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Bodaszewska-Lubas M, Liao Y, Zegar A, Szelest O, Dobrucki J, Bulek K. Dominant-Negative Form of SIGIRR: SIGIRR ΔE8 Promotes Tumor Growth Through Regulation of Metabolic Pathways. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:482-492. [PMID: 35900274 PMCID: PMC9527062 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Previously we have shown that tumor suppressor single immunoglobulin interleukin-1-related receptor (SIGIRR) is frequently inactivated in human colorectal cancer by the increased expression of a novel SIGIRR isoform (SIGIRRΔE8). SIGIRRΔE8 showed increased retention in the cytoplasm and loss of complex glycan modification compared to the full-length SIGIRR. Now we found that the arginine residues located in the C-terminus of SIGIRRΔE8 serve as an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal and are required for resident protein ribophorin 1 (RPN1) interaction. In addition, we found that SIGIRRΔE8 exerts a direct impact on cell metabolism through interaction with the adenosine triphosphate synthase in the colorectal cancer cells. SIGIRRΔE8 expression promoted the metabolic shift through upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and dysregulation of mitochondrial function to promote survival and proliferation of colon cancer cells in xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bodaszewska-Lubas
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yun Liao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oskar Szelest
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jurek Dobrucki
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Zegar A, Godlewska U, Kozłowska-Chmielewska D, Majewski P, Zabel BA, Cichy J. Chemerin-Derived Peptide Val 66-Pro 85 Is Effective in Limiting Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Skin Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742610. [PMID: 34803962 PMCID: PMC8595592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin-derived peptide Val66-Pro85 (p4) restricts the growth of a variety of skin-associated bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). To better understand the antimicrobial potential of chemerin peptide, we compared p4 activity against MRSA in vitro to cathelicidin LL-37, one of the key endogenous peptides implicated in controlling the growth of S. aureus. The efficacy of p4 was also validated in relevant experimental models of skin pathology, such as topical skin infection with community-acquired MRSA, and in the context of skin inflammatory diseases commonly associated with colonization with S. aureus, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). We showed that p4 collaborates additively with LL-37 in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, including MRSA, and that p4 was effective in vivo in reducing MRSA burden. p4 was also effective in reducing levels of skin-infiltrating leukocytes in S. aureus-infected AD-like skin. Taken together, our data suggest that p4 is effective in limiting S. aureus and, in particular, MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Zegar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Godlewska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Kozłowska-Chmielewska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Bilska B, Zegar A, Slominski AT, Kleszczyński K, Cichy J, Pyza E. Expression of antimicrobial peptide genes oscillates along day/night rhythm protecting mice skin from bacteria. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:1418-1427. [PMID: 33131146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the innate immune system and are involved in skin protection against environmental insults and in wound healing. Herein, we assessed the gene expression of chemerin (Rarres2), cathelicidin CRAMP (Camp), and three β-defensins (Defb1, Defb3, and Defb14) in mouse skin during light/dark cycle (LD 12:12) and constant darkness (DD). Next, we examined the survival of bacteria applied on the skin at specific times during the day. We found that the expression of Rarres2, Camp, and Defb1 was the highest at 4 h after the beginning of darkness, during high activity of mice. These rhythms, however, were not maintained under DD in the skin but were present in the liver. This indicated that in the case of skin, a circadian input was masked by daily changes of light in the environment. In contrast, Defb3 and Defb14 showed the highest mRNA levels when the mice slept, and these rhythmic mRNA oscillations were maintained under DD. This shows that Rarres2, Camp, and Defb1 levels in the skin are correlated with high locomotor activity in mice and they are controlled by daily changes of light and dark. Alternatively, oscillations in the mRNA levels of Defb3 and Defb14 seem to protect skin and heal wounds during sleep. These rhythms are maintained under DD, indicating that they are regulated by a circadian clock. Our study suggests that daily AMP expression affects the survival of bacteria on the surface of skin, which depends on the phase of AMP cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Godlewska U, Zegar A, Cichy J. The role of chemerin and its antibacterial derivatives in maintaining epithelial barrier function. Postepy Biochem 2020; 66:151-159. [PMID: 32700509 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2020_323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial tissues have continuous contact with external environment, including pathogenic microorganisms. Endogenous antimicrobial proteins and peptides produced by epithelial cells play a key role in controlling microbial burden and composition, either directly, or by engaging immune cells. These include active derivatives of multifunctional protein chemerin, which is equipped with both antimicrobial and chemotactic function. Given an increasing number of infections caused by antibiotic-insensitive microorganisms, such as methicillin- resistant S. aureus (MRSA), it is important to fully understand how these epithelia-associated microorganisms are controlled at barrier sites, including skin and oral cavity. Chemerin-derived synthetic peptide 4 (p4) covering central Val66-Pro85 chemerin sequence exhibits broad range of antimicrobial activity against skin- and oral cavity- associated bacteria, including MRSA strains, suggesting its therapeutic potential for bacteria-mediated barrier organs pathologies. In this article we present the overview of protective functions of chemerin and chemerin-derived peptides in the epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Godlewska
- Zakład Immunologii, Wydział Biochemii, Biofizyki i Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków.
