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity. To examine the roles of PPs in the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis, we generated PP-null mice that normally develop well-organized lymphoid organs except for PPs and intra-gastrically infected the resulting PP-null mice with Helicobacter felis. PP deficiency severely impaired both the development of T(h)1 cell-mediated gastritis induced by Helicobacter and the production of anti-Helicobacter antibodies despite marked bacterial colonization of the gastric mucosa. Although PP deficiency did not impair the differentiation of Helicobacter-specific CD4(+) T cells into IFN-gamma--producing T(h)1 cells, Helicobacter-specific IFN-gamma--producing CD4(+) T cells in PP-null mice lacked the ability to migrate into Helicobacter-colonized gastric mucosa. These findings suggest that PPs have an important role in Helicobacter-specific local and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immunity, including the development of Helicobacter-induced gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kiriya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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22
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Abstract
The intestinal immune response to oral Ags involves a complex multistep process. The requirements for optimal intestinal T cell responses in this process are unclear. LFA-1 plays a critical role in peripheral T cell trafficking and activation, however, its role in intestinal immune responses has not been precisely defined. To dissect the role of LFA-1 in intestinal immune responses, we used a system that allows for segregation of T cell migration and activation through the adoptive transfer of LFA-1-deficient (CD18(-/-)) CD4(+) T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice into wild-type BALB/c mice. We find that wild-type mice adoptively transferred with CD18(-/-) DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells demonstrate decreases in the numbers of Ag-specific T cells in the intestinal lamina propria after oral Ag administration. We also find that in addition to its role in trafficking to intestinal secondary lymphoid organs, LFA-1 is required for optimal CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vivo upon oral Ag immunization. Furthermore, CD18(-/-) DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells primed in the intestinal secondary lymphoid organs demonstrate defects in up-regulation of the intestinal-specific trafficking molecules, alpha(4)beta(7) and CCR9. Interestingly, the defect in trafficking of CD18(-/-) DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells to the intestinal lamina propria persists even under conditions of equivalent activation and intestinal-tropic differentiation, implicating a role for CD18 in the trafficking of activated T cells into intestinal tissues independent of the earlier defects in the intestinal immune response. This argues for a complex role for CD18 in the early priming checkpoints and ultimately in the trafficking of T cells to the intestinal tissues during an intestinal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Marski
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Liu JX, Cao X, Tang YC, Liu Y, Tang FR. CCR7, CCR8, CCR9 and CCR10 in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area and the dentate gyrus during and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1072-88. [PMID: 17181556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed CCR7, CCR8, CCR9 and CCR10 in the normal Swiss mouse hippocampus at both protein and mRNA levels. CCR7, CCR9 and CCR10 were mainly localized in hippocampal principal cells and some interneurons. CCR9 was also found in the mossy fibres and/or terminals, suggesting an axonal or presynaptic localization, and CCR10 in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area. CCR8 was observed in interneurons. Double-labelling immunocytochemistry revealed that most of calbindin (CB)-, calretinin (CR)- and parvalbumin (PV)-immunopositive neurons expressed CCR7-10, except CR-immunopositive cells in which only 10 to 12% expressed CCR8. During and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, progressive changes of each of CCR7, CCR8, CCR9 and CCR10 proteins occurred in different patterns at various time points. Sensitive real-time PCR showed similar change patterns at mRNA level. At the chronic stage, i.e. at 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, significant reduction of CCR7-10 expression in CB-, CR- and PV-immunpositive interneurons may suggest the phenotype change of surviving interneurons. Double labelling of CCR7, CCR8 and CCR9 with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at the chronic stage may suggest an induced expression in reactive astrocytes. The present study may, therefore, for the first time, provide evidence that CCR7-10 may be involved in normal hippocampal activity. The demonstration of the progressive changes of CCR7-10 during and after status epilepticus may open a new area to reveal the mechanism of neuronal loss after status epilepticus and of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Meurens F, Whale J, Brownlie R, Dybvig T, Thompson DR, Gerdts V. Expression of mucosal chemokines TECK/CCL25 and MEC/CCL28 during fetal development of the ovine mucosal immune system. Immunology 2007; 120:544-55. [PMID: 17250588 PMCID: PMC2265900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL25/TECK and CCL28/MEC are CC chemokines primarily expressed in thymic dendritic cells and mucosal epithelial cells. The cognate receptors of CCL25 and CCL28, CCR9 and CCR10, respectively, are mainly expressed on T and B lymphocytes. In human, mouse and pig, CCL25 and CCL28 play a key role in the segregation and the compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system through recruitment of immune cells to specific locations. However, little is known about their role in the ontogeny of the mucosal immune system during fetal development. In the present paper, we report the cloning and the sequencing of ovine CCL25, CCL28, CCR9 and CCR10 and the subsequent assessment of their mRNA expression by q-polymerase chain reaction in several tissues, including thymus, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and mammary gland, from young and adult sheep and in the fetal lamb during the development of the immune system. CCL25 mRNA was highly expressed in thymus and gut while CCL28 mRNA was more expressed in large intestine, trachea, tonsils and mammary gland, especially at the end of gestation. These results are consistent with observations in other species suggesting similar roles for these chemokines in sheep. In fetuses, mRNA of CCL25, CCL28 and their receptors are expressed early in the thymus and mucosal tissues, including the small intestine and the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, their expression increased towards the end of gestation. Consequently, we hypothesize that CCL25 and CCL28 play an important role in the lymphocyte colonization of fetal tissues, enabling the development of a functional immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fetal Development/immunology
