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Alanazi WA, Alhamami HN, Alshamrani AA, Alqahtani F, Alshammari A, Alhazzani K, Alswayyed M. Valsartan prevents gefitinib-induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration of plasma metabolites in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103522. [PMID: 36561332 PMCID: PMC9763942 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib (GEF) is an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor, linked to higher risk of severe/fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study was performed to determine the protective roles of an angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AT1R) "valsartan (VAL)" in prevention of lung inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolites alteration induced by GEF. Four groups of male Wistar albino rats were received vehicle, VAL (30 mg/kg), GEF (30 mg/kg), or both for four weeks. Blood samples and lungs were harvested for plasma metabolites and histological analysis, respectively, and evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress. GEF monotherapy showed a dense inflammation in lungs, and significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.0349), interleukin-6 (P < 0.0001), chemokine ligand-3 (P = 0.0420), and interleukin-1β (P = 0.0377). GEF increased oxidative stress markers including glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase levels. Also, several plasma metabolites including butanoic acid, N-methylphenylethanolamine, oxalic acid, l-alanine, phosphoric acid, l-theorinine, pyroglutamic acid, and 2-bromosebacic acid were changed by GEF. The combination of VAL plus GEF reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress mediated by GEF monotherapy. In addition, the combination treatment returned plasma metabolites to the normal levels compared to GEF monotherapy. These findings revealed that VAL has a possible pulmonary protective role against pulmonary toxicity of GEF, which may lead to novel approaches for management of GEF-induced ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hussain N. Alhamami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alswayyed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao YP, Long Y. Pulmonary toxicity in driver gene positive non-small cell lung cancer therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:1369-1378. [PMID: 35656938 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2085964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with driver gene mutations but also with new toxicity profiles. Although most patients treated with these drugs developed relatively controllable toxicity, significant pulmonary toxicity events, including interstitial lung disease, occurred in a small proportion of patients and can lead to discontinuation or even be life-threatening. Pulmonary toxicity associated with these anti-tumor drugs is a problem that cannot be ignored in clinical practice. The prompt diagnosis of drug-related lung injury and the consequent differential diagnosis with other forms of pulmonary disease are critical in the management of pulmonary toxicity. Current knowledge of the pathophysiology and management of pulmonary toxicity associated with these targeted drugs is limited, and participants should be able to identify and respond to the development of drug-induced pulmonary toxicity. This review offers information about the potential pathogenesis, risk factors and management for the development of these events based on the available literature. This review focused on pulmonary toxicities in driver gene-positive NSCLC therapy by describing the related adverse events to promote the awareness and management of this important toxicity related to antitumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pu Zhao
- Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Long
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Hong D, Zhang G, Zhang X, Liang X. Pulmonary Toxicities of Gefitinib in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3008. [PMID: 26945426 PMCID: PMC4782910 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) used to treat adults with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical benefits of gefitinib administration in NSCLC patients have been observed in clinical practice, but the extent of the pulmonary toxicity of gefitinib in patients with advanced NSCLC remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the overall incidence and risk of gefitinib-related pulmonary toxicity in advanced NSCLC patients. Relevant trials were identified from the databases of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the clinicaltrials.gov of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The outcomes included the overall incidence, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fixed-effects models were used in the statistical analyses according to the heterogeneity of the included studies. According to the data from the included trials, the overall incidence of high-grade hemoptysis, pneumonia, pneumonitis, and interstitial lung disease (ILD) was 0.49% (95% CI: 0.24%-0.99%), 2.33% (95% CI: 1.47%-3.66%), 2.24% (95% CI: 1.34%-3.72%), and 1.43% (95% CI: 0.98%-2.09%), respectively. The pooled ORs of high-grade hemoptysis, pneumonia, pneumonitis, and ILD were 1.73 (95% CI: 0.46-6.52; P = 0.42), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.66-1.49; P = 0.95), 4.70 (95% CI: 1.48-14.95; P = 0.0087), and 2.64 (95% CI: 1.22-5.69; P = 0.01), respectively. Gefitinib was associated with a significantly increased risk of high-grade/fatal ILD and pneumonitis compared with the controls, whereas the risk of other high-grade pulmonary events (pneumonia and hemoptysis) was not significant. Careful surveillance of gefitinib-related pulmonary toxicity is critical for the safe use of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Hong
- From the Department of Pharmacy (DH, GZ, XZ), The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; and Central Laboratory (XL), The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Re-administration of gefitinib following diffuse interstitial lung disease in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2419-2421. [PMID: 26137083 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe adverse effect of gefitinib treatment. Re-administration of gefitinib to patients suspected of suffering from gefitinib-induced ILD requires cautious consideration. In the majority of cases, gefitinib is not re-administered to such patients. The present study reports a case of advanced lung adenocarcinoma, where the patient developed gefitinib-induced ILD and gefitinib was re-administered at 3.5 months after discontinuation of gefitinib treatment. Initially, the patient achieved partial clinical remission, but developed diffuse ILD following gefitinib administration for 5 months. Following the onset of ILD, gefitinib was discontinued immediately and low-dose corticosteroids were administered at the early stages of ILD. Subsequent to recovery from the lung injury, gefitinib was re-administered along with N-acetylcysteine. The patient presented with good lung adenocarcinoma control and did not experience a recurrence of ILD for >16 months. Thus, early discontinuation and gefitinib re-administration with N-acetylcysteine may be a potential novel treatment strategy for gefitinib-induced ILD.
