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Wani SA, Sahu AR, Saxena S, Rajak KK, Saminathan M, Sahoo AP, Kanchan S, Pandey A, Mishra B, Muthuchelvan D, Tiwari AK, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Gandham RK. Expression kinetics of ISG15, IRF3, IFNγ, IL10, IL2 and IL4 genes vis-a-vis virus shedding, tissue tropism and antibody dynamics in PPRV vaccinated, challenged, infected sheep and goats. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:206-218. [PMID: 29476787 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we studied the in vivo expression of Th1 (IL2 and IFN gamma) and Th2 (IL4 and IL10) - cytokines and antiviral molecules - IRF3 and ISG15 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to antigen and antibody dynamics under Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) vaccination, infection and challenge in both sheep and goats. Vaccinated goats were seropositive by 9 days post vaccination (dpv) while in sheep idiosyncratic response was observed between 9 and 14 dpv for different animals. Expression of PPRV N gene was not detected in PBMCs of vaccinated and vaccinated challenged groups of both species, but was detected in unvaccinated infected PBMCs at 9 and 14 days post infection. The higher viral load at 9 dpi coincided with the peak clinical signs of the disease. The peak in viral replication at 9 dpi correlated with significant expression of antiviral molecules IRF3, ISG15 and IFN gamma in both the species. With the progression of disease, the decrease in N gene expression also correlated with the decrease in expression of IRF3, ISG15 and IFN gamma. In the unvaccinated infected animals ISG15, IRF3, IFN gamma and IL10 expression was higher than vaccinated animals. The IFN gamma expression predominated over IL4 in both vaccinated and infected animals with the infected exhibiting a stronger Th1 response. The persistent upregulation of this antiviral molecular signature - ISG15 and IRF3 even after 2 weeks post vaccination, presumably reflects the ongoing stimulation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Sonam Kanchan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteshwar Campus, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
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Chan MCW, Chan RWY, Chan LLY, Mok CKP, Hui KPY, Fong JHM, Tao KP, Poon LLM, Nicholls JM, Guan Y, Peiris JSM. Tropism and innate host responses of a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an analysis of ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1:534-42. [PMID: 24461614 PMCID: PMC7164816 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since March, 2013, an avian-origin influenza A H7N9 virus has caused severe pneumonia in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of this new virus in human beings. METHODS We obtained ex-vivo cultures of the human bronchus, lung, nasopharynx, and tonsil and in-vitro cultures of primary human alveolar epithelial cells and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. We compared virus tropism and induction of proinflammatory cytokine responses of two human influenza A H7N9 virus isolates, A/Shanghai/1/2013 and A/Shanghai/2/2013; a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus; the highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus that infected human beings in the Netherlands in 2003; the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus, and a low pathogenic duck H7N9 virus that was genetically different to the human disease causing A H7N9 viruses. FINDINGS Both human H7N9 viruses replicated efficiently in human bronchus and lung ex-vivo cultures, whereas duck/H7N9 virus failed to replicate in either. Both human A H7N9 viruses infected both ciliated and non-ciliated human bronchial epithelial cells and replicated to higher titres than did H5N1 (p<0.0001 to 0.0046) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 replicated to higher titres than did H7N7 (p=0.0002-0.01). Both human A H7N9 viruses predominantly infected type II alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in the human lung and replicated to higher titres than did H5N1 (p<0.0001 to 0.0078); A/Shanghai/1/2013 replicated to higher titres than did H1N1 (p=0.0052-0.05) and H7N7 (p=0.0031-0.0151). Human H7N9 viruses were less potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokines compared with H5N1 virus. INTERPRETATION Collectively, the results suggest that the novel H7N9 viruses are better adapted to infect and replicate in the human conducting and lower airways than are other avian influenza viruses, including H5N1, and pose an important pandemic threat. FUNDING Area of Excellence Scheme of the University Grants Committee (AoE/M-12/96), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C W Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W Y Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joanne H M Fong
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin P Tao
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y Guan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College/Hong Kong University, Shantou, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ruiss R, Jochum S, Mocikat R, Hammerschmidt W, Zeidler R. EBV-gp350 confers B-cell tropism to tailored exosomes and is a neo-antigen in normal and malignant B cells--a new option for the treatment of B-CLL. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25294. [PMID: 22022385 PMCID: PMC3189918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
