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Nakano T, Goto S, Chen CL. Mechanisms of Tolerance Induction in Liver Transplantation: Lessons Learned from Fetomaternal Tolerance, Autoimmunity and Tumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9331. [PMID: 39273280 PMCID: PMC11395488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the first published report of experimental kidney transplantation in dogs in 1902, there were many experimental and clinical trials of organ transplantation, with many sacrifices. After the establishment of the surgical technique and the discovery of immunosuppressive drugs, transplantation became the definitive treatment strategy for patients with terminal organ failure. However, this is not a common therapy method due to the difficulty of solving the fundamental issues behind organ transplantation, including the shortage of donor graft, potential risks of transplant surgery and economic capability. The pre- and post-transplant management of recipients is another critical issue that may affect transplant outcome. Most liver transplant recipients experience post-transplant complications, including infection, acute/chronic rejection, metabolic syndrome and the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the early prediction and diagnosis of these complications may improve overall and disease-free survival. Furthermore, how to induce operational tolerance is the key to achieving the ultimate goal of transplantation. In this review, we focus on liver transplantation, which is known to achieve operational tolerance in some circumstances, and the mechanical similarities and differences between liver transplant immunology and fetomaternal tolerance, autoimmunity or tumor immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Nobeoka Medical Check Center, Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Nobeoka 882-0872, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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2
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Xu L, Ling J, Su C, Su YW, Xu Y, Jiang Z. Emerging Roles on Immunological Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Liver Injuries. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756435. [PMID: 34869457 PMCID: PMC8636938 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the initial rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (KP), which causes immune suppression and induction of T cell anergy. It is associated with the imbalance of immune homeostasis in numerous diseases including cancer, chronic viral infection, allergy, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, IDO has extended its role to liver field. In this review, we summarize the dysregulation and potentials of IDO in the emerging field of liver injuries, as well as current challenges for IDO targets. In particular, we discuss unexpected conclusions against previous work published. IDO is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver dysfunction and exerts an immunosuppressive effect, whereas the improvement of liver injury may require consideration of multiple factors besides IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Ling
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Tryptophan Metabolism via Kynurenine Pathway: Role in Solid Organ Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041921. [PMID: 33671985 PMCID: PMC7919278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a gold standard treatment for patients suffering from an end-stage organ disease. Patient and graft survival have vastly improved during the last couple of decades; however, the field of transplantation still encounters several unique challenges, such as a shortage of transplantable organs and increasing pool of extended criteria donor (ECD) organs, which are extremely prone to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), risk of graft rejection and challenges in immune regulation. Moreover, accurate and specific biomarkers, which can timely predict allograft dysfunction and/or rejection, are lacking. The essential amino acid tryptophan and, especially, its metabolites via the kynurenine pathway has been widely studied as a contributor and a therapeutic target in various diseases, such as neuropsychiatric, autoimmune disorders, allergies, infections and malignancies. The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway has also gained interest in solid organ transplantation and a variety of experimental studies investigating its role both in IRI and immune regulation after allograft implantation was first published. In this review, the current evidence regarding the role of tryptophan and its metabolites in solid organ transplantation is presented, giving insights into molecular mechanisms and into therapeutic and diagnostic/prognostic possibilities.
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4
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Zhou Q, Shi Y, Chen C, Wu F, Chen Z. A narrative review of the roles of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in liver diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33569476 PMCID: PMC7867903 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are induced by several immune factors, such as interferon-γ, and act as intracellular enzymes that catabolize essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA) and so on. IDO and TDO work as a double-edge sword. On one hand, they exert the immunomodulatory effects, especially immunosuppressive effects on the microenvironment including infections, pregnancy, tumor cells escape and transplantation. TDO plays the major role under basal conditions, while IDO comes into play under different circumstances of immune activation, thus IDO has a wider spectrum of immune regulation. On the other hand, these enzymes also inhibit pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii and so on. Moreover, IDO regulates metabolic health through shaping intestinal microbiota. Recently, these enzymes have attracted more and more attention in liver diseases. Several studies have indicated that IDO and TDO can modulate viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer even liver transplantation. Targeting them or their antagonists may provide novel therapeutic treatments for liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the exact roles that IDO and TDO play in diverse hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengtian Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Jusof FF, Bakmiwewa SM, Weiser S, Too LK, Metz R, Prendergast GC, Fraser ST, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Investigation of the Tissue Distribution and Physiological Roles of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917735098. [PMID: 29051706 PMCID: PMC5638149 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917735098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) is 1 of the 3 enzymes that can catalyze the first step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Of the 2 other enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is highly expressed in the liver and has a role in tryptophan homeostasis, whereas indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) expression is induced by inflammatory stimuli. