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Costanza M, Ciotti A, Consonni A, Cipelletti B, Cattalini A, Cagnoli C, Baggi F, de Curtis M, Colciaghi F. CNS autoimmune response in the MAM/pilocarpine rat model of epileptogenic cortical malformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319607121. [PMID: 38635635 PMCID: PMC11047071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319607121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of seizures in epilepsy syndromes associated with malformations of cortical development (MCDs) has traditionally been attributed to intrinsic cortical alterations resulting from abnormal network excitability. However, recent analyses at single-cell resolution of human brain samples from MCD patients have indicated the possible involvement of adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of these disorders. By exploiting the MethylAzoxyMethanol (MAM)/pilocarpine (MP) rat model of drug-resistant epilepsy associated with MCD, we show here that the occurrence of status epilepticus and subsequent spontaneous recurrent seizures in the malformed, but not in the normal brain, are associated with the outbreak of a destructive autoimmune response with encephalitis-like features, involving components of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. The MP brain is characterized by blood-brain barrier dysfunction, marked and persisting CD8+ T cell invasion of the brain parenchyma, meningeal B cell accumulation, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by antineuronal antibodies. Furthermore, the therapeutic treatment of MP rats with the immunomodulatory drug fingolimod promotes both antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects. Collectively, these data show that the MP rat could serve as a translational model of epileptogenic cortical malformations associated with a central nervous system autoimmune response. This work indicates that a preexisting brain maldevelopment predisposes to a secondary autoimmune response, which acts as a precipitating factor for epilepsy and suggests immune intervention as a therapeutic option to be further explored in epileptic syndromes associated with MCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costanza
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Arianna Ciotti
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consonni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Barbara Cipelletti
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cattalini
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cagnoli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Colciaghi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan20133, Italy
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Galev G, Prayson RA. Focal cortical dysplasia is a frequent coexistent pathology in patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis. Ann Diagn Pathol 2024; 68:152224. [PMID: 37976976 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a rare, predominantly pediatric epilepsy disorder of unknown etiology. It classically affects one of the cerebral hemispheres and histologically shows cortical chronic inflammation, gliosis, and neuronal loss. The etiopathogenesis of RE remains unknown, with genetic, infectious, and autoimmune factors all speculated to play a role. Although the histologic findings in RE are well described, few studies have investigated a large cohort of cases looking for the coexistence of RE with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). DESIGN The study is a retrospective review of RE patients who underwent surgical resection of brain tissue between 1979 and 2021. Relevant patient history was retrieved, and available histologic slides were reviewed. The histologic severity of RE was described according to the Pardo criteria. In cases where FCD was present, the observed patterns of FCD (namely Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, etc.) were described using the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. RESULTS Thirty-eight resection specimens from 31 patients formed the study cohort. Seventeen patients (54.8 %) were male; average age at surgery was 8 years (range: 2-28 years). Twenty-seven resection specimens (71.1 %) from 23 patients (74 %) showed evidence of coexistent FCD. Most cases with FCD resembled the ILAE type Ib (n = 23) pattern. Cases of RE that did not show FCD were either Pardo stage 1 (n = 5) or 4 (n = 6), with all Pardo stage 2 and 3 cases demonstrating FCD. CONCLUSIONS FCD was found in most patients with RE (74 %). The most observed pattern of FCD was ILAE Ib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Galev
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America
| | - Richard A Prayson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
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Andzelm MM, Stredny CM. Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies for Treatment of Seizures in Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoinflammatory/Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2023; 49:875-893. [PMID: 37821201 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing understanding of the role of inflammation in seizures and epilepsy, as well as targeted immunomodulatory treatments. In children, immune-mediated seizures often present acutely in the setting of autoimmune encephalitis and are very responsive to immunotherapy with low rates of subsequent epilepsy. Conversely, seizures in autoimmune-associated epilepsies, such as Rasmussen syndrome, can remain refractory to multimodal therapy, including immunomodulation. In this review, the authors discuss the presentations of immune-mediated seizures in children, underlying mechanisms, and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Andzelm
- Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Coral M Stredny
- Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Fukuoka M, Kuki I, Hattori Y, Tsuji H, Horino A, Nukui M, Inoue T, Okazaki S, Kawawaki H, Kunihiro N, Uda T, Inoue T, Takahashi Y. A case of focal cortical dysplasia type IIa with pathologically suspected bilateral Rasmussen syndrome. Brain Dev 2022; 44:401-404. [PMID: 35241305 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasmussen syndrome (RS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by unilateral chronic inflammation, drug-resistant epilepsy, and progressive neurological and cognitive deterioration. There has been no detailed pathological evaluation or finding, including focal cortical dysplasia, for bilateral RS. CASE REPORT A 13-year-old boy presented with status epilepticus with focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizure starting from the left upper limb. At the age of 15, epilepsia partialis continua of the right face and upper extremities appeared, and MRI showed hemispheric abnormal signal intensities with left frontal lobe predominance. Three months later, MRI showed extensive abnormal signal intensities in the right occipitoparietal and left temporal lobes. Tacrolimus was useful in preventing recurrence. Because the seizures were intractable, a corpus callosotomy was performed at 16 years along with a concurrent brain biopsy from the bilateral lateral frontal cortices. We detected dysmorphic neurons in addition to inflammatory changes suspicious for RS, leading to a diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type Ⅱa and suspected bilateral RS. Total callosotomy and vagus nerve stimulation were not sufficiently effective. CONCLUSIONS In bilateral RS, FCD may be present in both cerebral hemispheres. In the current case, an autoimmune response to dysmorphic neurons may have contributed to the pathogenesis of intense inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fukuoka
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, 886 Urushiyama, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Kuki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Yuka Hattori
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuji
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Asako Horino
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Megumi Nukui
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Shin Okazaki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawawaki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Kunihiro
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Takehiro Uda
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, 886 Urushiyama, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
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5
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Rasmussen's encephalitis: Early diagnostic criteria in children. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:666-674. [PMID: 35568516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a rare chronic inflammatory brain disorder resulting in progressive neurodegeneration in one cerebral hemisphere. The inflammatory process is accompanied by progressive loss of function of the affected hemisphere, associated with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The diagnosis is based on a range of clinical, electroencephalographic, radiological and biochemical arguments, without any specific formal marker, which makes the diagnosis of the disease complex, especially in its initial phase. Seizures are refractory to anti-seizures medication (ASM) and to classical immunomodulatory treatments. These treatments are also ineffective to stop the degenerative process. Only surgical treatment with hemispherotomy (surgical disconnection of a cerebral hemisphere) allows definitive cessation of seizures but this leads to definitive motor and cognitive deficits. The etiology of RE is not known, but there is strong evidence for an immunopathogenic mechanism involving T-cell mediated immunity. The emergence of biotherapies targeting against various cytokines offers potential therapeutic perspectives. This disease is currently a real challenge in terms of: (i) early diagnosis, before the constitution of marked hemispheric atrophy and the appearance of neurological and cognitive consequences; (ii) recognition of incomplete form; (iii) therapeutic management due to advances in the field of targeted treatment of inflammation; (iv) surgery and recovery possibilities.
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6
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Hosseini N, Nadjafi S, Ashtary B. Overview of COVID-19 and neurological complications. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:671-691. [PMID: 33583157 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sudden and storming onset of coronavirus 2 infection (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) was associated by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Recently, corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) has appeared as a pandemic throughout the world. The mutational nature of the virus, along with the different means of entering and spreading throughout the body has involved different organs. Thus, patients are faced with a wide range of symptoms and signs. Neurological symptoms, such as anosmia, agnosia, stroke, paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, encephalopathy, meningitis, delirium and seizures, are reported as common complications affecting the course of the disease and its treatment. In this review, special attention was paid to reports that addressed the acute or chronic neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients who may present acute respiratory syndrome or not. Moreover, we discussed the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications in SARS-Cov2-infected patients, and also the pathophysiology of neurological abnormalities in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Hosseini
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
| | - Shabnam Nadjafi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ashtary
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
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7
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Abstract
Investigators from Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records to identify all Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) cases that had undergone surgery with subsequent pathologic evaluation at Children's Hospital Colorado during 2005-2019 to determine the frequency of double pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin R Wadhwani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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8
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Szabó CÁ, Garvin R, Hafeez S, Seifi A, Leary L, Bhavaraju-Sanka R, Henry JM, Papanastassiou AM. Adult-onset Rasmussen's Syndrome with associated cortical dysplasia. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2019; 11:54-57. [PMID: 30705820 PMCID: PMC6349012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 23-year-old woman with previous right temporal lobe surgeries for underlying cortical dysplasia, presenting with drug-resistant right hemispheric seizures and epilepsia partialis continua (EPC). After anti-seizure medication adjustments, she developed focal status epilepticus with progressive EEG and neuroimaging changes. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum autoimmune panels were negative except for an elevated serum acetylcholine-receptor antibody titer, but she underwent immunosuppressive therapy. Stereotactic-EEG evaluation demonstrated multifocal independent ictal patterns in the right hemisphere. Rasmussen's Syndrome was confirmed by brain biopsy, and a hemispherectomy was performed. This patient demonstrates the rare association of adult-onset EPC with cortical dysplasia, precipitously evolving into Rasmussen's Syndrome. Rasmussen's Syndrome (RS) can be associated with focal cortical dysplasia. Autoimmunity underlies evolution of new-onset EPC in the setting of chronic focal epilepsy, and support a diagnosis of RS. Hemispherectomy can be an effective intervention in adult-onset RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ákos Szabó