gp350, the major envelope protein of Epstein-Barr-Virus, confers B-cell tropism to the virus by interacting with the B lineage marker CD21. Here we utilize gp350 to generate tailored exosomes with an identical tropism. These exosomes can be used for the targeted co-transfer of functional proteins to normal and malignant human B cells. We demonstrate here the co-transfer of functional CD154 protein on tailored gp350+ exosomes to malignant B blasts from patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), rendering B blasts immunogenic to tumor-reactive autologous T cells. Intriguingly, engulfment of gp350+ exosomes by B-CLL cells and presentation of gp350-derived peptides also re-stimulated EBV-specific T cells and redirected the strong antiviral cellular immune response in patients to leukemic B cells. In essence, we show that gp350 alone confers B-cell tropism to exosomes and that these exosomes can be further engineered to simultaneously trigger virus- and tumor-specific immune responses. The simultaneous exploitation of gp350 as a tropism molecule for tailored exosomes and as a neo-antigen in malignant B cells provides a novel attractive strategy for immunotherapy of B-CLL and other B-cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Exosomes/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tropism/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Assembly
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Ruiss
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Jochum
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. Replication of infectious bursal disease virus in macrophages and altered tropism of progeny virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 117:106-15. [PMID: 17353055 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We serially passaged classical infectious bursal disease virus (cIBDV) and antigenic variant IBDV (vIBDV) in an avian macrophage cell line, NCSU cells, referred as mcIBDV and mvIBDV respectively and examined the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the macrophage-adapted viruses. NCSU adapted viruses caused earlier destruction of NCSU cells than the unadapted viruses. Nitric oxide (NO) was detected earlier in cultures infected with mcIBDV and mvIBDV than in cultures infected with cIBDV and vIBDV. cIBDV and vIBDV were able to infect DF-1 cells, a chicken embryo fibroblast cell line, only after one replication cycle in NCSU cells. The genetic basis of altered tropism of progeny virus from NCSU cells infected cultures was not identified. No aa substitutions were observed in hypervariable region of VP2 of cIBDV and vIBDV passaged 1 time in NCSU cells whereas both mcIBDV and mvIBDV had multiple aa substitutions. To assess protective efficacy of mcIBDV and mvIBDV, embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with mcIBDV and mvIBDV at embryonation day 18 (ED 18) and challenged with a virulent cIBDV at 3 weeks of age. mcIBDV and mvIBDV were immunogenic and generated antibody responses and provided 100% protection against cIBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Khatri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
Parvovirus B19 is a significant human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of clinical complications ranging from mild, self-limiting erythema infectiosum in immunocompetent children to lethal cytopenias in immunocompromised patients and intrauterine foetal death in primary infected pregnant women. The infection may also be persistent and can mimic or trigger autoimmune inflammatory disorders. Another important clinical aspect to consider is the risk of infection through B19-contaminated blood products. Recent advances in diagnosis and pathogenesis, new insights in the cellular immune response and newly discovered genotypes of human parvoviruses form a platform for the development of modern therapeutic and prophylactic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Broliden
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Iwata M, Hirakiyama A, Eshima Y, Kagechika H, Kato C, Song SY. Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells. Immunity 2004; 21:527-38. [PMID: 15485630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For a preferential homing of T cells to the gut, expression of the integrin alpha4beta7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9 is essential and is induced by antigenic stimulation with dendritic cells from the gut-associated lymphoid organs. Here, we show that the vitamin A (retinol) metabolite, retinoic acid, enhances the expression of alpha4beta7 and CCR9 on T cells upon activation and imprints them with the gut tropism. Dendritic cells from the gut-associated lymphoid organs produced retinoic acid from retinol. The enhanced alpha4beta7 expression on T cells by antigenic stimulation with these dendritic cells was suppressed by the retinal dehydrogenase inhibitor citral and the retinoic acid receptor antagonist LE135. Accordingly, vitamin A deficiency caused a reduction in alpha4beta7(+) memory/activated T cells in lymphoid organs and a depletion of T cells from the intestinal lamina propria. These findings revealed a novel role for retinoic acid in the imprinting of gut-homing specificity on T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Integrins/drug effects
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tretinoin/immunology
- Tretinoin/metabolism
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tropism/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwata
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan.
