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Uthman L, Li X, Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Baumgart P, Hermanides J, Preckel B, Hollmann MW, Coronel R, Zuurbier CJ, Weber NC. Empagliflozin reduces oxidative stress through inhibition of the novel inflammation/NHE/[Na +] c/ROS-pathway in human endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112515. [PMID: 34896968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation causing oxidative stress in endothelial cells contributes to heart failure development. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i's) were shown to reduce heart failure hospitalization and oxidative stress. However, how inflammation causes oxidative stress in endothelial cells, and how SGLT2i's can reduce this is unknown. Here we hypothesized that 1) TNF-α activates the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and raises cytoplasmatic Na+ ([Na+]c), 2) increased [Na+]c causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and 3) empagliflozin (EMPA) reduces inflammation-induced ROS through NHE inhibition and lowering of [Na+]c in human endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were incubated with vehicle (V), 10 ng/ml TNF-α, 1 µM EMPA or the NHE inhibitor Cariporide (CARI, 10 µM) and NHE activity, intracellular [Na+]c and ROS were analyzed. TNF-α enhanced NHE activity in HCAECs and HUVECs by 92% (p < 0.01) and 51% (p < 0.05), respectively, and increased [Na+]c from 8.2 ± 1.6 to 11.2 ± 0.1 mM (p < 0.05) in HCAECs. Increasing [Na+]c by ouabain elevated ROS generation in both HCAECs and HUVECs. EMPA inhibited NHE activity in HCAECs and in HUVECs. EMPA concomitantly lowered [Na+]c in both cell types. In both cell types, TNF α-induced ROS was lowered by EMPA or CARI, with no further ROS lowering by EMPA in the presence of CARI, indicating EMPA attenuated ROS through NHE inhibition. In conclusion, inflammation induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells through NHE activation causing elevations in [Na+]c, a process that is inhibited by EMPA through NHE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laween Uthman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology and Cardiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cees A Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Baumgart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hermanides
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nina C Weber
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ali AE, Elsherbiny DM, Azab SS, El-Demerdash E. The diuretic amiloride attenuates doxorubicin-induced chemobrain in rats: Behavioral and mechanistic study. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:1-13. [PMID: 34656704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment or "chemobrain" is a troublesome adverse effect which had been increasingly reported by cancer patients after doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy. Notably, Hypertension, a very common comorbidity in cancer patients, could pose a greater risk for negative cognitive outcomes. Amiloride (AML) is an antihypertensive, potassium-sparing diuretic that has been proven to be neuroprotective in different experimental models; this can be attributed to its ability to inhibit different ion transporters such as Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), which upon excessive activation can result in intracellular cationic overload, followed by oxidative damage and cellular death. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of AML against DOX-induced chemobrain and to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms. Briefly, Histopathological examination and neurobehavioral testing (Morris water maze, Y maze and passive avoidance test) showed that AML co-treatment (10 mg/kg/day) markedly attenuated DOX (2 mg/kg/week)-induced neurodegeneration and memory impairment after 4 weeks of treatments. We found that DOX administration up-regulated NHE expression and increased lactic acid content in the hippocampus which were markedly opposed by AML. Moreover, AML mitigated DOX-induced neuroinflammation and decreased hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α level, nuclear factor kappa-B, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Additionally, AML counteracted DOX-induced hippocampal oxidative stress as indicated by normalized malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Furthermore, AML halted DOX-induced hippocampal apoptosis as evidenced by decreased caspase-3 activity and lower cytochrome c immunoexpression. Our results in addition to the previously reported antitumor effects of AML and its ability to mitigate cancer resistance to DOX therapy could point toward possible new repositioning scenarios of the diuretic AML especially regarding hypertensive cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Emam Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mokhtar Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Neuroinflammation: An Integrating Overview of Reactive-Neuroimmune Cell Interactions in Health and Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9999146. [PMID: 34158806 PMCID: PMC8187052 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9999146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation has evolved over the last decades. Neuroinflammation is the response of reactive CNS components to altered homeostasis, regardless of the cause to be endogenous or exogenous. Neurological diseases, whether traumatic, neoplastic, ischemic, metabolic, toxic, infectious, autoimmune, developmental, or degenerative, involve direct and indirect immune-related neuroinflammation. Brain infiltrates of the innate and adaptive immune system cells appear in response to an infective or otherwise noxious agent and produce inflammatory mediators. Mediators of inflammation include local and recruited cells and signals. Processes derived from extrinsic and intrinsic CNS diseases also elicit the CNS inflammatory response. A deeper understanding of immune-related inflammation in health and disease is necessary to find potential therapeutic targets for preventing or reducing CNS damage. This review is aimed at discussing the innate and adaptive immune system functions and their roles in regulating brain cell responses in disease and homeostasis maintenance.