- Department of Neurology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.,South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Rachel Garvin
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Shaheryar Hafeez
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ali Seifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Linda Leary
- Department of Neurology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.,South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ratna Bhavaraju-Sanka
- Department of Neurology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - James M Henry
- Department of Pathology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Alex M Papanastassiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.,South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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9
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Kebir H, Carmant L, Fontaine F, Béland K, Bosoi CM, Sanon NT, Alvarez JI, Desgent S, Pittet CL, Hébert D, Langlois MJ, Rébillard RM, Nguyen DK, Cieuta-Walti C, Holmes GL, Goodkin HP, Mytinger JR, Connolly MB, Prat A, Haddad E. Humanized mouse model of Rasmussen's encephalitis supports the immune-mediated hypothesis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2000-2009. [PMID: 29629902 DOI: 10.1172/jci97098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a chronic inflammatory brain disorder that causes frequent seizures and unilateral hemispheric atrophy with progressive neurological deficits. Hemispherectomy remains the only treatment that leads to seizure freedom for this refractory epileptic syndrome. The absence of an animal model of disease has been a major obstacle hampering the development of effective therapies. Here, we describe an experimental mouse model that shares several clinical and pathological features with the human disease. Immunodeficient mice injected with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from RE patients and monitored by video electroencephalography developed severe seizures of cortical origin and showed intense astrogliosis and accumulation of human IFN-γ- and granzyme B-expressing T lymphocytes in the brain compared with mice injected with immune cells from control subjects. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of α4 integrin blockade, an approved therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease, in reducing inflammatory markers associated with RE in the CNS. This model holds promise as a valuable tool for understanding the pathology of RE and for developing patient-tailored experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Kebir
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lionel Carmant
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Fontaine
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Kathie Béland
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ciprian M Bosoi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie T Sanon
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sébastien Desgent
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille L Pittet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Hébert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Langlois
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Dang K Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Cieuta-Walti
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Shebrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- Fontaine Research Park, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Mytinger
- Fontaine Research Park, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary B Connolly
- B.C. Children's Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, and
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10
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Kuki I, Matsuda K, Kubota Y, Fukuyama T, Takahashi Y, Inoue Y, Shintaku H. Functional neuroimaging in Rasmussen syndrome. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:120-127. [PMID: 29331846 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For a diagnosis of Rasmussen syndrome (RS), clinical course together with electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are considered important, but there are few reports on functional neuroimaging. This study investigated cerebral blood flow (CBF)-single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), central benzodiazepine receptor (BZR)-SPECT, and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxy glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in RS patients, and correlated neuroimaging results with MRI and pathological findings. METHODS Twenty-three patients diagnosed with RS according to Bien's (2005) diagnostic criteria (including 12 patients with a histological diagnosis) were studied. CBF-SPECT, BZR-SPECT and FDG-PET images were visually evaluated, and the findings correlated with MRI and histological findings. RESULTS Hypoperfusion areas were observed in 16 of 22 patients by interictal CBF-SPECT. Hyperperfusion areas were observed in 10 of 12 patients by ictal CBF-SPECT, which correlated with ictal onset area by ictal EEG (IOAE). In the limited data of BZR-SPECT in nine patients, lowered uptake was detected in all nine patients, including two with no MRI abnormalities. Lowered glucose metabolism was observed in affected areas in all five patients by FDG-PET. Histological examination revealed findings of chronic encephalitis in all 12 patients examined, concomitant with focal cortical dysplasia in five patients. CONCLUSION In RS patients, functional neuroimaging reveals clear abnormal findings, even before the appearance of MRI abnormalities. BZR-SPECT and FDG-PET could detect the IOAE efficiently even in the absence of MRI abnormalities, while interictal CBF-SPECT occasionally failed to detect IOAE if MRI was normal. Based on BZR-SPECT, refractory epileptic seizures in RS may suggest possible impairment of inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders.