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 is reportedly expressed comparatively narrow, including in liver, kidney, brain, and in certain immune cell types, and it does not appear to contribute significantly to systemic tryptophan catabolism under normal physiological conditions. Here, we report the identification of an alternative splicing pattern, including the use of an alternative first exon, that is conserved in the mouse Ido1 and Ido2 genes. These findings prompted us to assess IDO2 protein expression and enzymatic activity in tissues. Our analysis, undertaken in Ido2 +/+ and Ido2−/− mice using immunohistochemistry and measurement of tryptophan and kynurenine levels, suggested an even more restricted pattern of tissue expression than previously reported. We found IDO2 protein to be expressed in the liver with a perinuclear/nuclear, rather than cytoplasmic, distribution. Consistent with earlier reports, we found Ido2 −/− mice to be phenotypically similar to their Ido2+/+ counterparts regarding levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in the plasma and liver. Our findings suggest a specialized function or regulatory role for IDO2 associated with its particular subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita F Jusof
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Supun M Bakmiwewa
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Weiser
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lay Khoon Too
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Stuart T Fraser
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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6
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Obayashi Y, Ozaki Y, Goto S, Obayashi S, Suzumori N, Ohyama F, Tone S, Sugiura-Ogasawara M. Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase in Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:69-77. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Obayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Shinobu Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | | | - Nobuhiro Suzumori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Fumio Ohyama
- Department of Biochemistry; Kawasaki Medical School; Kurashiki Okayama Japan
| | - Shigenobu Tone
- Department of Biochemistry; Kawasaki Medical School; Kurashiki Okayama Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
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7
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Ebrahimi A, Kardar GA, Teimoori-Toolabi L, Toolabi L, Ghanbari H, Sadroddiny E. Inducible expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase attenuates acute rejection of tissue-engineered lung allografts in rats. Gene 2015; 576:412-20. [PMID: 26506443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung disease remains one of the principal causes of death worldwide and the incidence of pulmonary diseases is increasing. Complexity in treatments and shortage of donors leads us to develop new ways for lung disease treatment. One promising strategy is preparing engineered lung for transplantation. In this context, employing new immunosuppression strategies which suppresses immune system locally rather than systemic improves transplant survival. This tends to reduce the difficulties in transplant rejection and the systemic impact of the use of immunosuppressive drugs which causes side effects such as serious infections and malignancies. In our study examining the immunosuppressive effects of IDO expression, we produced rat lung tissues with the help of decellularized tissue, differentiating medium and rat mesenchymal stem cells. Transduction of these cells by IDO expressing lentiviruses provided inducible and local expression of this gene. To examine immunosuppressive properties of IDO expression by these tissues, we transplanted these allografts into rats and, subsequently, evaluated cytokine expression and histopathological properties. Expression of inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα were significantly downregulated in IDO expressing allograft. Moreover, acute rejection score of this experimental group was also lower comparing other two groups and mRNA levels of FOXP3, a regulatory T cell marker, upregulated in IDO expressing group. However, infiltrating lymphocyte counting did not show significant difference between groups. This study demonstrates that IDO gene transfer into engineered lung allograft tissues significantly attenuates acute allograft damage suggesting local therapy with IDO as a strategy to reduce the need for systemic immunosuppression and, thereby, its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - LadanTeimoori Toolabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Sumpter TL, Dangi A, Matta BM, Huang C, Stolz DB, Vodovotz Y, Thomson AW, Gandhi CR. Hepatic stellate cells undermine the allostimulatory function of liver myeloid dendritic cells via STAT3-dependent induction of IDO. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:3848-58. [PMID: 22962681 PMCID: PMC3466356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are critical for hepatic wound repair and tissue remodeling. They also produce cytokines and chemokines that may contribute to the maintenance of hepatic immune homeostasis and the inherent tolerogenicity of the liver. The functional relationship between HSCs and the professional migratory APCs in the liver, that is, dendritic cells (DCs), has not been evaluated. In this article, we report that murine liver DCs colocalize with HSCs in vivo under normal, steady-state conditions, and cluster with HSCs in vitro. In vitro, HSCs secrete high levels of DC chemoattractants, such as MΙP-1α and MCP-1, as well as cytokines that modulate DC activation, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Culture of HSCs with conventional liver myeloid (m) DCs resulted in increased IL-6 and IL-10 secretion compared with that of either cell population alone. Coculture also resulted in enhanced expression of costimulatory (CD80, CD86) and coinhibitory (B7-H1) molecules on mDCs. HSC-induced mDC maturation required cell-cell contact and could be blocked, in part, by neutralizing MΙP-1α or MCP-1. HSC-induced mDC maturation was dependent on activation of STAT3 in mDCs and, in part, on HSC-secreted IL-6. Despite upregulation of costimulatory molecules, mDCs conditioned by HSCs demonstrated impaired ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, which was independent of B7-H1, but dependent upon HSC-induced STAT3 activation and subsequent upregulation of IDO. In conclusion, by promoting IDO expression, HSCs may act as potent regulators of liver mDCs and function to maintain hepatic homeostasis and tolerogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Sumpter
