2
|
Ganapathi M, Friocourt G, Gueguen N, Friederich MW, Le Gac G, Okur V, Loaëc N, Ludwig T, Ka C, Tanji K, Marcorelles P, Theodorou E, Lignelli-Dipple A, Voisset C, Walker MA, Briere LC, Bourhis A, Blondel M, LeDuc C, Hagen J, Cooper C, Muraresku C, Ferec C, Garenne A, Lelez-Soquet S, Rogers CA, Shen Y, Strode DK, Bizargity P, Iglesias A, Goldstein A, High FA, Network UD, Sweetser DA, Ganetzky R, Van Hove JLK, Procaccio V, Le Marechal C, Chung WK. A homozygous splice variant in ATP5PO, disrupts mitochondrial complex V function and causes Leigh syndrome in two unrelated families. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:996-1012. [PMID: 35621276 PMCID: PMC9474623 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex V plays an important role in oxidative phosphorylation by catalyzing the generation of ATP. Most complex V subunits are nuclear encoded and not yet associated with recognized Mendelian disorders. Using exome sequencing, we identified a rare homozygous splice variant (c.87+3A>G) in ATP5PO, the complex V subunit which encodes the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein, in three individuals from two unrelated families, with clinical suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder. These individuals had a similar, severe infantile and often lethal multi-systemic disorder that included hypotonia, developmental delay, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, progressive epileptic encephalopathy, progressive cerebral atrophy, and white matter abnormalities on brain MRI consistent with Leigh syndrome. cDNA studies showed a predominant shortened transcript with skipping of exon 2 and low levels of the normal full-length transcript. Fibroblasts from the affected individuals demonstrated decreased ATP5PO protein, defective assembly of complex V with markedly reduced amounts of peripheral stalk proteins, and complex V hydrolytic activity. Further, expression of human ATP5PO cDNA without exon 2 (hATP5PO-∆ex2) in yeast cells deleted for yATP5 (ATP5PO homolog) was unable to rescue growth on media which requires oxidative phosphorylation when compared to the wild type construct (hATP5PO-WT), indicating that exon 2 deletion leads to a non-functional protein. Collectively, our findings support the pathogenicity of the ATP5PO c.87+3A>G variant, which significantly reduces but does not eliminate complex V activity. These data along with the recent report of an affected individual with ATP5PO variants, add to the evidence that rare biallelic variants in ATP5PO result in defective complex V assembly, function and are associated with Leigh syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Ganapathi
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Naig Gueguen
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Marisa W Friederich
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gerald Le Gac
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR1078, France
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, France
| | - Volkan Okur
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Thomas Ludwig
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR1078, France
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, France
| | - Chandran Ka
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR1078, France
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, France
| | - Kurenai Tanji
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pascale Marcorelles
- CHRU de Brest, Service d'anatomie cytologie pathologie, CHU et centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, Brest, France
| | - Evangelos Theodorou
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Lignelli-Dipple
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Walker
- Division of Neurogenetics, Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren C Briere
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amélie Bourhis
- CHRU de Brest, Service d'anatomie cytologie pathologie, CHU et centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, Brest, France
| | | | - Charles LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Hagen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cathleen Cooper
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colleen Muraresku
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cassandra A Rogers
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dana K Strode
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peyman Bizargity
- Division of Medical Genetics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Iglesias
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frances A High
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David A Sweetser
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Ganetzky
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Cedric Le Marechal
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR1078, France
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, France
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sliepka JM, McGriff SC, Rossetti LZ, Bizargity P, Streff H, Lee YS, Dai H, Polubothu S, Lee G, Ren V, Hunter JV, Curry DJ, Scaglia F, Adesina AM, Ali I, Kinsler V, Burrage LC, Marafi D. GNA11 brain somatic pathogenic variant in an individual with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis. Neurol Genet 2019; 5:e366. [PMID: 31872050 PMCID: PMC6878837 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the findings of histopathology and genotyping studies in affected brain tissue from an individual with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV). Methods A retrospective chart review of a 2-year 10-month-old male with a clinical diagnosis of PPV cesiomarmorata (or type V) was performed. Clinical features, brain imaging and histopathology findings, and genotyping studies in his affected brain tissue are summarized. Results The proband had a clinically severe neurologic phenotype characterized by global developmental delay, generalized hypotonia, and recurrent episodes of cardiac asystole in the setting of status epilepticus. A somatic pathogenic variant in GNA11 (c.547C>T, p.Arg183Cys) was detected in his skin tissue but not in blood (previously published). He underwent an urgent left posterior quadrantectomy for his life-threatening seizures. Histopathology of resected brain tissue showed an increase in leptomeningeal melanocytes and abnormal vasculature, and the exact pathogenic variant in GNA11 (c.547C>T, p.Arg183Cys), previously isolated from his skin tissue but not blood, was detected in his resected brain tissue. Conclusions The finding of this variant in affected skin and brain tissue of our patient with PPV supports a unifying genetic diagnosis of his neurocutaneous features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Sliepka
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Sarah C McGriff
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Peyman Bizargity
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Haley Streff
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Yi-Shan Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Satyamaanasa Polubothu
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Grace Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Vicky Ren
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jill V Hunter
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Daniel J Curry
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Adekunle M Adesina
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Irfan Ali
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Veronica Kinsler
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Dana Marafi
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|