| | - Kazumi Matsuda
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders
| | | | - Tetsuhiro Fukuyama
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders
| | - Yushi Inoue
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders
| | - Haruo Shintaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
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11
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Castellano JF, Meyer JA, Lado FA. A Case Series of Adult-Onset Rasmussen's Encephalitis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Neurol 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 29118737 PMCID: PMC5660978 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive cerebral hemiatrophy and medically refractory epilepsy. The majority of current literature on this topic is focused on the pediatric population. In this case series, we will review three cases of adult-onset RE, as defined by fulfillment of the 2005 Bien criteria. The diagnostic challenge of characterizing this rare disease will be highlighted by the extensive serum, CSF, and pathologic sampling in all three patients. MR imaging and EEG data will be examined over time to characterize hallmark findings as well as progression. In addition, we will review the various forms of therapy attempted in these three patients, namely anti-epileptic drug therapy and immunomodulatory therapy. We will also utilize this case series to critically evaluate the broader context of atypical presentations of this disease and the value of current diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny A Meyer
- Saul Korey Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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12
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Dupont S, Gales A, Sammey S, Vidailhet M, Lambrecq V. Late-onset Rasmussen Encephalitis: A literature appraisal. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:803-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Luan G, Gao Q, Zhai F, Chen Y, Li T. Upregulation of HMGB1, toll-like receptor and RAGE in human Rasmussen's encephalitis. Epilepsy Res 2016; 123:36-49. [PMID: 27108105 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare neurological disorder of childhood characterized by uni-hemispheric inflammation, progressive neurological deficits and intractable focal epilepsy. The pathogenesis of RE is still enigmatic. Activation of endogenous high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) has been proved to be with pro-inflammatory as well as pro-convulsant effects. We hypothesized that the epileptogenic mechanisms underlying RE are related to activation of HMGB1/TLR signaling. Immunnohistochemistry approach was used to examine the expression of HMGB1, TLR2, TLR4, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in surgically resected human epileptic cortical specimens from RE (n=12), and compared that with control cortical issue (n=6). HMGB1 was ubiquitously detected in nuclei of astrocytes while its receptors were not detected in control cortex specimens. Marked expression of the receptors were observed in the lesions of RE. In particular, HMGB1 was in stead detected in cytoplasm of reactive astrocytes in RE cortex, predictive its release from glial cells. Significant greater HMGB1 and its receptors expression in RE vs. control was demonstrated by western blot. These results provide the novel evidence of intrinsic activation of these pro-inflammation pathways in RE, which suggest the specific targets in the treatment of epilepsy associated with RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Brian Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Brian Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Department of Brian Institute, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China; Department of Neurology, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China.
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14
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Owens GC, Chang JW, Huynh MN, Chirwa T, Vinters HV, Mathern GW. Evidence for Resident Memory T Cells in Rasmussen Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 26941743 PMCID: PMC4763066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neuroinflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by intractable seizures, and progressive atrophy usually confined to one cerebral hemisphere. Surgical removal or disconnection of the affected cerebral hemisphere is currently the only intervention that effectively stops the seizures. Histopathological evaluation of resected brain tissue has shown that activated brain resident macrophages (microglia) and infiltrating T cells are involved in the inflammatory reaction. Here, we report that T cells isolated from seven RE brain surgery specimens express the resident memory T cell (TRM) marker CD103. CD103 was expressed by >50% of CD8+ αβ T cells and γδ T cells irrespective of the length of time from seizure onset to surgery, which ranged from 0.3 to 8.4 years. Only ~10% of CD4+ αβ were CD103+, which was consistent with the observation that few CD4+ T cells are found in RE brain parenchyma. Clusters of T cells in brain parenchyma, which are a characteristic of RE histopathology, stained for CD103. Less than 10% of T cells isolated from brain specimens from eight surgical cases of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a condition that is also characterized by intractable seizures, were CD103+. In contrast to the RE cases, the percent of CD103+ T cells increased with the length of time from seizure onset to surgery. In sections of brain tissue from the FCD cases, T cells were predominantly found around blood vessels, and did not stain for CD103. The presence of significant numbers of TRM cells in RE brain irrespective of the length of time between clinical presentation and surgical intervention supports the conclusion that a cellular immune response to an as yet unidentified antigen(s) occurs at an early stage of the disease. Reactivated TRM cells may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Owens
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Julia W Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - My N Huynh
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Thabiso Chirwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gary W Mathern
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
"Children are not little adults," and while this is a well-worn aphorism, it is especially true in the context of infection, where the same organism may evoke a different immune response in the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) and clinical presentation may be clouded by the lack of a good history or paucity of clinical information. The chronology and natural history of different organisms/infections will be laid out together with the preferred use of different imaging modalities. This chapter will use illustrative examples of some of the more common infections and their complications, in addition to several more rare conditions as well as mimics of childhood CNS infection. Challenges in the imaging of children, including strategies to minimize the use of radiation, are discussed. Some of the more recently voiced concerns regarding the use of anesthetic agents in children are also addressed, along with the contrast agents that are typically required for imaging. With a global increase in worldwide travel the anticipation is that pediatricians will increasingly see unusual organisms presenting with CNS infection while dealing with the ever-present risk of drug resistance with inappropriately treated common or garden infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill V Hunter
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Ravindra VM, Mazur MD, Mohila CA, Sweney MT, Hersh A, Bollo RJ. Rasmussen encephalitis with dual pathology in a patient without seizures: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:2165-71. [PMID: 26033376 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rasmussen encephalitis without seizures is rare. We report a case of Rasmussen encephalitis and cortical dysplasia without epilepsy as well as describe the imaging, pathology, and clinical course and review the literature to investigate whether this may represent a rare subset of Rasmussen encephalitis. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 12-year-old girl with a history of cognitive decline and right arm weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated diffuse left hemispheric cortical and subcortical atrophy suggestive of Rasmussen encephalitis. The patient had no clinical history of seizures, and electroencephalography did not demonstrate epileptiform abnormalities. Craniotomy for open brain biopsy was performed, and histopathologic evaluation identified Rasmussen encephalitis with cortical dysplasia (dual pathology). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of Rasmussen encephalitis diagnosed by both imaging and histopathology that had no clinical or electroencephalographic evidence of seizures and is the only case of Rasmussen encephalitis with cortical dysplasia without epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Ravindra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1475, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - Marcus D Mazur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1475, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - Carrie A Mohila
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew T Sweney
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aimee Hersh
- Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pediatric Rheumatology/Immunology, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert J Bollo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital, 100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1475, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA.