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Abstract
Bcl-xL is a pro-survival protein of the Bcl2 family found in the mitochondrial membrane. Bcl-xL supports growth, development, and maturation of neurons, and it also prevents neuronal death during neurotoxic stimulation. This article reviews the mechanisms and upstream signaling that regulate the activity and abundance of Bcl-xL. Our team and others have reported that oxidative stress is a key regulator of intracellular Bcl-xL balance in neurons. Oxidative stress regulates synthesis, degradation, and activity of Bcl-xL and therefore neuronal function. During apoptosis, pro-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins such as Bax and Bak translocate to and oligomerize in the mitochondrial membrane. Formation of oligomers causes release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases that lead to neuronal death. Bcl-xL binds directly to pro-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins to block apoptotic signaling. Although anti-apoptotic roles of Bcl-xL have been well documented, an increasing number of studies in recent decades show that protein binding partners of Bcl-xL are not limited to Bcl2 proteins. Bcl-xL forms a complex with F1Fo ATP synthase, DJ-1, DRP1, IP3R, and the ryanodine receptor. These proteins support physiological processes in neurons such as growth and development and prevent neuronal damage by regulating mitochondrial ATP production, synapse formation, synaptic vesicle recycling, neurotransmission, and calcium signaling. However, under conditions of oxidative stress, Bcl-xL undergoes proteolytic cleavage thus lowering the abundance of functional Bcl-xL in neurons. Additionally, oxidative stress alters formation of Bcl-xL-mediated multiprotein complexes by regulating post-translational phosphorylation. Finally, oxidative stress regulates transcription factors that target the Bcl-x gene and alter accessibility of microRNA to mRNA influencing mRNA levels of Bcl-xL. In this review, we discussed how Bcl-xL supports the normal physiology of neurons, and how oxidative stress contributes to pathology by manipulating the dynamics of Bcl-xL production, degradation, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-A Park
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Katheryn Broman
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Li T, Tuo B. Pathophysiology of hepatic Na +/H + exchange (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1220-1229. [PMID: 32742358 PMCID: PMC7388279 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are a family of membrane proteins that contribute to exchanging one intracellular proton for one extracellular sodium. The family of NHEs consists of nine known members, NHE1-9. Each isoform represents a different gene product that has unique tissue expression, membrane localization, physiological effects, pathological regulation and sensitivity to drug inhibitors. NHE1 was the first to be discovered and is often referred to as the 'housekeeping' isoform of the NHE family. NHEs are not only involved in a variety of physiological processes, including the control of transepithelial Na+ absorption, intracellular pH, cell volume, cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, but also modulate complex pathological events. Currently, the vast majority of review articles have focused on the role of members of the NHE family in inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infectious diarrhea and digestive system tumorigenesis, but only a few reviews have discussed the role of NHEs in liver disease. Therefore, the present review described the basic biology of NHEs and highlighted their physiological and pathological effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Gu R, Tang W, Lei B, Jiang C, Song F, Xu G. Synthesized glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper peptide inhibits photoreceptor apoptosis and protects retinal function in light-induced retinal degeneration model. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 47:646-657. [PMID: 30474307 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenyi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Boya Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Laboratory of Myopia; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Shanghai China
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Zhang HM, Liu MY, Lu JX, Zhu ML, Jin Q, Ping S, Li P, Jian X, Han YL, Wang SX, Li XY. Intracellular acidosis via activation of Akt-Girdin signaling promotes post ischemic angiogenesis during hyperglycemia. Int J Cardiol 2018; 277:205-211. [PMID: 30316647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The impaired angiogenesis is the major cause of diabetic delayed wound healing. The molecular insight remains unknown. Previous study has shown that high glucose (HG) activates Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and induces intracellular alkalinization, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether activation of NHE1 in endothelial cells by HG damages the angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We used western blot to detect the phosphorylations of both Akt and Girdin, and pH-sensitive BCECF fluorescence to assay NHE1 activity and pHi value, respectively. The angiogenesis was evaluated by measuring the number of tube formation in vitro, and blood perfusion by laser doppler and neovascularization by staining CD31 in vivo. Our results indicated that induction of intracellular acidosis (IA) increased p-Akt and p-Girdin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HG activated NHE1 and increased pHi value in a time-dependent manner, associated with the decreased phosphorylations of both Akt and Gridin, while inhibition of NHE1 by amiloride abolished the HG-induced reductions of p-Akt and p-Girdin. However, silence of Akt by siRNA transfection or pharmacological inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) bypassed IA-induced Girdin phosphorylation. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt abolished HG-reduced Girdin phosphorylation. In addition, upregulation of Akt or inhibition of NHE1 remarkably attenuated HG-impaired tube formation in HUVEC. In vivo study revealed that amiloride dramatically rescued hyperglycemia-delayed blood perfusion and neovascularization by augmenting ischemia-induced angiogenesis. CONCLUSION IA promotes ischemia-induced angiogenesis via Akt-dependent Girdin phosphorylation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China
| | - Mo-Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mo-Li Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qun Jin
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China
| | - Song Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Jian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ya-Ling Han
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China.
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Kim HS, Kim SJ, Bae J, Wang Y, Park SY, Min YS, Je HD, Sohn UD. The p90rsk-mediated signaling of ethanol-induced cell proliferation in HepG2 cell line. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:595-603. [PMID: 27847436 PMCID: PMC5106393 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.6.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinase is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases involved in the regulation of cell viability. There are two subfamilies of ribosomal s6 kinase, (p90rsk, p70rsk). Especially, p90rsk is known to be an important downstream kinase of p44/42 MAPK. We investigated the role of p90rsk on ethanol-induced cell proliferation of HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 10~50 mM of ethanol with or without ERK and p90rsk inhibitors. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The expression of pERK1, NHE1 was measured by Western blots. The phosphorylation of p90rsk was measured by ELISA kits. The expression of Bcl-2 was measured by qRT-PCR. When the cells were treated with 10~30 mM of ethanol for 24 hour, it showed significant increase in cell viability versus control group. Besides, 10~30 mM of ethanol induced increased expression of pERK1, p-p90rsk, NHE1 and Bcl-2. Moreover treatment of p90rsk inhibitor attenuated the ethanol-induced increase in cell viability and NHE1 and Bcl-2 expression. In summary, these results suggest that p90rsk, a downstream kinase of ERK, plays a stimulatory role on ethanol-induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 and NHE1 known to regulate cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jinhyung Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Young Sil Min
- Department of Medicinal Plant Science, College of Science and Engineering, Jungwon University, Chungbuk 28024, Korea
| | - Hyun Dong Je
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 38430, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Liu Z, Li P, Zhao ZH, Zhang Y, Ma ZM, Wang SX. Vitamin B6 Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Apoe (-/-) Mice Fed with High-Fat Diet. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1748065. [PMID: 26881239 PMCID: PMC4735993 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1748065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds. VitB6 deficiency has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. However, the effects of VitB6 in metabolic syndrome are poorly understood. Methods. VitB6 (50 mg/kg/day) was given to Apoe (-/-) mice with hkdigh-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid contents were determined. Results. VitB6 administration remarkably increased acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and decreased random blood glucose level in Apoe (-/-) mice fed with HFD. In addition, VitB6 improved the tolerance of glucose and insulin, normalized the histopathology of liver, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation but did not affect the liver functions. Clinical and biochemical analysis indicated that the levels of VitB6 were decreased in patients with fatty liver. Conclusions. Vitamin B6 prevents endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation in Apoe (-/-) mice fed with HFD. Supplementation of VitB6 should be considered to prevent metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 430070, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 430070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Min Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- *Shuang-Xi Wang:
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Yang Y, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Kang X, Zhang H, Meng M. Suppression of oxidative stress and improvement of liver functions in mice by ursolic acid via LKB1-AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:609-18. [PMID: 25168399 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic cirrhosis is the final stage of liver dysfunction, characterized by diffuse fibrosis, which is the main response to the liver injury. This study is to investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on liver functions and fibrosis in bile duct ligation (BDL) mice and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cultured hepatocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of UA. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, protein levels of IκBα, iNOS and Cox-2, and NF-κB activation were detected, respectively. C57/BL6 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α2(-/-) mice were subjected to BDL for 14 days. UA was administered by gavage. The markers of liver function and oxidative stress, and liver histopathology were analyzed after treatment. RESULTS Treatment of hepatocytes with UA dose-dependently activates AMPK, which is abolished by silence of liver kinase B1 (LKB1). LPS significantly increased ROS productions, apoptosis, NF-κB activation, and expressions of iNOS and Cox-2 in cultured hepatocytes. All these effects were blocked by co-incubation with UA. Importantly, silence of LKB1, AMPK, or iNOS/Cox-2 by small interference RNA transfection reversed UA-induced effects in cultured cells. In an animal study, 14-day BDL induced liver fibrosis and liver injury, accompanied with increased oxidative stress and protein expressions of iNOS and Cox-2 in liver. Treatment of UA significantly attenuated the BDL-induced detrimental effects in wild-type mice but not in AMPKα2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION UA via LKB1-AMPK signaling offers protective effects on BDL-induced liver injury in mice, which may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Dho SH, Deverman BE, Lapid C, Manson SR, Gan L, Riehm JJ, Aurora R, Kwon KS, Weintraub SJ. Control of cellular Bcl-xL levels by deamidation-regulated degradation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001588. [PMID: 23823868 PMCID: PMC3692414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation of two asparagines activates a conditional PEST sequence to target Bcl-xL for degradation. The cellular concentration of Bcl-xL is among the most important determinants of treatment response and overall prognosis in a broad range of tumors as well as an important determinant of the cellular response to several forms of tissue injury. We and others have previously shown that human Bcl-xL undergoes deamidation at two asparaginyl residues and that DNA-damaging antineoplastic agents as well as other stimuli can increase the rate of deamidation. Deamidation results in the replacement of asparginyl residues with aspartyl or isoaspartyl residues. Thus deamidation, like phosphorylation, introduces a negative charge into proteins. Here we show that the level of human Bcl-xL is constantly modulated by deamidation because deamidation, like phosphorylation in other proteins, activates a conditional PEST sequence to target Bcl-xL for degradation. Additionally, we show that degradation of deamidated Bcl-xL is mediated at least in part by calpain. Notably, we present sequence and biochemical data that suggest that deamidation has been conserved from the simplest extant metazoans through the human form of Bcl-xL, underscoring its importance in Bcl-xL regulation. Our findings strongly suggest that deamidation-regulated Bcl-xL degradation is an important component of the cellular rheostat that determines susceptibility to DNA-damaging agents and other death stimuli. Cellular levels of the pro-survival protein Bcl-xL are an important determinant of cellular susceptibility to many death stimuli, including most cancer therapies. We previously showed that human Bcl-xL undergoes deamidation – the conversion of two neutral asparaginyl side-chains into negatively charged aspartyl side-chains – a process that occurs spontaneously but is accelerated by the treatment of tumor cells with DNA-damaging agents. Here, we show that deamidation activates a hitherto undetected signal sequence within Bcl-xL that targets it for degradation by a pathway involving the proteolytic enzyme calpain. This increased degradation of Bcl-xL, and the consequent enhanced cellular susceptibility to programmed cell death, may contribute to the ability of DNA-damaging agents to kill tumors. We also demonstrate that deamidation of Bcl-xL has likely been conserved from the simplest metazoans to humans, underscoring the importance of deamidation in the regulation of Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Dho
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlo Lapid
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Manson
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lu Gan
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Riehm
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (K-SK); (SJW)
| | - Steven J. Weintraub