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Abstract
The mouse models of the respiratory and abortion forms of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection have been used to investigate the vaccine potential of various EHV-1 immunogens, the effect of antiviral agents on EHV-1 infection and the pathogenicity of EHV-1 strain variants and deletion or insertional mutants. This review examines the similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of primary EHV-1 infection in the natural host, the horse, and in the mouse by comparing tissue tropism, clinical signs of infection, the effects of EHV-1 on pregnancy, haematological changes following infection, viral clearance, histopathology and latency. The evidence suggests that the mouse model provides a valid method for investigation of virological and histopathological aspects of EHV-1-induced disease in the horse. However, the extent to which useful and valid comparisons and extrapolations can be made of immunological parameters from mouse to horse is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gobbi A, Stoddart CA, Malnati MS, Locatelli G, Santoro F, Abbey NW, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno MB, Herndier BG, Lusso P, McCune JM. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes severe thymocyte depletion in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1953-60. [PMID: 10377191 PMCID: PMC2192958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.12.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a potentially immunosuppressive agent that may act as a cofactor in the progression of AIDS. Here, we describe the first small animal model of HHV-6 infection. HHV-6 subgroup A, strain GS, efficiently infected the human thymic tissue implanted in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, leading to the destruction of the graft. Viral DNA was detected in Thy/Liv implants by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as early as 4 d after inoculation and peaked at day 14. The productive nature of the infection was confirmed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Atypical thymocytes with prominent nuclear inclusions were detected by histopathology. HHV-6 replication was associated with severe, progressive thymocyte depletion involving all major cellular subsets. However, intrathymic T progenitor cells (ITTPs) appeared to be more severely depleted than the other subpopulations, and a preferred tropism of HHV-6 for ITTPs was demonstrated by quantitative PCR on purified thymocyte subsets. These findings suggest that thymocyte depletion by HHV-6 may be due to infection and destruction of these immature T cell precursors. Similar results were obtained with strain PL-1, a primary isolate belonging to subgroup B. The severity of the lesions observed in this animal model underscores the possibility that HHV-6 may indeed be immunosuppressive in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gobbi
- Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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9
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Bechtel MK, Hayes KA, Mathes LE, Pandey R, Stromberg PC, Roy-Burman P. Recombinant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) variants establish a limited infection with altered cell tropism in specific-pathogen-free cats in the absence of FeLV subgroup A helper virus. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:91-9. [PMID: 10098636 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-2-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus subgroup B (FeLV-B) is commonly associated with feline lymphosarcoma and arises through recombination between endogenous retroviral elements inherited in the cat genome and corresponding regions of the envelope (env) gene from FeLV subgroup A (FeLV-A). In vivo infectivity for FeLV-B is thought to be inefficient in the absence of FeLV-A. Proposed FeLV-A helper functions include enhanced replication efficiency, immune evasion, and replication rescue for defective FeLV-B virions. In vitro analysis of the recombinant FeLV-B-like viruses (rFeLVs) employed in this study confirmed these viruses were replication competent prior to their use in an in vivo study without FeLV-A helper virus. Eight specific-pathogen-free kittens were inoculated with the rFeLVs alone. Subsequent hematology and histology results were within normal limits, however, in the absence of detectable viremia, virus expression, or significant seroconversion, rFeLV proviral DNA was detected in bone marrow tissue of 4/4 (100%) cats at 45 weeks postinoculation (pi), indicating these rFeLVs established a limited but persistent infection in the absence of FeLV-A. Altered cell tropism was also noted. Focal infection was seen in T-cell areas of the splenic follicles in 3/4 (75%) rFeLV-infected cats analyzed, while an FeLV-A-infected cat showed focal infection in B-cell areas of the splenic follicles. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the surface glycoprotein portion of the rFeLV env gene amplified from bone marrow tissue collected at 45 weeks pi showed no sequence alterations from the original rFeLV inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bechtel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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10