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17
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Owens GC, Erickson KL, Malone CC, Pan C, Huynh MN, Chang JW, Chirwa T, Vinters HV, Mathern GW, Kruse CA. Evidence for the involvement of gamma delta T cells in the immune response in Rasmussen encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:134. [PMID: 26186920 PMCID: PMC4506578 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare neuroinflammatory disease characterized by intractable seizures and progressive atrophy on one side of the cerebrum. Perivascular cuffing and clusters of T cells in the affected cortical hemisphere are indicative of an active cellular immune response. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and brain-infiltrating lymphocytes (BILs) were isolated from 20 RE surgery specimens by standard methods, and CD3+ T cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Gamma delta T cell receptor spectratyping was carried out by nested PCR of reversed transcribed RNA extracted from RE brain tissue, followed by high resolution capillary electrophoresis. A MiSeq DNA sequencing platform was used to sequence the third complementarity determining region (CDR3) of δ1 chains. Results CD3+ BILs from all of the RE brain specimens comprised both αβ and γδ T cells. The median αβ:γδ ratio was 1.9 (range 0.58–5.2) compared with a median ratio of 7.7 (range 2.7–40.8) in peripheral blood from the same patients. The αβ T cells isolated from brain tissue were predominantly CD8+, and the majority of γδ T cells were CD4− CD8−. Staining for the early activation marker CD69 showed that a fraction of the αβ and γδ T cells in the BILs were activated (median 42 %; range 13–91 %, and median 47 %; range 14–99 %, respectively). Spectratyping T cell receptor (TCR) Vδ1-3 chains from 14 of the RE brain tissue specimens indicated that the γδ T cell repertoire was relatively restricted. Sequencing δ1 chain PCR fragments revealed that the same prevalent CDR3 sequences were found in all of the brain specimens. These CDR3 sequences were also detected in brain tissue from 15 focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) cases. Conclusion Neuroinflammation in RE involves both activated αβ and γδ T cells. The presence of γδ T cells with identical TCR δ1 chain CDR3 sequences in all of the brain specimens examined suggests that a non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted immune response to the same antigen(s) is involved in the etiology of RE. The presence of the same δ1 clones in CD brain implies the involvement of a common inflammatory pathway in both diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0352-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Owens
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.
| | - Kate L Erickson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.
| | - Colin C Malone
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - My N Huynh
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.
| | - Julia W Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA. .,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Thabiso Chirwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. .,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. .,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. .,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Gary W Mathern
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA. .,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. .,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. .,Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Carol A Kruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6901, USA.,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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18
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Dupuis N, Auvin S. Inflammation and epilepsy in the developing brain: clinical and experimental evidence. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:141-51. [PMID: 25604829 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence to support a role of inflammatory processes in epilepsy. However, most clinical and experimental studies have been conducted in adult patients or using adult rodents. The pediatric epilepsies constitute a varied group of diseases that are most frequently age specific. In this review, we will focus on the possible role of inflammation in pediatric epilepsy syndromes. We will first describe the clinical data available and provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of inflammation in these clinical situations. We will then review experimental data regarding the role of inflammation in epilepsy in the developing brain. To summarize, inflammation contributes to seizure precipitation, and reciprocally, prolonged seizures induce inflammation. There is also a relationship between inflammation and cell injury following status epilepticus, which differs according to the developmental stage. Finally, inflammation seems to contribute to epileptogenesis even in the developing brain. Based on the available data, we highlight the need for further studies dissecting the exact role of inflammation in epilepsy during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dupuis
- INSERM U1141, Paris, France; APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, DHU Protect, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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19
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Wang DD, Benkli B, Auguste KI, Garcia PA, Sullivan J, Barkovich AJ, Chang EF, Tihan T. Unilateral holohemispheric central nervous system lesions associated with medically refractory epilepsy in the pediatric population: a retrospective series of hemimegalencephaly and Rasmussen's encephalitis. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 14:573-84. [PMID: 25303156 DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.peds13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Cortical malformations and inflammatory encephalopathy are among common etiologies for medically refractory epilepsy in children. On rare occasions, lesions can affect an entire cerebral hemisphere while sparing the other; the 2 processes that can manifest in this manner are hemimegalencephaly (HME) and Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE). Although the clinical course and radiological appearance between the 2 disorders are distinct, there is occasional overlapping pathology between RE and cortical migration disorders. One question that arises from these observations is whether RE and HME, diseases with holohemispheric involvement but apparently different etiologies, have any overlapping characteristics. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients with presumed diagnosis of HME or RE who underwent hemispherectomy at University of California, San Francisco, and reviewed their clinical presentation, imaging, and pathology data. RESULTS The authors present the clinicopathological features of 14 pediatric patients with unilateral holohemispheric lesions associated with medically refractory epilepsy. Radiological and pathological assessment classified 7 of the patients as having hemimegalencephaly, while the other 7 were diagnosed as having RE. Four of the patients had unusual features suggestive of overlapping developmental and inflammatory (dual) pathology. All patients underwent hemispherectomies. Eight patients (57%) became seizure free (Engel Class I), 5 patients (36%) had rare seizures (Engel Class II), and 1 patient had significant seizure reduction (Engel Class III). CONCLUSIONS Based on this case series, HME and RE can be distinguished on the basis of their radiological and histological appearance, even though some cases may have overlapping features. Hemispherectomy was effective at eliminating seizures for both HME and RE.
