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Ahmed MS, Islam M, Hasan MK, Nam KW. A Comprehensive Review of Radiation-Induced Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Multidimensional Applications. Gels 2024; 10:381. [PMID: 38920928 PMCID: PMC11203285 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
At the forefront of advanced material technology, radiation-induced hydrogels present a promising avenue for innovation across various sectors, utilizing gamma radiation, electron beam radiation, and UV radiation. Through the unique synthesis process involving radiation exposure, these hydrogels exhibit exceptional properties that make them highly versatile and valuable for a multitude of applications. This paper focuses on the intricacies of the synthesis methods employed in creating these radiation-induced hydrogels, shedding light on their structural characteristics and functional benefits. In particular, the paper analyzes the diverse utility of these hydrogels in biomedicine and agriculture, showcasing their potential for applications such as targeted drug delivery, injury recovery, and even environmental engineering solutions. By analyzing current research trends and highlighting potential future directions, this review aims to underscore the transformative impact that radiation-induced hydrogels could have on various industries and the advancement of biomedical and agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.S.A.); (K.-W.N.)
| | - Mobinul Islam
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.S.A.); (K.-W.N.)
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Nam
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.S.A.); (K.-W.N.)
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Lu J, Kemmerer SK, Riecke L, de Gelder B. Early threat perception is independent of later cognitive and behavioral control. A virtual reality-EEG-ECG study. Cereb Cortex 2023:7169129. [PMID: 37197766 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on social threat has shown influences of various factors, such as agent characteristics, proximity, and social interaction on social threat perception. An important, yet understudied aspect of threat exposure concerns the ability to exert control over the threat and its implications for threat perception. In this study, we used a virtual reality (VR) environment showing an approaching avatar that was either angry (threatening body expression) or neutral (neutral body expression) and informed participants to stop avatars from coming closer under five levels of control success (0, 25, 50, 75, or 100%) when they felt uncomfortable. Behavioral results revealed that social threat triggered faster reactions at a greater virtual distance from the participant than the neutral avatar. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed that the angry avatar elicited a larger N170/vertex positive potential (VPP) and a smaller N3 than the neutral avatar. The 100% control condition elicited a larger late positive potential (LPP) than the 75% control condition. In addition, we observed enhanced theta power and accelerated heart rate for the angry avatar vs. neutral avatar, suggesting that these measures index threat perception. Our results indicate that perception of social threat takes place in early to middle cortical processing stages, and control ability is associated with cognitive evaluation in middle to late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzhi Lu
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Selma K Kemmerer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Riecke
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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Ghibellini R, Meier B. The hypnagogic state: A brief update. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13719. [PMID: 36017720 PMCID: PMC10078162 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypnagogic state refers to a transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep, in which sensory perceptions can be experienced. In this review, we compile and discuss the recent scientific literature on hypnagogia research regarding the future directions proposed by Schacter (1976; Psychological Bulletin, 83, 452). After a short introduction discussing the terminology used in hypnagogia research and the differentiation of hypnagogic states with other related phenomena, we review the reported prevalence of hypnagogic states. Then, we evaluate the six future directions suggested by Schacter and we propose three further future directions. First, a better understanding of the emotional quality of hypnagogic states is needed. Second, a better understanding of why hypnagogic states occur so frequently in the visual and kinaesthetic modalities is needed. Lastly, a better understanding of the purpose of hypnagogic states is needed. In conclusion, research has made great progress in recent years, and we are one step closer to demystifying the hypnagogic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ma X, Lang J, Chen P, Yang R. Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Antimicrobial against Otitis Media Pathogens. AIChE J 2021; 67. [PMID: 35450419 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Otitis Media (OM) is the most common reason for U.S. children to receive prescribed oral antibiotics, leading to potential to cause antibiotic resistance. To minimize oral antibiotic usage, we developed polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-PVP), which completely eradicated common OM pathogens, i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) at 1.04μg/mL and 2.13μg/mL. The greater antimicrobial efficacy against S. pneumoniae was a result of the H2O2-producing ability of S. pneumoniae and the known synergistic interactions between H2O2 and AgNPs. To enable the sustained local delivery of AgNPs-PVP (e.g., via injection through perforated tympanic membranes), a hydrogel formulation of 18%(w/v)P407 was developed. Reverse thermal gelation of the AgNPs-PVP-P407 hydrogel could gel rapidly upon entering the warm auditory bullae and thereby sustained release of antimicrobials. This hydrogel-based local delivery system completely eradicated OM pathogens in vitro without cytotoxicity, and thus represents a promising strategy for treating bacterial OM without relying on conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ma
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jiayan Lang
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Yuan W, Qu X, Lu Y, Zhao W, Ren Y, Wang Q, Wang W, Dong X. MXene-composited highly stretchable, sensitive and durable hydrogel for flexible strain sensors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Piechocki K, Kozanecki M. Hydration in thermo-responsive oligoether methacrylate hydrogels studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The process of falling asleep can best be measured by considering a convergence of behavioural, EEG, physiological and subjective information. Doing so allows one to see sleep processes as they unfold, but relying on any single sleep index can bias the description of this complex process. The studies reviewed do not support the idea that sleep begins "in a moment", but rather that entry into sleep is a continuous, interwoven series of changes which begin in relaxed drowsiness and continue through stage 1, often into the first minutes of stage 2. The transition from waking brain to sleeping brain is traced accurately by Hori's nine-stage EEG system. Event-related potential (ERP) studies map complex changes in information processing as sleep begins, while quantitative EEG investigations have identified important spatiotemporal re-organisations of primary EEG frequencies which take place as one moves from waking to sleeping mode. To consider evidence from multiple levels of analysis, a three step electrophysiological model of central nervous system (CNS) regulation during sleep onset is proposed: initial processes appear to be alpha-related; intermediate processes, poorly studied to date, parallel the development of theta and vertex sharp wave activity, while the processes which terminate wakefulness are sigma sleep spindle-related. Clinical investigations of the sleep onset period in people with narcolepsy, insomnia, depression or sleep apnoea appear to indicate the presence of relatively unique electrophysiological signatures which may be of clinical significance. 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Ogilvie
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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Michida N, Ebata A, Tanaka H, Hayashi M, Hori T. Changes of amplitude and topographical characteristics of event-related potentials during the hypnagogic period. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 53:163-5. [PMID: 10459678 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the previous study, during the vertex sharp wave period (hypnagogic EEG stage 4), negative components (N300, N550) were dominant at Fz and Cz in contrast to the positive component (P400) being prominent at the other areas, Pz, Oz, T5 and T6. There is no agreement regarding P400 properties during the hypnagogic period. In this study, using topographic mapping, we found that two negative components (N300, N550) and P400 independently increased their amplitude at the different areas of the scalp as arousal level lowered. The anterior negative components may reflect the information processing related to the K-complex. The P400 may reflect other activities different from the K-complex mechanism or P300 attention mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Michida
- Components Testing and Research Group, Body and Components Testing and Research Department, Mazda Motor Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan
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