- Fetus/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gestational Age
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Mucous Membrane/embryology
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CCR10
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Sheep, Domestic/embryology
- Sheep, Domestic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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25
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Grodecka M, Waśniowska K. [Interceptors:--"silent" chemokine receptors]. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2007; 61:231-9. [PMID: 17507871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological effect caused by chemokines is regulated by interactions with a group of rodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors share a number of common features: the polypeptide chain is a 7-transmembrane ?-helix (7 TMD motif) and the region involved in G-protein interaction (the DRYLAIV sequence) is located in the second transmembrane loop. So far, 19 chemokine receptors have been identified. Three of them (Duffy glycoprotein, D6, and CCX-CKR proteins), although structurally related to other GPCRs, lack the ability of G-protein signal transduction. Instead, they efficiently internalize their cognate ligands, regulating chemokine levels in various body compartments. These three proteins are suggested to form a distinct chemokine receptor family, designated "interceptors" or "silent" chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grodecka
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. L. Hirszfelda we Wrocławiu, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Experiments have generated a plethora of data about the genes, molecules, and cells involved in thymocyte development. Here, we use a computer-driven simulation that uses data about thymocyte development to generate an integrated dynamic representation-a novel technology we have termed reactive animation (RA). RA reveals emergent properties in complex dynamic biological systems. We apply RA to thymocyte development by reproducing and extending the effects of known gene knockouts: CXCR4 and CCR9. RA simulation revealed a previously unidentified role of thymocyte competition for major histocompatability complex presentation. We now report that such competition is required for normal anatomical compartmentalization, can influence the rate of thymocyte velocities within chemokine gradients, and can account for the disproportion between single-positive CD4 and CD8 lineages developing from double-positive precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Efroni
- National Cancer Institute Center for Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
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27
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Abstract
The human telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT is highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic cells and silenced in the majority of somatic cells. To investigate the mechanisms of hTERT silencing, we have developed a novel reporter using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) that contained the entire hTERT gene and its neighboring loci, hCRR9 and hXtrp2. Firefly and Renilla luciferases were used to monitor transcription from the hTERT and hCRR9 promoters, respectively. In mouse embryonic stem cells stably integrated with the BAC reporter, both hTERT and hCRR9 promoters were highly expressed. Upon differentiation into embryoid bodies and further into mineral-producing osteogenic cells, the hTERT promoter activity decreased progressively, whereas the hCRR9 promoter remained highly active, both resembling their endogenous counterparts. In fully differentiated cells, the hTERT promoter was completely silenced and adopted a chromatin structure that was similar to its native counterpart in human cells. Inhibition of histone deacetylases led to the opening of the hTERT promoter and partially relieved repression, suggesting that histone deacetylation was necessary but not sufficient for hTERT silencing. Thus, our result demonstrated that developmental silencing of the human TERT locus could be recapitulated in a chromosomal position-independent manner during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Reporter
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Telomerase/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Chunguang Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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28
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Rivera-Nieves J, Ho J, Bamias G, Ivashkina N, Ley K, Oppermann M, Cominelli F. Antibody blockade of CCL25/CCR9 ameliorates early but not late chronic murine ileitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1518-29. [PMID: 17101325 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CCL25 mediates the homeostatic recruitment of CCR9-expressing lymphocytes to the small intestine, but the function of this chemokine/receptor pair during chronic small intestinal inflammation has yet to be determined. Furthermore, although clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of targeting the CCL25/CCR9 axis for the treatment of Crohn's disease are being conducted, preclinical data in animal models of IBD are lacking. METHODS In the current studies, we investigated the expression of CCL25 and CCR9 as a function of disease progression in a spontaneous murine model of chronic ileitis (SAMP1/YitFc) using flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we assessed the functional role of the axis in the overall disease process through therapeutic studies that target the chemokine or the receptor during early and late disease. RESULTS The percentage of CCR9-expressing lymphocytes increased during early disease, accompanied by the appearance of a population of CCR9(high) lymphocytes, predominantly within CD8(+) T cells. Yet different from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the expression of CCL25 remained restricted to the small intestine, even in mice with inflammation of the biliary tree. Neutralization of the receptor or the chemokine attenuated early disease but showed no therapeutic efficacy during the later stages, when overall CCR9 expression decreased and the CCR9(high) population was absent. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that the role of this chemokine axis is not limited to homeostatic recruitment, as previously believed. However, these molecules appear to play their most crucial role during the early stages of chronic murine ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Digestive Health Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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29