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Zakład Immunologii, Wydział Biochemii, Biofizyki i Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków.
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Zakład Immunologii, Wydział Biochemii, Biofizyki i Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków.
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Godlewska U, Bilska B, Zegar A, Brzoza P, Borek A, Murzyn K, Bochenska O, Morytko A, Kuleta P, Kozik A, Pyza E, Osyczka A, Zabel BA, Cichy J. The antimicrobial activity of chemerin-derived peptide p4 requires oxidative conditions. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1267-1278. [PMID: 30504221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a leukocyte attractant, adipokine, and antimicrobial protein abundantly produced in the skin epidermis. Despite the fact that most of the bactericidal activity present in human skin exudates is chemerin-dependent, just how chemerin shapes skin defenses remains obscure. Here we demonstrate that p4, a potent antimicrobial human chemerin peptide derivative, displays killing activity against pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and suppresses microbial growth in a topical skin infection model. Mechanistically, we show that p4 homodimerization is required for maximal bactericidal activity and that an oxidative environment, such as at the skin surface, facilitates p4 disulfide bridge formation, required for the dimerization. p4 led to rapid damage of the bacterial internal membrane and inhibited the interaction between the membranous cytochrome bc 1 complex and its redox partner, cytochrome c These results suggest that a chemerin p4-based defense strategy combats bacterial challenges at the skin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Departments of Immunology, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Brzoza
- Departments of Immunology, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Murzyn
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Oliwia Bochenska
- Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Kozik
- Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Departments of Immunology, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Zabieglo K, Majewski P, Majchrzak-Gorecka M, Wlodarczyk A, Grygier B, Zegar A, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, Naskalska A, Pyrc K, Dubin A, Wahl SM, Cichy J. The inhibitory effect of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) on formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:99-106. [PMID: 25917460 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ab1114-543r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like DNA structures, provide efficient means of eliminating invading microorganisms but can also present a potential threat to its host because it is a likely source of autoantigens or by promoting bystander tissue damage. Therefore, it is important to identify mechanisms that inhibit NET formation. Neutrophil elastase (NE)-dependent chromatin decondensation is a key event in the release of NETs release. We hypothesized that inhibitors of NE, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and α(1)-proteinase inhibitor (α(1)-PI), has a role in restricting NET generation. Here, we demonstrate that exogenous human SLPI, but not α(1)-PI markedly inhibited NET formation in human neutrophils. The ability of exogenous SLPI to attenuate NET formation correlated with an inhibition of a core histone, histone 4 (H4), cleavage, and partial dependence on SLPI-inhibitory activity against NE. Moreover, neutrophils from SLPI(-/-) mice were more efficient at generating NETs than were neutrophils from wild-type mice in vitro, and in experimental psoriasis in vivo. Finally, endogenous SLPI colocalized with NE in the nucleus of human neutrophils in vitro, as well as in vivo in inflamed skin of patients with psoriasis. Together, these findings support a controlling role for SLPI in NET generation, which is of potential relevance to infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zabieglo
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pawel Majewski
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika Majchrzak-Gorecka
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beata Grygier
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aneta Zegar
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika Kapinska-Mrowiecka
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonina Naskalska
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Dubin
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Wahl
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna Cichy
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Banas M, Zegar A, Kwitniewski M, Zabieglo K, Marczynska J, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, LaJevic M, Zabel BA, Cichy J. The expression and regulation of chemerin in the epidermis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117830. [PMID: 25659101 PMCID: PMC4320080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a protein ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1 and also binds to two atypical heptahelical receptors, CCRL2 and GPR1. Chemerin is a leukocyte attractant, adipokine, and antimicrobial protein. Although chemerin was initially identified as a highly expressed gene in healthy skin keratinocytes that was downregulated during psoriasis, the regulation of chemerin and its receptors in the skin by specific cytokines and microbial factors remains unexplored. Here we show that chemerin, CMKLR1, CCRL2 and GPR1 are expressed in human and mouse epidermis, suggesting that this tissue may be both a source and target for chemerin mediated effects. In human skin cultures, chemerin is significantly downregulated by IL-17 and IL-22, key cytokines implicated in psoriasis, whereas it is upregulated by acute phase cytokines oncostatin M and IL-1β. Moreover, we show that human keratinocytes in vitro and mouse skin in vivo respond to specific microbial signals to regulate expression levels of chemerin and its receptors. Furthermore, in a cutaneous infection model, chemerin is required for maximal bactericidal effects in vivo. Together, our findings reveal previously uncharacterized regulators of chemerin expression in skin and identify a physiologic role for chemerin in skin barrier defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Banas
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Zegar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zabieglo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Melissa LaJevic
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
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