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20
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Thibert RL, Duhaime AC, Caruso PA, Stemmer-Rachamimov A. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 34-2014. A 7-year-old boy with focal seizures and progressive weakness. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1737-46. [PMID: 25354108 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1305993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hemb M, Paglioli E, Dubeau F, Andermann F, Olivier A, da Costa JC, Martins WA, Nunes ML, Palmini A. "Mirror EPC": epilepsia partialis continua shifting sides after rolandic resection in dysplasia. Neurology 2014; 83:1439-43. [PMID: 25217055 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a life-threatening condition often caused by focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Resection of the motor cortex is contemplated in the hope that the trade-off between a severe motor deficit and complete seizure control justifies the procedure. METHODS Report of 3 patients with EPC due to histologically confirmed FCD, who underwent resection of the motor cortex under acute electrocorticography. RESULTS All had re-emergence of medically intractable EPC in the other side of the body after rolandic resection. Two patients died and the third continues with refractory attacks. CONCLUSION In some instances, EPC due to FCD may shift sides and re-emerge in the contralateral, previously asymptomatic, hemibody. A mechanism of disinhibition by surgery of a suppressed contralateral and homologous epileptogenic zone is speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hemb
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Eliseu Paglioli
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - François Dubeau
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frederick Andermann
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - André Olivier
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jaderson C da Costa
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William A Martins
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Magda L Nunes
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - André Palmini
- From the Service of Neurology (M.H., J.C.d.C., W.A.M., M.L.N., A.P.), Service of Neurosurgery (E.P.), Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program (M.H., E.P., J.C.d.C., A.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology (J.C.d.C., M.L.N., A.P.), Department of Surgery (E.P.), The Brain Institute (InsCer) (J.C.d.C., M.L.N.), Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Montreal Neurological Institute (F.D., F.A., A.O.), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Evidence for mTOR pathway activation in a spectrum of epilepsy-associated pathologies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:71. [PMID: 25005575 PMCID: PMC4230418 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the mTOR pathway has been linked to the cytopathology and epileptogenicity of malformations, specifically Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) and Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC). Experimental and clinical trials have shown than mTOR inhibitors have anti-epileptogenic effects in TS. Dysmorphic neurones and balloon cells are hallmarks of FCDIIb and TSC, but similar cells are also occasionally observed in other acquired epileptogenic pathologies, including hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE). Our aim was to explore mTOR pathway activation in a range of epilepsy-associated pathologies and in lesion-negative cases. RESULTS 50 epilepsy surgical pathologies were selected including HS ILAE type 1 with (5) and without dysmorphic neurones (4), FCDIIa (1), FCDIIb (5), FCDIIIa (5), FCDIIIb (3), FCDIIId (3), RE (5) and cortex adjacent to cavernoma (1). We also included pathology-negative epilepsy cases; temporal cortex (7), frontal cortex (2), paired frontal cortical samples with different ictal activity according to intracranial EEG recordings (4), cortex with acute injuries from electrode tracks (5) and additionally non-epilepsy surgical controls (3). Immunohistochemistry for phospho-S6 (pS6) ser240/244 and ser235/236 and double-labelling for Iba1, neurofilament, GFAP, GFAPdelta, doublecortin, and nestin were performed. Predominant neuronal labelling was observed with pS6 ser240/244 and glial labelling with pS6 ser235/236 in all pathology types but with evidence for co-expression in a proportion of cells in all pathologies. Intense labelling of dysmorphic neurones and balloon cells was observed in FCDIIb, but dysmorphic neurones were also labelled in RE and HS. There was no difference in pS6 labelling in paired samples according to ictal activity. Double-labelling immunofluorescent studies further demonstrated the co-localisation of pS6 with nestin, doublecortin, GFAPdelta in populations of small, immature neuroglial cells in a range of epilepsy pathologies. CONCLUSIONS Although mTOR activation has been more studied in the FCDIIb and TSC, our observations suggest this pathway is activated in a variety of epilepsy-associated pathologies, and in varied cell types including dysmorphic neurones, microglia and immature cell types. There was no definite evidence from our studies to suggest that pS6 expression is directly related to disease activity.