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Li H, Gang Z, Yuling H, Luokun X, Jie X, Hao L, Li W, Chunsong H, Junyan L, Mingshen J, Youxin J, Feili G, Boquan J, Jinquan T. Different neurotropic pathogens elicit neurotoxic CCR9- or neurosupportive CXCR3-expressing microglia. J Immunol 2006; 177:3644-56. [PMID: 16951324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
What mechanism that determines microglia accomplishing destructive or constructive role in CNS remains nebulous. We report here that intracranial priming and rechallenging with Toxoplasma gondii in mice elicit neurotoxic CCR9+ Irg1+ (immunoresponsive gene 1) microglia, which render resistance to apoptosis and produce a high level of TNF-alpha; priming and rechallenging with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus elicit neurosupportive CXCR3+ Irg1- microglia, which are sensitive to apoptosis and produce a high level of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Administration of CCR9 and/or Irg1 small interfering RNA alters the frequency and functional profiles of neurotoxic CCR9+ Irg1+ and neurosupportive CXCR3+ Irg1- microglia in vivo. Moreover, by using a series of different neurotropic pathogens, including intracellular parasites, chronic virus, bacteria, toxic substances, and CNS injury to intracranially prime and subsequent rechallenge mice, the bi-directional elicitation of microglia has been confirmed as neurotoxic CCR9+ Irg1+ and neurosupportive CXCR3+ Irg1- cells in these mouse models. These data suggest that there exist two different types of microglia, providing with a novel insight into microglial involvement in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathogenesis such as Alzheimer's disease and AIDS dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan's People's Republic of China
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30
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Liu C, Saito F, Liu Z, Lei Y, Uehara S, Love P, Lipp M, Kondo S, Manley N, Takahama Y. Coordination between CCR7- and CCR9-mediated chemokine signals in prevascular fetal thymus colonization. Blood 2006; 108:2531-9. [PMID: 16809609 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThymus seeding by T-lymphoid progenitor cells is a prerequisite for T-cell development. However, molecules guiding thymus colonization and their roles before and after thymus vascularization are unclear. Here we show that mice doubly deficient for chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9 were defective specifically in fetal thymus colonization before, but not after, thymus vascularization. The defective prevascular fetal thymus colonization was followed by selective loss of the first wave of T-cell development generating epidermal Vγ3+ γδ T cells. Unexpectedly, CCL21, a CCR7 ligand, was expressed not by Foxn1-dependent thymic primordium but by Gcm2-dependent parathyroid primordium, whereas CCL25, a CCR9 ligand, was predominantly expressed by Foxn1-dependent thymic primordium, revealing the role of the adjacent parathyroid in guiding fetal thymus colonization. These results indicate coordination between Gcm2-dependent parathyroid and Foxn1-dependent thymic primordia in establishing CCL21/CCR7- and CCL25/CCR9-mediated chemokine guidance essential for prevascular fetal thymus colonization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thymus Gland/blood supply
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlan Liu
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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31
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Schorpp M, Bialecki M, Diekhoff D, Walderich B, Odenthal J, Maischein HM, Zapata AG, Boehm T. Conserved functions of Ikaros in vertebrate lymphocyte development: genetic evidence for distinct larval and adult phases of T cell development and two lineages of B cells in zebrafish. J Immunol 2006; 177:2463-76. [PMID: 16888008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has been advocated as an alternative animal model to study lymphocyte development, although the similarities in the genetic requirements of lymphopoiesis between fish and mammals have not yet been investigated. In this study, we examine the role of the transcription factor Ikaros in zebrafish lymphopoiesis. In fish larvae homozygous for an ikaros allele predicted to lack the C-terminal zinc fingers, T lymphopoiesis is absent; the presence of V(H)DmuJmu rearrangements in adolescent fish is delayed in mutants. In adolescent mutant fish, T cells expressing tcrb and tcrd and B cells expressing igm are formed with low efficiency and display an oligoclonal Ag receptor repertoire. By contrast, B cells expressing the igz isotype do not develop, providing genetic evidence for two separate B cell lineages in zebrafish. Thus, Ikaros appears to play similar roles in fish and mammalian lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Comerford I, Milasta S, Morrow V, Milligan G, Nibbs R. The chemokine receptor CCX-CKR mediates effective scavenging of CCL19 in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1904-16. [PMID: 16791897 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and CCL25, by signalling through the receptors CCR7 or CCR9, play critical roles in leukocyte homing. They also bind another heptahelical surface protein, CCX-CKR. CCX-CKR cannot couple to typical chemokine receptor signalling pathways or mediate chemotaxis, and its function remains unclear. We have proposed that it controls chemokine bioavailability. Here, using transfected HEK293 cells, we have shown that both CCX-CKR and CCR7 mediate rapid CCL19 internalisation upon initial chemokine exposure. However, internalised CCL19 was more efficiently retained and degraded after uptake via CCX-CKR. More importantly, CCR7 rapidly became refractory for CCL19 uptake, but the sequestration activity of CCX-CKR was enhanced. These properties endowed CCX-CKR with an impressive ability to mediate progressive sequestration and degradation of large quantities of CCL19, and conversely, prevented CCR7-expressing cells from extensively altering their chemokine environment. These differences may be linked to the routes of endocytosis used by these receptors. CCX-CKR, unlike CCR7, was not critically dependent on beta-arrestins or clathrin-coated pits. However, over-expression of caveolin-1, which stabilises caveolae, blocked CCL19 uptake by CCX-CKR while having no impact on other chemokine receptors, including CCR7. These data predict that CCX-CKR scavenges extracellular chemokines in vivo to modify responses through CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
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33
