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Ambarsari CG, Utami DAP, Tandri CC, Satari HI. Comparison of three spot proteinuria measurements for pediatric nephrotic syndrome: based on the International pediatric Nephrology Association 2022 Guidelines. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2253324. [PMID: 37724557 PMCID: PMC10512887 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2253324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric nephrotic syndrome (NS) requires routine proteinuria monitoring, which is costly and affects patients' quality of life. The gold-standard 24-h urine protein (UP) measurement is challenging in children, and first-morning urine collection requires specific conditions, making it difficult in outpatient settings. Studies have reported comparability of second or random morning urine sample to the first-morning specimen. This study aimed to compare outcomes of random morning proteinuria measurements to 24-h UP and the roles of the urinary protein creatinine ratio (UPCR) and dipstick tests in pediatric NS, based on International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA) 2022 Guidelines. METHOD Twenty-four-hour and morning urine samples were collected from 92 pediatric NS patients. These were subjected to automated analyses for 24-h UP, UPCR, and semi-automated dipstick analysis. A blinded doctor performed manual dipstick analysis. RESULTS UPCR had a stronger correlation with 24-h UP than with automated and manual urine dipstick tests. UPCR had the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting no remission/relapse and high sensitivity but low specificity for complete remission. The optimal UPCR cutoff for remission was 0.44 mg/mg and for no remission/relapse was 2.08 mg/mg. Automated and manual dipstick tests demonstrated limited sensitivity but high specificity and similar AUC values for remission/relapse. CONCLUSION UPCR was sensitive and specific for diagnosing no remission/relapse and sensitive but not specific for detecting remission. Manual and automated urine dipstick tests were comparable for remission and no remission/relapse detection. This study supports the IPNA 2022 Guidelines, as 2 mg/mg was the optimal UPCR cutoff for no remission/relapse, while for remission the optimal cutoff was 0.4 mg/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahyani Gita Ambarsari
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Medical Technology Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ambar Prihatining Utami
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Bina Husada Hospital (Member of Mitra Keluarga), Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Hindra Irawan Satari
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Kang M, Kwon S, Lee J, Shin JI, Kim YC, Park JY, Bae E, Kim EY, Kim DK, Lim CS, Lee JP. Albuminuria within the Normal Range Can Predict All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:74-82. [PMID: 35368577 PMCID: PMC8967601 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003912021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite interest in low-grade albuminuria and poor clinical outcomes, evidence from a large-scale population is lacking. Therefore, we identified the association of low-grade albuminuria within the normal range with all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. METHODS After excluding individuals with urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g (n=6094), this cohort study analyzed 43,396 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016). Participants were divided into four quartiles of ACR. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcome was CV mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS During a median 7.9 years of follow-up, 3516 (9%) participants died. Compared with the reference group (Q1, ACR <4.171 mg/g), low-grade albuminuria groups were associated with all-cause mortality (Q3, ACR ≥6.211 to <10.010 mg/g, hazard ratio [HR], 1.25 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.41]; Q4, ACR ≥10.010 mg/g, HR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.41 to 1.76]) in a multivariable hazards model. A similar pattern was also seen in the association of low-grade albuminuria with CV mortality. Subgroup analyses showed that low-grade albuminuria was also associated with all-cause mortality in the nondiabetic group, nonhypertensive group, and non-CKD group (eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that low-grade albuminuria is associated with all-cause and CV mortality. Low-grade albuminuria should be monitored, even for patients with low CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soie Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Im Shin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Eunjin Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Mental Health Center, Seoul National University Health Care Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kwon Y, Han K, Kim YH, Park S, Kim DH, Roh YK, Park YG, Cho KH. Dipstick proteinuria predicts all-cause mortality in general population: A study of 17 million Korean adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199913. [PMID: 29953557 PMCID: PMC6023140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A quantitative basis for the use of dipstick urinalysis for risk assessment of all-cause mortality is scarce. Therefore, we investigated the association between dipstick proteinuria and all-cause mortality in a general population and evaluated the effect of confounders on this association. Methods The study population included 17,342,956 adults who underwent health examinations between 2005 and 2008 under the National Health Insurance