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Wirrell E. Editorial comment: The janus of Rasmussen encephalitis: never a friendly face. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2014; 21:137-8. [PMID: 25149948 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Wirrell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Pardo CA, Nabbout R, Galanopoulou AS. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in pediatric epileptic syndromes: Rasmussen encephalitis, infantile spasms, and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:297-310. [PMID: 24639375 PMCID: PMC3996116 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of epileptogenesis in pediatric epileptic syndromes are diverse, and may involve disturbances of neurodevelopmental trajectories, synaptic homeostasis, and cortical connectivity, which may occur during brain development, early infancy, or childhood. Although genetic or structural/metabolic factors are frequently associated with age-specific epileptic syndromes, such as infantile spasms and West syndrome, other syndromes may be determined by the effect of immunopathogenic mechanisms or energy-dependent processes in response to environmental challenges, such as infections or fever in normally-developed children during early or late childhood. Immune-mediated mechanisms have been suggested in selected pediatric epileptic syndromes in which acute and rapidly progressive encephalopathies preceded by fever and/or infections, such as febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, or in chronic progressive encephalopathies, such as Rasmussen encephalitis. A definite involvement of adaptive and innate immune mechanisms driven by cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes and neuroglial responses has been demonstrated in Rasmussen encephalitis, although the triggering factor of these responses remains unknown. Although the beneficial response to steroids and adrenocorticotropic hormone of infantile spasms, or preceding fever or infection in FIRES, may support a potential role of neuroinflammation as pathogenic factor, no definite demonstration of such involvement has been achieved, and genetic or metabolic factors are suspected. A major challenge for the future is discovering pathogenic mechanisms and etiological factors that facilitate the introduction of novel targets for drug intervention aimed at interfering with the disease mechanisms, therefore providing putative disease-modifying treatments in these pediatric epileptic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disorders, Center for Pediatric Rasmussen Syndrome, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
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Varadkar S, Bien CG, Kruse CA, Jensen FE, Bauer J, Pardo CA, Vincent A, Mathern GW, Cross JH. Rasmussen's encephalitis: clinical features, pathobiology, and treatment advances. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:195-205. [PMID: 24457189 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare chronic neurological disorder, characterised by unilateral inflammation of the cerebral cortex, drug-resistant epilepsy, and progressive neurological and cognitive deterioration. Neuropathological and immunological studies support the notion that Rasmussen's encephalitis is probably driven by a T-cell response to one or more antigenic epitopes, with potential additional contribution by autoantibodies. Careful analysis of the association between histopathology and clinical presentation suggests that initial damage to the brain is mediated by T cells and microglia, suggesting a window for treatment if Rasmussen's encephalitis can be diagnosed early. Advances in neuroimaging suggest that progression of the inflammatory process seen with MRI might be a good biomarker in Rasmussen's encephalitis. For many patients, families, and doctors, choosing the right time to move from medical management to surgery is a real therapeutic dilemma. Cerebral hemispherectomy remains the only cure for seizures, but there are inevitable functional compromises. Decisions of whether or when surgery should be undertaken are challenging in the absence of a dense neurological deficit, and vary by institutional experience. Further, the optimum time for surgery, to give the best language and cognitive outcome, is not yet well understood. Immunomodulatory treatments seem to slow rather than halt disease progression in Rasmussen's encephalitis, without changing the eventual outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Varadkar
- Epilepsy Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | | | - Carol A Kruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gary W Mathern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Helen Cross
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK
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O'Rourke DJ, Bergin A, Rotenberg A, Peters J, Gorman M, Poduri A, Cryan J, Lidov H, Madsen J, Harini C. Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as focal cortical dysplasia. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2014; 2:86-9. [PMID: 25667877 PMCID: PMC4307873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare syndrome characterized by intractable seizures, often associated with epilepsia partialis continua and symptoms of progressive hemispheric dysfunction. Seizures are usually the hallmark of presentation, but antiepileptic drug treatment fails in most patients and is ineffective against epilepsia partialis continua, which often requires surgical intervention. Co-occurrence of focal cortical dysplasia has only rarely been described and may have implications regarding pathophysiology and management. We describe a rare case of dual pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as a focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and discuss the literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J O'Rourke
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Bergin
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Rotenberg
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Peters
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - M Gorman
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Poduri
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Cryan
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - H Lidov
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Madsen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - C Harini
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
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Abstract
Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare neurologic disorder of childhood characterized by unihemispheric inflammation, progressive neurologic deficits, and intractable focal epilepsy. The pathogenesis of RE is still enigmatic. Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule with anticonvulsive and anti-inflammatory effects, and our previous work demonstrated that dysfunction of the adenosine kinase (ADK)–adenosine system and astrogliosis are the hallmarks of epilepsy. We hypothesized that the epileptogenic mechanisms underlying RE are related to changes in ADK expression and that those changes might be associated with the development of epilepsy in RE patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of ADK and glial fibrillary acidic protein in surgically resected human epileptic cortical specimens from RE patients (n = 12) and compared with control cortical tissues (n = 6). Adenosine kinase expression using Western blot and enzymatic activity for ADK were assessed in RE versus control samples. Focal astrogliosis and marked expression of ADK were observed in the lesions of RE. Significantly greater ADK expression in RE versus controls was demonstrated by Western blot, and greater enzymatic activity for ADK was demonstrated using an enzyme-coupled bioluminescent assay. These results suggest that upregulation of ADK is a common pathologic hallmark of RE and that ADK might be a target in the treatment of epilepsy associated with RE.