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Ou DL, Chen CL, Lin SB, Hsu CH, Lin LI. Chemokine receptor expression profiles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their association with metastasis and radiotherapy. J Pathol 2006; 210:363-73. [PMID: 16955398 DOI: 10.1002/path.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cancer that metastasizes predictably to cervical lymph nodes or distant organs. To assess whether the chemokine receptors of NPC cells play important roles in metastasis and are associated with radiotherapy history, the significance of various chemokine receptors (CCR1-10, CXCR1-6, XCR1, and CX3CR1) in NPC cell lines (TW01, TW04, HONE1, BM1, and AS1) and 52 NPC tumour biopsies from 48 patients with NPC was evaluated by mRNA and cytometric analyses, chemotaxis and actin polymerization assays, and immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed substantial expression of CCR7, CCR9, CXCR4, and CXCR6 mRNA in all the NPC cell lines. Of these, however, only CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 were functional in NPC cells. Negative immunoreactivity for CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 was demonstrated in almost all nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens from patients with primary NPC (n = 12) and in those with regional metastatic NPC (n = 15). However, expression of two or three of these chemokine receptors was demonstrated in NP specimens from patients with liver metastasis. Strong positivity was demonstrated for all three of these chemokine receptors in almost all of the regional and distant metastasis specimens. Significant differences in the expression of CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 were found between primary tumours and metastases (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.002, respectively). This observation was further confirmed by laser capture microdissection of freshly frozen tumours from primary (n = 5) and metastatic (n = 8) NPC sites (p = 0.04, 0.03, and 0.03 for CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6, respectively). Finally, significant differences in CXCR4 expression were demonstrated between de novo and post-radiotherapy groups (1/22 vs. 5/8; p < 0.003). It appears reasonable to conclude, therefore, that CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 are expressed and active in human NPC metastases, while CXCR4 expression is associated with radiotherapy history.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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34
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Kivisäkk P, Tucky B, Wei T, Campbell JJ, Ransohoff RM. Human cerebrospinal fluid contains CD4+ memory T cells expressing gut- or skin-specific trafficking determinants: relevance for immunotherapy. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:14. [PMID: 16824229 PMCID: PMC1539023 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating memory T cells can be divided into tissue-specific subsets, which traffic through distinct tissue compartments during physiologic immune surveillance, based on their expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. We reasoned that a bias (either enrichment or depletion) of CSF T cell expression of known organ-specific trafficking determinants might suggest that homing of T cells to the subarachnoid space could be governed by a CNS-specific adhesion molecule or chemokine receptor. Results The expression of cutaneous leukocyte antigen (CLA) and CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4; associated with skin-homing) as well as the expression of integrin α4β7 and CCR9 (associated with gut-homing) was analyzed on CD4+ memory T cells in CSF from individuals with non-inflammatory neurological diseases using flow cytometry. CSF contained similar proportions of CD4+ memory T cells expressing CLA, CCR4, integrin α4β7 and CCR9 as paired blood samples. Conclusion The results extend our previous findings that antigen-experienced CD4+ memory T cells traffic through the CSF in proportion to their abundance in the peripheral circulation. Furthermore, the ready access of skin- and gut-homing CD4+ memory T cells to the CNS compartment via CSF has implications for the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic strategies, such as oral tolerance or therapeutic immunization, where immunogens are administered using an oral or subcutaneous route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kivisäkk
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Tucky
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tao Wei
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James J Campbell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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35
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Ohmori K, Fukui F, Kiso M, Imai T, Yoshie O, Hasegawa H, Matsushima K, Kannagi R. Identification of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen as sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X, a selectin ligand expressed on a subset of skin-homing helper memory T cells. Blood 2006; 107:3197-204. [PMID: 16380447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the carbohydrate determinant sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X (Le(x)) as the major L-selectin ligand on high endothelial venules of peripheral lymph nodes. In this study, we examined the distribution of the sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x) determinant among peripheral lymphocytes. The determinant was expressed on a subset of helper memory T and NK cells. The helper memory T cells expressing sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x) were CD45RO(bright+) PSGL-1(high+) CCR4+ L-selectin+ CCR7+ but did not express alpha4beta7 integrin or CCR9, indicating that they were the skin-homing population of central memory T cells. The T-cell subset significantly expressed mRNA for 6-sulfotransferase HEC-GlcNAc6ST and fucosyltransferase Fuc-T VII, responsible for the synthesis of sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x). Characteristics of the T-cell population were similar to those previously described for cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)-positive T cells defined by the HECA-452 or 2F3 antibody. The binding of the T-cell subset with the specific anti-sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x) antibody G152 was almost completely abrogated by HECA-452 or 2F3. Binding of recombinant E-, P-, and L-selectins to the T-cell subset was significantly inhibited by G152 and by HECA-452 antibodies. We propose that CLA, which is expressed without any activation stimuli on peripheral skin-homing helper memory T cells in healthy persons, is at least partly the sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x) determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Ohmori
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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36