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Luo C, Lv M, Li Y, Liu P, Yang J. Gefitinib-induced interstitial pneumonia: A case report and review of the literature. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:855-859. [PMID: 24669240 PMCID: PMC3961127 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of and treatment strategies for interstitial pneumonia induced by gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The detailed clinical data of one patient with NSCLC and gefitinib-induced interstitial pneumonia were compiled and a review of relevant previous studies was performed. Based on this case report and the review, the clinical characteristics, mechanisms and treatment strategies of this rare disease were analyzed. The analyses showed that older, male patients with a long smoking history, high smoking index and adenocarcinoma (particularly bronchoalveolar carcinoma) were more likely to suffer from interstitial pneumonia while taking gefitinib. The onset time of interstitial pneumonia was 1–2 months subsequent to gefitinib administration. The clinical manifestations included chest tightness, shortness of breath, progressive dyspnea, severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure. Diffuse infiltration and alveolar interstitial shadows were observed on the chest tomography scan. In such circumstances, a timely judgment is required, in addition to the withdrawal of gefitinib treatment and the administration of high-dose glucocorticoids, as well as oxygen inhalation and anti-infective therapies, in order to relieve the symptoms. In conclusion, following the onset of gefitinib-induced interstitial pneumonia, the discontinuation of gefitinib is likely to alleviate the suffering of the majority of patients. Early interstitial pneumonia is not an absolute index for the permanent discontinuation of gefitinib treatment. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the benefits and hazards of gefitinib for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqin Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Lv
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Yamada T, Moriwaki T, Matsuda K, Yamamoto Y, Sugaya A, Akutsu D, Murashita T, Endo S, Hyodo I. Panitumumab-induced interstitial lung disease in a case of metastatic colorectal cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:209-12. [PMID: 23548971 DOI: 10.1159/000349959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Japanese postmarketing survey of panitumumab revealed that panitumumab-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) occurred in approximately 1% (19/1767) of patients, causing death in 36.8% of these cases. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 60-year-old Japanese man who developed ILD associated with panitumumab therapy (third-line therapy) for metastatic sigmoid colon cancer involving the liver, lymph nodes, and lungs. 2 months after the initiation of panitumumab therapy, he developed a progressive nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and a fever, and was diagnosed with ILD. Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone treatment led to quick recovery. The patient had some risk factors for ILD associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION Further studies are required to elucidate the association between anti-EGFR antibodies and ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba University Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Chang SC, Chang CY, Chang SJ, Yuan MK, Lai YC, Liu YC, Chen CY, Kuo LC, Yu CJ. Gefitinib-related interstitial lung disease in Taiwanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 14:55-61. [PMID: 22607779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gefitinib (Iressa; AstreZeneca, Wilmington, DE) is effective in the treatment of NSCLC, especially in the Asian population. However, ILD is usually a serious pulmonary adverse effect and almost leads to cessation of gefitinib treatment. In this study, we investigated the incidence, clinical features, and prognosis of gefitinib-related ILD in Taiwanese patients with NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective observational study conducted in 2 medical centers and a local teaching hospital. RESULTS A total of 1080 patients with NSCLC, who received at least 1 dose (250 mg per day) of gefitinib treatment, were enrolled. Of these, 42 patients were diagnosed with ILD. Twenty-five of the 42 patients were diagnosed with gefitinib-related ILD (incidence, 2.3%). The main manifestations of ILD included dyspnea, cough, and hypoxemia. Six of the 25 patients (24%) with gefitinib-related ILD required invasive mechanical ventilation and all patients were treated with steroids. Twenty-two patients (88%) discontinued gefitinib treatment without further rechallenge. Ten (40%) patients died directly from ILD and in-hospital mortality was 52%. Eleven patients received subsequent cytotoxic chemotherapy with a mean of 33.5 days after ILD events. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that gefitinib nonresponder and gefitinib use rather than first-line treatment were associated with poor prognosis when ILD developed during gefitinib treatment. CONCLUSION Taiwanese patients with NSCLC had a relatively high incidence of ILD during gefitinib treatment. Gefitinib-related ILD is usually life-threatening, especially in gefitinib nonresponders and gefitinib use rather than first-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan.