- Division of Urology and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis VA Medical Center–John Cochran Division, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (K-SK); (SJW)
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Pasham V, Rotte A, Yang W, Zelenak C, Bhandaru M, Föller M, Lang F. OSR1-sensitive regulation of Na+/H+ exchanger activity in dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C416-26. [PMID: 22648948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00420.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) is activated by WNK (with no K kinases) and in turn stimulates the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) and the furosemide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC), thus contributing to transport and cell volume regulation. Little is known about extrarenal functions of OSR1. The present study analyzed the impact of decreased OSR1 activity on the function of dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. DCs were cultured from bone marrow of heterozygous WNK-resistant OSR1 knockin mice (osr(KI)) and wild-type mice (osr(WT)). Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter in FACS analysis, ROS production from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate fluorescence, cytosolic pH (pH(i)) from 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein fluorescence, and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity from Na(+)-dependent realkalinization following ammonium pulse and migration utilizing transwell chambers. DCs expressed WNK1, WNK3, NCC, NKCC1, and OSR1. Phosphorylated NKCC1 was reduced in osr(KI) DCs. Cell volume and pH(i) were similar in osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs, but Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity and ROS production were higher in osr(KI) than in osr(WT) DCs. Before LPS treatment, migration was similar in osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs. LPS (1 μg/ml), however, increased migration of osr(WT) DCs but not of osr(KI) DCs. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 inhibitor cariporide (10 μM) decreased cell volume, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, and pH(i) to a greater extent in osr(KI) than in osr(WT) DCs. LPS increased cell volume, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, and ROS formation in osr(WT) DCs but not in osr(KI) DCs and blunted the difference between osr(KI) and osr(WT) DCs. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in osr(WT) DCs was increased by the NKCC1 inhibitor furosemide (100 nM) to values similar to those in osr(KI) DCs. Oxidative stress (10 μM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide) increased Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in osr(WT) DCs but not in osr(KI) DCs and reversed the difference between genotypes. Cariporide virtually abrogated Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in both genotypes and blunted LPS-induced cell swelling and ROS formation in osr(WT) mice. In conclusion, partial OSR1 deficiency influences Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, ROS formation, and migration of dendritic cells.
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Chen YY, Chen J, Zhou XM, Meng XH, Jiang JP, Shen YL. Puerarin protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against high glucose-induced apoptosis by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 and inhibiting calpain activation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:322-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Van Herreweghe F, Festjens N, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P. Tumor necrosis factor-mediated cell death: to break or to burst, that's the question. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1567-79. [PMID: 20198502 PMCID: PMC11115929 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the signal-transduction pathways of three major cellular responses induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF): cell survival through NF-kappaB activation, apoptosis, and necrosis. Recruitment and activation of caspases plays a crucial role in the initiation and execution of TNF-induced apoptosis. However, experimental inhibition of caspases reveals an alternative cell death pathway, namely necrosis, also called necroptosis, suggesting that caspases actively suppress the latter outcome. TNF-induced necrotic cell death crucially depends on the kinase activity of receptor interacting protein serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3. It was recently demonstrated that ubiquitination of RIP1 determines whether it will function as a pro-survival or pro-cell death molecule. Deeper insight into the mechanisms that control the molecular switches between cell survival and cell death will help us to understand why TNF can exert so many different biological functions in the etiology and pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franky Van Herreweghe
- Unit For Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Festjens
- Unit for Molecular Glycobiology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Unit For Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Unit For Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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