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Stenstad H, Ericsson A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Svensson M, Marsal J, Mack M, Picarella D, Soler D, Marquez G, Briskin M, Agace WW. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue-primed CD4+ T cells display CCR9-dependent and -independent homing to the small intestine. Blood 2006; 107:3447-54. [PMID: 16391017 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell entry to the intestinal mucosa is central to the generation of mucosal immunity as well as chronic intestinal inflammation, yet the mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly defined. Here we show that murine small intestinal CD4(+) lamina propria lymphocytes express a heterogeneous but restricted array of chemokine receptors including CCR5, CCR6, CCR9, CXCR3, and CXCR6. CD4(+) T-cell receptor transgenic OT-II cells activated in mesenteric lymph nodes acquired a distinct chemokine receptor profile, including expression of CCR6, CCR9, and CXCR3 that was only partially reproduced in vitro after priming with mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. A subset of these effector CD4(+) T cells, expressing CD69 and alpha(4)beta(7), entered the intestinal lamina propria and the majority of these cells expressed CCR9. CCR9(-/-) OT-II cells were disadvantaged in their ability to localize to the intestinal lamina propria; however, they were readily detected at this site and expressed alpha(4)beta(7), but little CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8, CCR10, CXCR3, or CXCR6. Thus, whereas CD4(+) T cells activated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue express a restricted chemokine receptor profile, including CCR9, targeting both CCR9-dependent and CCR9-independent entry mechanisms is likely to be important to maximally inhibit accumulation of these cells within the small intestinal mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stenstad
- Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC I-13, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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37
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Abstract
We have conducted a comprehensive assessment of CCR9 expression and function at the important milestone stages of murine thymocyte development. We reveal an unusually complex regulatory pattern, in which CCR9 influences T cell development at several widely dispersed stages. We find that CCR9 is not expressed within the thymus until the double-negative (DN)3 stage, although it appears to contribute to T cell precursor development prior to residence in the thymus. CCR9 expression is influenced by pre-T cell receptor signals, and is dramatically up-regulated in a population that appears to be transitional between the DN4 and double-positive stages. In the periphery, functional CCR9 is expressed by all naive CD8 T cells, but not by naive CD4 T cells. To our knowledge, this latter finding is the first difference observed in homing receptor expression between naive lymphocyte populations. This suggests that naive CD8 T cells might have access to lymphoid microenvironments from which naive CD4 T cells are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Wurbel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Uehara S, Hayes SM, Li L, El-Khoury D, Canelles M, Fowlkes BJ, Love PE. Premature Expression of Chemokine Receptor CCR9 Impairs T Cell Development. J Immunol 2005; 176:75-84. [PMID: 16365398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte development, CCR9 is expressed on late CD4-CD8- (double-negative (DN)) and CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) cells, but is subsequently down-regulated as cells transition to the mature CD4+ or CD8+ (single-positive (SP)) stage. This pattern of expression has led to speculation that CCR9 may regulate thymocyte trafficking and/or export. In this study, we generated transgenic mice in which CCR9 surface expression was maintained throughout T cell development. Significantly, forced expression of CCR9 on mature SP thymocytes did not inhibit their export from the thymus, indicating that CCR9 down-regulation is not essential for thymocyte emigration. CCR9 was also expressed prematurely on immature DN thymocytes in CCR9 transgenic mice. Early expression of CCR9 resulted in a partial block of development at the DN stage and a marked reduction in the numbers of double-positive and SP thymocytes. Moreover, in CCR9-transgenic mice, CD25high DN cells were scattered throughout the cortex rather than confined to the subcapsular region of the thymus. Together, these results suggest that regulated expression of CCR9 is critical for normal development of immature thymocytes, but that down-regulation of CCR9 is not a prerequisite for thymocyte emigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Uehara
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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Sen Y, Yongyi B, Yuling H, Luokun X, Li H, Jie X, Tao D, Gang Z, Junyan L, Chunsong H, Zhang X, Youxin J, Feili G, Boquan J, Jinquan T. V alpha 24-invariant NKT cells from patients with allergic asthma express CCR9 at high frequency and induce Th2 bias of CD3+ T cells upon CD226 engagement. J Immunol 2005; 175:4914-26. [PMID: 16210593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that Valpha24(+)Vbeta11(+) invariant (Valpha24(+)i) NKT cells from patients with allergic asthma express CCR9 at high frequency. CCR9 ligand CCL25 induces chemotaxis of asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells but not the normal cells. A large number of CCR9-positive Valpha24(+)i NKT cells are found in asthmatic bronchi mucosa, where high levels of Th2 cytokines are detected. Asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells, themselves Th1 biased, induce CD3(+) T cells into an expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in cell-cell contact manner in vitro. CD226 are overexpressed on asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. CCL25/CCR9 ligation causes directly phosphorylation of CD226, indicating that CCL25/CCR9 signals can cross-talk with CD226 signals to activate Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. Prestimulation with immobilized CD226 mAb does not change ability of asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2-cytokine production, whereas soluble CD226 mAb or short hairpin RNA of CD226 inhibits Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2-cytokine production by CD3(+) T cells, indicating that CD226 engagement is necessary for Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2 bias of CD3(+) T cells. Our results are providing with direct evidence that aberration of CCR9 expression on asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. CCL25 is first time shown promoting the recruitment of CCR9-expressing Valpha24(+)i NKT cells into the lung to promote other T cells to produce Th2 cytokines to establish and develop allergic asthma. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells induce systemically and locally a Th2 bias in T cells that is at least partially critical for the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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40
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Abstract