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anil Dangi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Benjamin M. Matta
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
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9
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Chen C, Wei M, Wang L, Xiang Y, Fu X, Zhu M. Molecular cloning and characterization of porcine indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and its expression in various tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:473-479. [PMID: 22886956 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to confirm the existence of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) gene in swine, and to clone the novel gene followed by the molecule structure properties and expression pattern analysis, the porcine mRNA sequences homologous to human IDO were obtained from GenBank database by bioinformatics method. By using RT-PCR, the IDO gene was cloned from porcine endothelial cell line and the accuracy of the nucleic acid sequence was confirmed, and the expression pattern of the gene was detected. The three-dimensional structure model of porcine IDO was built referring to the tertiary structure of human IDO using biological sequence analysis software and database. The results showed that the porcine IDO was identified by sequencing. The nucleotide sequences were confirmed as a novel gene after submitted to Genbank. Porcine IDO was expressed in the lung, thymus, epididymis and anterior chamber with a basic level, however in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) the IDO gene was highly expressed. The three-dimensional structure model of porcine IDO was similar to that of human IDO. It was suggested that identification of the structure information of porcine IDO is essential to further investigate the immunologic function of the gene. Study of IDO on NK cells-mediated xenograft rejection will be a novel therapeutic target for the development of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mingfa Wei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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10
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Sucher R, Fischler K, Oberhuber R, Kronberger I, Margreiter C, Ollinger R, Schneeberger S, Fuchs D, Werner ER, Watschinger K, Zelger B, Tellides G, Pilat N, Pratschke J, Margreiter R, Wekerle T, Brandacher G. IDO and regulatory T cell support are critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated Ag-4 Ig-mediated long-term solid organ allograft survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:37-46. [PMID: 22131334 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory blockade of CD28-B7 interaction with CTLA4Ig is a well-established strategy to induce transplantation tolerance. Although previous in vitro studies suggest that CTLA4Ig upregulates expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO in dendritic cells, the relationship of CTLA4Ig and IDO in in vivo organ transplantation remains unclear. In this study, we studied whether concerted immunomodulation in vivo by CTLA4Ig depends on IDO. C57BL/6 recipients receiving a fully MHC-mismatched BALB/c heart graft treated with CTLA4Ig + donor-specific transfusion showed indefinite graft survival (>100 d) without signs of chronic rejection or donor specific Ab formation. Recipients with long-term surviving grafts had significantly higher systemic IDO activity as compared with rejectors, which markedly correlated with intragraft IDO and Foxp3 levels. IDO inhibition with 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan, either at transplant or at postoperative day 50, abrogated CTLA4Ig + DST-induced long-term graft survival. Importantly, IDO1 knockout recipients experienced acute rejection and graft survival comparable to controls. In addition, αCD25 mAb-mediated depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulted in decreased IDO activity and again prevented CTLA4Ig + DST induced indefinite graft survival. Our results suggest that CTLA4Ig-induced tolerance to murine cardiac allografts is critically dependent on synergistic cross-linked interplay of IDO and Tregs. These results have important implications for the clinical development of this costimulatory blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sucher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Palafox D, Llorente L, Alberú J, Torres-Machorro A, Camorlinga N, Rodríguez C, Granados J. The role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in the induction of immune tolerance in organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2010; 24:160-5. [PMID: 20541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present current information on transplantation research regarding the role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in immune regulation. We present the basic mechanisms by which the enzyme is expressed, followed by tryptophan catabolism that leads to midg1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Other effects proposed, although not yet completely proven and generally accepted, include T-cell development suppression, secretion of regulatory cytokines such as IL10, and generation of new T regulatory cells. Clinical studies are being performed worldwide; thus, our goal is to focus on the clinical potential relevance of the enzyme rather than a presentation on a molecular basis so that health care providers concerning transplantation are aware of this promising field in immunology and therapeutics. We do emphasize the fact that information regarding the role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in human beings is still scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Palafox
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., México
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12