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Abstract
For several years, the cellular basis behind the differences in HIV-1 tropism and the species specificity of HIV-1 has remained unclear. Since the discovery that chemokine receptors are essential cofactors for entry of HIV-1 into cells, tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of the role played by co-receptors in HIV-1 biological variability, HIV-1 transmission and AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M de Roda Husman
- Dept of Clinical Viro-Immunology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Morikita T, Maeda Y, Fujii S, Matsushita S, Obaru K, Takatsuki K. The V1/V2 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 modulates the sensitivity to neutralization by soluble CD4 and cellular tropism. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1291-9. [PMID: 9339846 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary isolate (KMT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistant to recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4) was isolated from an HIV-1-infected individual and grown in a T lymphoid cell line. KMT isolate passaged on CEM cells (KMT/CEM) was still resistant to rsCD4. The V1/V2 and V3 regions of the viral envelope glycoprotein are thought to be involved in various biological phenotypes. To determine the exact envelope region of the KMT isolate responsible for sensitivity to rsCD4 and cellular tropism, we performed sequence analysis of KMT and KMT/CEM isolates. Sequence analysis of the KMT isolate showed that the sequence of the V3 region was relatively homogeneous, whereas a considerable heterogeneity of the V1/V2 region was noted. In contrast, the sequences of the V1 to V3 regions were homogeneous in KMT/CEM isolates. Analysis of NL4-3-based recombinant viruses with amplified sequences of the V1 to V3 regions from KMT and KMT/CEM isolates showed that the V1/V2 region modulated the sensitivity to rsCD4. A change in resistance to rsCD4 by the V1/V2 region was associated with the ability of the isolate to replicate in macrophages and efficiently replicate in T lymphoid cell lines. A change to an isolate sensitive to rsCD4 was associated with reduced replication efficiency in T lymphoid cell lines. Our results suggest that the V1/V2 region is involved in modulating the sensitivity to rsCD4, macrophage tropism, and replication efficiency in T lymphoid cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morikita
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Adhesion molecules such as integrins and cadherins are thought to play a critical role in T-cell migration and localization within the epidermis (epidermotropism). The purpose of this study was to correlate T-cell expression of the integrin CD103 and E-cadherin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Serial sections of skin biopsies from 22 patients with CTCL and 13 with benign reactive dermatitis were stained with antibodies to CD4, CD103, and E-cadherin by the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. CD103 was expressed on single epidermotropic CD4+ T-cells in 9/9 early stage (patch/plaque) CTCL and 6/10 reactive dermatitis biopsies. Less than 30% of dermal T-cells expressed CD103. All 4/4 late stage (tumor) CTCL were CD103-. Epidermal aggregates of CD4+ T-cells (Pautrier's microabscesses) were CD103-. E-cadherin was expressed on epidermal keratinocytes and follicular and sweat gland epithelia but not on T-cells. We conclude that CD103 expression on cutaneous T-cells parallels the degree of epidermotropism exhibited in both neoplastic and inflammatory disorders of the skin. E-cadherin is not expressed on T-cells infiltrating the skin. Further investigation is necessary to further elucidate the interaction between CD103 and E-cadherin in facilitating trafficking of T-cells into the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Dietz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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13
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Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the abilities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to infect primary macrophages and transformed T cell lines are mutually exclusive and define an important biological distinction among HIV-1 strains. In a survey of eight macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains and nine T cell lines, all frequently used in studies of tropism, we have found that six virus strains replicate in one or more T cell lines and that four T cell lines are highly susceptible to macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Passage through T cell lines did not affect the tropism or the env V3 sequence of monocytotropic HIV-1 strains. We conclude that HIV-1 replication in transformed T cells and primary macrophages are not mutually exclusive, and that as such, these definitions of tropism per se are not generally useful markers for other biological properties of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Chowdhury
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
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