The role of IL-7 during thymopoiesis has led to it being the focus of a number of therapeutic interventions. However, its small size and pleiotropic nature present problems for thymus-directed therapies. We have created a fusion molecule between the extracellular N-terminal domain of CCR9 and IL-7, which has the potential to overcome these difficulties. This novel fusion protein retains the thymopoietic activity of IL-7 and the ligand-binding ability of CCR9. As a thymopoietic agent, compared with IL-7, it shows an enhanced retention in the thymus, increased de novo T cell production, and increased thymic output. Old mice receiving the fusion protein show improved CD8 T cell responses and reduced viral load after infection with influenza virus compared with those receiving IL-7. This chimeric molecule offers a novel therapeutic strategy that may result in the production of an effective immunorestorative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M Henson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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41
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Iwamoto T, Okamoto H, Iikuni N, Takeuchi M, Toyama Y, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N, Momohara S. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4)/CCL13 is highly expressed in cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 45:421-4. [PMID: 16303818 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4)/CCL13 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we analysed the expression of MCP-4/CCL13 in chondrocytes, synovial fluid and serum from patients with RA and investigated the effect of MCP-4/CCL13 on the proliferation of synovial cells. METHODS Human articular cartilage specimens were obtained from joints from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and normal joints (controls). Transcript levels of MCP-4 in cartilage were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were treated with various concentrations of recombinant MCP-4/CCL13 protein, and cell proliferation was evaluated with a viability assay. RESULTS The gene expression of MCP-4 was significantly higher in cartilage from RA patients than in that from OA patients (P = 0.00902) and in normal cartilage (P = 0.00902). The concentration of MCP-4/CCL13 protein in serum from RA patients (mean 94.7 +/- 37.6 pg/ml) was significantly higher than in serum from OA patients (mean 49.2 +/- 31.2 pg/ml, P = 0.0051) and controls (mean 32.6 +/- 23.9 pg/ml, P = 0.0001). The concentration of MCP-4/CCL13 protein in synovial fluid from RA patients (mean 247.2 +/- 161.2 pg/ml) was also significantly higher than in that from OA patients (mean 29.6 +/- 50.5 pg/ml, P = 0.000019). Moreover, MCP-4/CCL13 enhanced the proliferation of FLS in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MCP-4/CCL13 is highly expressed in RA joints at the mRNA and protein levels. Our results suggest that MCP-4/CCL13 is secreted from chondrocytes and activates the proliferation of rheumatoid synovial cells, thereby leading to joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwamoto
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 10-22 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan
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42
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Clay CC, Rodrigues DS, Harvey DJ, Leutenegger CM, Esser U. Distinct chemokine triggers and in vivo migratory paths of fluorescein dye-labeled T Lymphocytes in acutely simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251-infected and uninfected macaques. J Virol 2005; 79:13759-68. [PMID: 16227295 PMCID: PMC1262620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13759-13768.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the possible impact of T-lymphocyte trafficking parameters on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis, we examined migratory profiles of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled T lymphocytes in acutely SIVmac251-infected and uninfected macaques within 48 h after autologous transfer. Despite significant upregulation of homeostatic chemokine CCL19/macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta and proinflammatory chemokine CXCL9/monokine induced by gamma interferon in secondary lymphoid tissue in SIV infection, no differences in CFSE+ T-lymphocyte frequencies or cell compartmentalization in lymph nodes were identified between animal groups. By contrast, a higher frequency of CFSE+ T lymphocytes in the small intestine was detected in acute SIV infection. This result correlated with increased numbers of gut CD4 T lymphocytes expressing chemokine receptors CCR9, CCR7, and CXCR3 and high levels of their respective chemokine ligands in the small intestine. The changes in trafficking parameters in SIV-infected macaques occurred concomitantly with acute gut CD4 T-lymphocyte depletion. Here, we present the first in vivo T-lymphocyte trafficking study in SIV infection and a novel approach to delineate T-lymphocyte recruitment into tissues in the nonhuman primate animal model for AIDS. Such studies are likely to provide unique insights into T-lymphocyte sequestration in distinct tissue compartments and possible mechanisms of CD4 T-lymphocyte depletion and immune dysfunction in simian AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Clay
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of California--Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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43
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Johansson-Lindbom B, Svensson M, Pabst O, Palmqvist C, Marquez G, Förster R, Agace WW. Functional specialization of gut CD103+ dendritic cells in the regulation of tissue-selective T cell homing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:1063-73. [PMID: 16216890 PMCID: PMC2213212 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) dendritic cells (DCs) display a unique ability to generate CCR9+α4β7+ gut-tropic CD8+ effector T cells. We demonstrate efficient induction of CCR9 and α4β7 on CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) after oral but not intraperitoneal (i.p.) antigen administration indicating differential targeting of DCs via the oral route. In vitro, lamina propria (LP)–derived DCs were more potent than MLN or Peyer's patch DCs in their ability to generate CCR9+α4β7+ CD8+ T cells. The integrin α chain CD103 (αE) was expressed on almost all LP DCs, a subset of MLN DCs, but on few splenic DCs. CD103+ MLN DCs were reduced in number in CCR7−/− mice and, although CD8+ T cells proliferated in the MLNs of CCR7−/− mice after i.p. but not oral antigen administration, they failed to express CCR9 and had reduced levels of α4β7. Strikingly, although CD103+ and CD103− MLN DCs were equally potent at inducing CD8+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, only CD103+ DCs were capable of generating gut-tropic CD8+ effector T cells in vitro. Collectively, these results demonstrate a unique function for LP-derived CD103+ MLN DCs in the generation of gut-tropic effector T cells.