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8
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Fatal pemetrexed-induced lung injury in patients with advanced mesothelioma: a report of two cases. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 5:1714-5. [PMID: 20871270 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181f1378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Successful treatment of gefitinib-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis with high-dose corticosteroid: a case report and literature review. Med Oncol 2010; 28:79-82. [PMID: 20087691 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy offers a modest benefit for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with response rates of 20-35% and median survival of 10-12 months. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib are active against lung cancer. In retrospective studies, EGFR-TKI therapy among patients harboring EGFR mutations showed response rates higher than 65% and a median survival of 20-30 months. Gefitinib is well tolerated and less toxic compared to conventional cytotoxic drugs, but gefitinib-related interstitial lung disease (ILD) has been reported as a serious adverse effect. Although the mechanism remains unknown, multivariate analysis revealed male sex, history of smoking, and the coexistence of interstitial pneumonia or pre-existence of pulmonary fibrosis and poor performance status were all significant risk factors. Here, we reported a case of gefitinib pneumonitis with severe hypoxemia and impending respiratory failure who showed poor response to intermediate dose of systemic steroids but good recovery with high-dose pulse therapy.
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Goto Y, Hojo M, Takeda Y, Kobayashi N, Kudo K. Gefitinib-induced interstitial lung disease-addition of intravenous cyclophosphamide to corticosteroids is a valuable treatment option: A case report. Med Oncol 2009; 27:753-5. [PMID: 19653137 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 77-year-old woman was diagnosed as having advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and was started on treatment with gefitinib. Fifty days after the start of treatment, the patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath. A diagnosis of gefitinib-induced interstitial lung disease was made, and administration of high-dose prednisolone (1 g/day of intravenous methylprednisolone for three consecutive days, followed by oral prednisolone at 50 mg/day) was started. Although progression to respiratory failure could be stopped by the corticosteroid treatment, there was still no improvement in either the lung opacities seen on radiologic imaging, or in the symptoms; moreover, the patient developed corticosteroid-induced myopathy. Therefore, in order to allow reduction of the daily steroid dose, the patient was started on intravenous cyclophosphamide (500 mg/day). This additional treatment allowed the daily dose of oral prednisolone to be reduced to 15 mg/day. Thus, it is considered that intravenous cyclophosphamide may be a valid treatment option for gefitinib-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Goto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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Um SJ, Lee SK, Yang DK, Son C, Roh MS, Kim KN, Lee KN, Choi PJ. Fatal interstitial lung disease after erlotinib administration in a patient with radiation fibrosis. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2009; 3:181-4. [PMID: 20298401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2008.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jung Um
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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12
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Kim SG, Ryu JS, Han JY, Kim HJ, Cho JH, Kwak SM, Lee HL. Gefitinib-induced Acute Fatal Respiratory Failure in a Woman who Never Smoked and had Adenocarinoma of the Lung with EGFR Mutation. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2008. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2008.64.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwa Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hong-Lyeol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Park HS, Lee HJ, Im JG, Goo JM, Lee CH, Park CM, Chun EJ. Gefitinib-induced pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer: radiological and clinical findings in five patients. Clin Imaging 2007; 31:306-12. [PMID: 17825737 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to describe the radiological and clinical features of gefitinib-induced pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Five patients who suffered dyspnea after gefitinib treatment were selected. Chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) findings, along with clinical course, were evaluated. RESULTS Patients complained of subacute dyspnea and hypoxia. Three patients improved after discontinuation of gefitinib, while remaining two showed no response. Unilateral or bilateral ground glass opacity was observed on chest radiographs and CT. CONCLUSION Radiological findings of gefitinib-induced pneumonitis were nonspecific, but radiologists should be aware of this adverse reaction, which can appear during the treatment in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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Lee YCG, Beasley R. Respirology year-in-review 2006: Clinical science. Respirology 2007; 12:6-15. [PMID: 17207019 PMCID: PMC7192212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Gary Lee
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London.
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15
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Ryu JS, Kim L, Kim CH, Kim HJ, Cho JH, Kwak SM, Lee HL. Acute Respiratory Failure Developed in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Gefitinib. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.62.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Lucia Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwa Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Lyeol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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