System. Proteinuria was determined using a single dipstick urinalysis, and the primary outcome of this study was all-cause mortality. The prognostic impact of proteinuria was assessed by constructing a multivariable Cox model. Results The mean age of the study population (53.24% male) was 46.06 years; 724,681 deaths from all causes occurred over a median follow-up period of 9.34 years (interquartile range 8.17–10.16), and the maximum follow-up was 12.12 years. After full adjustment for covariates, a higher level of dipstick proteinuria indicated a higher risk of all-cause death [Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals); 1.22 (1.20–1.24), 1.47 (1.45–1.49), 1.81 (1.77–1.84), 2.32 (2.24–2.41), 2.74 (2.54–2.96); trace to 4+, respectively], and various subgroup analyses did not affect the main outcome for the total population. ≥1+ proteinuria in the group without metabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or obesity) resulted in higher hazard ratios than those in the group with metabolic diseases and negative or trace proteinuria. Conclusions Our study showed a strong association between dipstick proteinuria and all-cause mortality in this nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkeun Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KHC); (YHK)
| | - Sungsoo Park
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Roh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KHC); (YHK)
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Antunes VVH, Veronese FJV, Morales JV. Diagnostic accuracy of the protein/creatinine ratio in urine samples to estimate 24-h proteinuria in patients with primary glomerulopathies: a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:2242-6. [PMID: 18281321 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio in urine samples has been used in the clinical management of patients with glomerular diseases. The aim of this study is to perform a prospective evaluation of the P/C ratio accuracy in determining critical levels of proteinuria in patients with glomerulopathies. METHODS This is a longitudinal study of 41 adult patients with primary glomerulopathies treated with immunosuppressive drugs or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in a 6-month follow-up. Correlation and agreement level between P24 and the P/C ratio were evaluated. Kappa statistic was employed to evaluate concordance between the two methods taking into account clinically relevant categories of proteinuria. ANOVA for repeated measures was employed. Diagnostic accuracy of the P/C ratio was evaluated by receiver-operator curves (ROC). RESULTS There was a significant correlation between P24 and the P/C ratio during the 6-month period (P < 0.001 in all time points). Mean differences between P24 and P/C ratios at baseline and from the first to the sixth month were 2.00, 1.88, 1.22, 1.07, 0.65, 0.34 and 0.57 respectively. In spite of the lower agreement between P24 and the P/C ratio for higher levels of proteinuria, we found substantial Kappa values for categories of proteinuria in all periods. ROC considering the cut-off levels of 0.20 g and 3.5 g for P24 showed that the P/C ratio had a very good accuracy, with areas under the curve of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00), respectively. CONCLUSION This longitudinal analysis corroborates the findings of previous cross-sectional studies, supporting the use of the P/C ratio as an accurate test to define critical levels of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Verleine Hörbe Antunes
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Division of Nephrology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Lane C, Brown M, Dunsmuir W, Kelly J, Mangos G. Can spot urine protein/creatinine ratio replace 24 h urine protein in usual clinical nephrology? Nephrology (Carlton) 2006; 11:245-9. [PMID: 16756640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study was designed to assess whether a single urine specimen, collected at the time of clinical assessment, could be used to estimate 24 h urinary protein excretion. METHODS The spot urinary protein/creatinine ratio (P/Cr) and 24 h urine protein and creatinine excretion were determined from 103 patients attending a nephrology clinic. Using the spot urine P/Cr, a regression equation was derived, predicting 24 h protein excretion. The performance of the regression equation was tested on a new cohort of 85 patients. Within this new cohort, agreement between the predicted and the actual 24 h urinary protein excretion was assessed using the Bland-Altman technique. The ability of spot urine P/Cr and dipstick urinalysis to predict different threshold levels of protein excretion was assessed using a series of receiver operator curves. RESULTS A logarithmic relationship exists between the spot P/Cr and 24 h protein excretion, with a correlation of 0.92, P < 0.0001. Agreement between the actual and predicted 24 h urine protein and between spot and 24 h urine P/Cr ratios was suboptimal at higher levels of protein excretion. Discriminant spot urine P/Cr values reliably predicted protein excretion thresholds of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 g/day. Urinalysis was a poor test for quantitating protein excretion. CONCLUSION Random spot urinary P/Cr predicts actual 24 h protein excretion with reasonable accuracy in patients with lower levels of protein excretion but is unreliable in patients with high protein excretion and should not be used in the clinical setting unless 24 h urine collection is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Lane
- Department of Medicine, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Australia
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