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44
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Singh S, Singh UP, Stiles JK, Grizzle WE, Lillard JW. Expression and functional role of CCR9 in prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8743-50. [PMID: 15623660 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastasis is responsible for most cancer-related deaths; hence, therapies designed to minimize metastasis are greatly needed. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms used by cancer cells for metastasis are not fully understood; however, the metastatic spread of neoplastic cells is probably related to the ability of these cells to migrate, invade, home, and survive locally. The migration of tumor cells shares many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is regulated by chemokine receptor-ligand interactions. The current study evaluates the molecular mechanisms of CCL25 and CCR9 in prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry analysis, and in vitro migration as well as invasion chamber analysis (with and without antibody-mediated inhibition) were used to ascertain the biological and functional significance of CCR9 expression by normal prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) or prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP-10995 and PC3). RESULTS We report that functional CCR9 is highly expressed by LNCaP cells and modestly, yet significantly, expressed by PC3 cells when compared with PrEC cells. Neutralization of CCL25-CCR9 interactions impaired the migration and invasion potential of the LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. CCL25 differentially modulated the expression of collagenase-1 or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, collagenase-3 (MMP-13), stromalysin-2 (MMP-10), stromalysin-3 (MMP-11), and gelatinase-A (MMP-2), but not MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, or MMP-14 in prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the expression and activation of CCR9 affect cancer cell migration, invasion, and MMP expression, which together may affect prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Singh
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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45
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Zhou C, Wu J, Borillo J, Torres L, McMahon J, Bao Y, Lou YH. Transient expression of CC chemokine TECK in the ovary during ovulation: its potential role in ovulation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 53:238-48. [PMID: 15833102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Chemokine thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), which is expressed exclusively in the thymus and small intestine, plays a critical role in T-cell development. Our previous study revealed its expression in the ovary also. This study investigated its ovarian expression during ovulatory process. METHOD OF STUDY Super-ovulation was induced in young female CD1 mice by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG). Ovarian TECK expression during ovulation was determined by: (1) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at mRNA level, (2) Western blot and immunohistology at the protein level, and (3) leukocyte infiltration assay at the bioactive level. RESULTS A transient, high-level expression of TECK in murine ovaries at the mRNA level during hCG-induced ovulation was detected. Sequencing of directly cloned PCR product confirmed the ovarian expression of TECK. The peak expression of TECK was observed at 10-12 hr post-hCG injection; real-time PCR revealed an 800-fold increase during its expression peak over 0 hr. The expressed ovarian TECK protein was readily detectable by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry localized TECK expression to the ovarian interstitial tissue surrounding, or in the theca layer of the mature follicles undergoing ovulatory process. Expression of TECK receptor, the CC chemokine receptor (CCR9) was also detected in the ovulating ovaries. Using in vitro leukocyte infiltration assay, we first demonstrated that ovaries undergoing the ovulatory process were able to selectively chemoattract mononuclear cells. Importantly, neutralization of TECK by the antibody resulted in a 85% reduction in the chemotactic activities of the ovaries. CONCLUSION This study suggested that ovarian expression of TECK is under a tight hormonal regulation, and expressed TECK may be responsible for recruitment of mononuclear cells into the ovary to participate in the ovulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zhou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, T 77030, USA
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46
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Abstract
Hematopoietic precursors continuously colonize the thymus where they give rise mainly to T cells, but also to B and dendritic cells. The lineage relationship between these three cell types is unclear, and it remains to be determined if precursors in the thymus are multipotent, oligopotent, or lineage restricted. Resolution of this question necessitates the determination of the clonal differentiation potential of the most immature precursors in the thymus. Using a CC chemokine receptor 9–enhanced green fluorescent protein knock-in allele like a surface marker of unknown function, we identify a multipotent precursor present in bone marrow, blood, and thymus. Single cells of this precursor give rise to T, B, and dendritic cells. A more differentiated stage of this multipotent precursor in the thymus has lost the capacity to generate B but not T, dendritic, and myeloid cells. Thus, the newly identified precursor maps to the branching point of the T versus B lineage decision in the hematopoietic lineage hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Benz
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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47
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Papadakis KA, Zhu D, Prehn JL, Landers C, Avanesyan A, Lafkas G, Targan SR. Dominant Role for TL1A/DR3 Pathway in IL-12 plus IL-18-Induced IFN-γ Production by Peripheral Blood and Mucosal CCR9+ T Lymphocytes. J Immunol 2005; 174:4985-90. [PMID: 15814728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-like cytokine TL1A augments IFN-gamma production by anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 and IL-12/IL-18-stimulated peripheral blood (PB) T cells. However, only a small subset of PB T cells respond to TL1A stimulation with IFN-gamma production. PB CCR9+ T cells represent a small subset of circulating T cells with mucosal T cell characteristics and a Th1/Tr1 cytokine profile. In the current study, we show that TL1A enhanced IFN-gamma production by TCR- or CD2/CD28-stimulated CCR9(+)CD4+ PB T cells. However, TL1A had the most pronounced effect on augmenting IFN-gamma production by IL-12/IL-18-primed CCR9(+)CD4+ PB T cells. TL1A enhanced both the percentage and the mean fluorescence intensity of IFN-gamma in CCR9(+)CD4+ T cells as assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. IL-12 plus IL-18 up-regulated DR3 expression in CCR9(+)CD4+ T cells but had negligible effect on CCR9(-)CD4+ T cells. CCR9(+)CD4+ T cells isolated from the small intestine showed a 37- to 105-fold enhancement of IFN-gamma production when TL1A was added to the IL-12/IL18 cytokine combination. Cell membrane-expressed TL1A was preferentially expressed in CCR9(+)CD4+ PB T cells, and a blocking anti-TL1A mAb inhibited IFN-gamma production by cytokine-primed CCR9(+)CD4+ T cells by approximately 50%. Our data show that the TL1A/DR3 pathway plays a dominant role in the ultimate level of cytokine-induced IFN-gamma production by CCR9+ mucosal and gut-homing PB T cells and could play an important role in Th1-mediated intestinal diseases, such as Crohn's disease, where increased expression of IL-12, IL-18, TL1A, and DR3 converge in the inflamed intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Papadakis