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Sumpter TL, Lunz JG, Demetris AJ, Thomson AW. Molecular regulation of hepatic dendritic cell function and its relation to liver transplant outcome. Transplantation 2010; 88:S40-4. [PMID: 19667960 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181af7c0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies on liver interstitial dendritic cells (DC) indicate that the maturation and function of these important antigen-presenting cells may be suppressed by continual exposure to microbial products from the gut, in particular, bacterial lipopolysaccharide. New evidence is emerging for a role of specific intracellular regulators of signal transduction and of cytokines in the hepatic microenvironment, which may contribute to a hyporesponsive state in liver DC. Analysis of signaling molecule expression within DC in liver transplant tissue is likely to uncover its relation to allograft outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Sumpter
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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13
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Löb S, Königsrainer A. Role of IDO in organ transplantation: promises and difficulties. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:185-206. [PMID: 19811321 DOI: 10.1080/08830180902989119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of donor-antigen-specific immunological tolerance still remains the "holy grail" in organ transplantation. Recently, Indoleamine-2,3 Dioxygenase (IDO)--a tryptophan degrading enzyme--has been shown to be implicated in one of nature's most impressive examples of tolerance, which is maternal acceptance of the semi-allogeneic foetus. Although many experimental findings propose IDO as a key player in induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance, scepticism exists as to whether IDO represents a promising therapeutic target with clinical relevance. In this review article we will discuss the role of IDO in transplantation and take a critical look at IDO-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löb
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lustgarten J. Cancer, aging and immunotherapy: lessons learned from animal models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1979-89. [PMID: 19238382 PMCID: PMC11030962 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging of the immune system is associated with a dramatic reduction in responsiveness as well as functional dysregulation. This deterioration of immune function with advancing age is associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Although there is a plethora of reports evaluating the effect of immunotherapy in stimulating antitumor immune responses, the majority of these studies do not pay attention to the effect aging has on the immune system. Studies from our group and others indicate that immunotherapies could be effective in the young, are not necessarily effective in the old. To optimally stimulate an antitumor immune response in the old, it is necessary to (1) identify and understand the intrinsic defects of the old immune system and (2) use relevant models that closely reflect those of cancer patients, where self-tolerance and aging are present simultaneously. The present review summarizes some defects found in the old immune system affecting the activation of antitumor immune responses, the strategies used to activate stronger antitumor immune response in the old and the use of a tolerant animal tumor model to target a self-tumor antigen for the optimization of immunotherapeutic interventions in the old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lustgarten
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular hemeprotein enzyme which catalyses the essential amino acid tryptophan. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that tryptophan depletion and its toxic metabolites expression in tissue microenvironment can suppress local allogeneic T cell proliferation and activation. Ever since the discovery that IDO was involved in the maintenance of fetal-maternal tolerance, numerous studies have confirmed that IDO is a potent regulator of immune cell function. Importantly, IDO+dendritic cells (DCs) might interact with regulatory T cells (Tregs) to form an immunomodulatory network to promote immune tolerance induction. Moreover, it has been reported that overexpression of IDO in transplanted organs can prolong allograft survival, suggesting a possible peripheral tolerogenic pathway with important implications in transplantation. However, the underlying mechanism for the beneficial effects of IDO in transplantation remains unclear. In this review, we attempt to summarize our current understandings about IDO as a mediator of immunity in transplantation and provide an overview of IDO as a new paradigm in transplantation.
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Liu H, Liu L, Liu K, Bizargity P, Hancock WW, Visner GA. Reduced cytotoxic function of effector CD8+ T cells is responsible for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent immune suppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1022-31. [PMID: 19564344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a potent immunosuppressive enzyme, contributes to tumoral escape, immune tolerance, and protection against allograft injury. In this paper, we report that inhibition of CD8(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxic function is an important mechanism behind IDO's immune-modulating property. The experimental rat lung allograft proved attractive for evaluating effector CD8(+) T cells. Enhanced IDO activity achieved by using a lung-tissue-targeted nonviral human IDO gene transfer approach reduced, but did not eliminate, infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. Although CD8(+) T cells existed in the IDO-high lung allografts, CD8(+) T cells remained viable and could proliferate for an extended period. However, cells lost their ability to attack allogeneic donor lung cells in vivo and allogeneic target cells in vitro. The impaired cytotoxic function seen in the IDO-treated CD8(+) T cells was accompanied by defects in production of granule cytotoxic proteins, including perforin and granzyme A and B. Furthermore, we discovered that IDO leads to an impaired bioenergetic condition in active CD8(+) T cells via selective inhibition of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. These intriguing findings provide a base for establishing a novel mode of IDO's immune-suppressing action. Additionally, donor lung IDO delivery, a direct and/or leukocyte passenger effect, impaired CD8(+) effector cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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