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Dual Pathology in Rasmussen's Encephalitis: A Report of Coexistent Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Pathol 2012; 2012:569170. [PMID: 23056977 PMCID: PMC3465884 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis is a well-established, albeit rare cause of medically intractable epilepsy. In a small number of Rasmussen's cases, a second pathology is identified, which independently can cause medically intractable seizures (dual pathology). This paper documents a case of a 13-year-old male who presented with medically intractable epilepsy. The patient underwent a series of surgical resections, early on resulting in a diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia and later yielding a diagnosis of coexistent Rasmussen's encephalitis, marked by chronic inflammation, microglial nodules, and focal cortical atrophy, combined with focal cortical dysplasia (Palmini et al. type IIA, ILAE type IIA). The literature on dual pathology in the setting of Rasmussen's encephalitis is reviewed.
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Bauer J, Vezzani A, Bien CG. Epileptic encephalitis: the role of the innate and adaptive immune system. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:412-21. [PMID: 22497613 PMCID: PMC8029258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a prominent clinical feature of encephalitis. Recent data suggest the adaptive as well as innate immune system to be involved directly in the pathomechanism of epileptogenesis. Cytotoxic T-cells and antibody-mediated complement activation are major components of the adaptive immune system, which can induce neurodegeneration, thereby probably contributing to epileptic encephalitis. The innate immune system operates via interleukin-1 and toll-like receptor-associated mechanisms and was shown to play a direct role in epileptogenesis. Here, we review neuropathology hallmarks of various encephalitis conditions such as Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) but also introduce the more recently discovered antibody-associated voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 encephalitides. Neuropathological investigations are used to determine specific cellular components and molecular mechanisms used by the immune system to provoke neurodegeneration and to promote epileptogenesis. Based on recent findings, we propose concepts for the stratification of epileptic encephalitis. Knowledge of the role of the innate immunity has already translated into clinical treatment strategies and may help to discover novel drug targets for these epileptic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Moreno V, Bhattacharjee MB, Powell SZ. Neuropathology of Seizure Disorders. Acad Forensic Pathol 2012. [DOI: 10.23907/2012.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate recurrent seizures. Pathologists may be called upon to evaluate brain tissue from patients with a history of seizures, and it is important to keep in mind the diversity of histopathologic findings associated with this disorder and the limitations imposed by both, limited sampling and neuroanatomy. Review of the literature has shown that the three most common clinicopathological entities in surgically resected medically refractory epilepsy are mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEAT), and malformations of cortical development (MCD) which includes focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Here, we will review the most common clinicopathological entities seen in surgically resected cases of refractory epilepsy, such as MTS, MCD, LEAT, as well as vascular and encephalitic lesions. We will also touch upon traumatic brain injuries and SUDEP, and the role of the forensic pathologist. A better understanding of the etiopathology, recent classifications, and underlying molecular mechanisms involved in each entity will be helpful in order to identify the cause of death in patients with seizure disorders, candidates who will benefit from tailored surgical resection strategies, as well as to develop new and targeted drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
| | - Meenakshi B. Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
| | - Suzanne Z. Powell
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
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Katschnig P, Massano J, Edwards MJ, Schwingenschuh P, Cordivari C, Bhatia KP. Late-onset asymmetric myoclonus: an emerging syndrome. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1744-8. [PMID: 21618610 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cortical myoclonus is typically thought to be associated with either contralateral cortical structural lesions or degenerative disorders such as corticobasal degeneration when onset is in middle-aged or aged adults. This view has been challenged after a recent case series brought to light a syndrome of senile-onset, asymmetric cortical myoclonus not associated with any such identifiable disorders, thus, named "primary progressive myoclonus of aging." This is rare and no other reports have been published; hence, further such cases need to be highlighted. CASE REPORTS Here, we describe 3 patients with some similarities, namely, adult-onset, asymmetric myoclonus that is most likely to be cortical, with an unremarkable thorough diagnostic workup, but with younger age at onset and longer follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS This report expands on previous phenotypical descriptions attempting to further develop and refine this possible diagnostic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Katschnig
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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