- Burns and Allen Research Institute, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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48
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Babu S, Blauvelt CP, Kumaraswami V, Nutman TB. Chemokine receptors of T cells and of B cells in lymphatic filarial infection: a role for CCR9 in pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1018-26. [PMID: 15717282 DOI: 10.1086/427658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression of chemokine receptors on the surfaces of T cells and B cells from 27 individuals either with lymphatic filarial disease (lymphedema), with the asymptomatic or subclinical form of filarial infection, or without filarial infection. Individuals with lymphedema exhibited increased percentages of CCR9-expressing T cells and CCR9-expressing B cells and decreased percentages of both CXCR1-and-CXCR3-expressing T cells and CXCR1-and-CXCR3-expressing B cells, compared with asymptomatic or uninfected individuals. A significant correlation was found between the grade of lymphedema and the percentage of CCR9-expressing T cells and CCR9-expressing B cells. The percentages of CCR9-expressing T cells and CCR9-expressing B cells from patients with lymphedema was significantly up-regulated in response to live, infective-stage larvae of Brugia malayi but not to microfilariae of this parasite. Finally, individuals with lymphedema had significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha , MIP-1beta , monocyte chemotactic protein 1, thymus-and-activation-regulated chemokine, and interferon-inducible protein 10 in their serum than did uninfected individuals. These results suggest that chemokine receptors (particularly CCR9) are involved in the pathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease and that trafficking of particular cellular subsets may influence clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Babu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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49
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Iwata M, Hirakiyama A, Eshima Y, Kagechika H, Kato C, Song SY. Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells. Immunity 2004; 21:527-38. [PMID: 15485630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For a preferential homing of T cells to the gut, expression of the integrin alpha4beta7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9 is essential and is induced by antigenic stimulation with dendritic cells from the gut-associated lymphoid organs. Here, we show that the vitamin A (retinol) metabolite, retinoic acid, enhances the expression of alpha4beta7 and CCR9 on T cells upon activation and imprints them with the gut tropism. Dendritic cells from the gut-associated lymphoid organs produced retinoic acid from retinol. The enhanced alpha4beta7 expression on T cells by antigenic stimulation with these dendritic cells was suppressed by the retinal dehydrogenase inhibitor citral and the retinoic acid receptor antagonist LE135. Accordingly, vitamin A deficiency caused a reduction in alpha4beta7(+) memory/activated T cells in lymphoid organs and a depletion of T cells from the intestinal lamina propria. These findings revealed a novel role for retinoic acid in the imprinting of gut-homing specificity on T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Integrins/drug effects
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tretinoin/immunology
- Tretinoin/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tropism/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwata
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan.
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Sanderson K, Scotland R, Lee P, Liu D, Groshen S, Snively J, Sian S, Nichol G, Davis T, Keler T, Yellin M, Weber J. Autoimmunity in a phase I trial of a fully human anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 monoclonal antibody with multiple melanoma peptides and Montanide ISA 51 for patients with resected stages III and IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2004; 23:741-50. [PMID: 15613700 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nineteen patients with high-risk resected stage III and IV melanoma were immunized with three tumor antigen epitope peptides from gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase emulsified with adjuvant Montanide ISA 51 and received a fully human anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody MDX-010. Each of three cohorts received escalating doses of antibody with vaccine primarily to evaluate the toxicities and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of MDX-010 with vaccine. MDX-010 pharmacokinetics and immune responses were secondary end points. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peptide immunizations with MDX-010 were administered every 4 weeks for 6 months and then every 12 weeks for 6 months. A leukapheresis to obtain peripheral-blood mononuclear cells for immune analyses was performed before treatment and after the sixth vaccination. Patients were observed until relapse. RESULTS Grade 3 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (diarrhea or abdominal pain) was observed in three patients in the highest dose cohort and one in the middle dose cohort who seemed to be autoimmune. That defined the MTD with vaccine on this schedule at 1 mg/kg. Of eight patients with evidence of autoimmunity, three have experienced disease relapse. Of 11 patients without autoimmune symptoms, nine have experienced disease relapse. Significant immune responses were measured by tetramer and enzyme-linked immunospot assays against gp100 and MART-1. CONCLUSION Dose-related autoimmune adverse events, predominantly skin and GI toxicities, were reversible. Patients mounted an antigen-specific immune response to a peptide vaccine when combined with a human anti-CTLA-4 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Sanderson
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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