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Juriaans AF, Kerkhof GF, Hokken-Koelega ACS. The Spectrum of the Prader-Willi-like Pheno- and Genotype: A Review of the Literature. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:1-18. [PMID: 34460908 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic syndrome, caused by the loss of expression of the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. Over the past years, many cases of patients with characteristics similar to PWS, but without a typical genetic aberration of the 15q11-q13 region, have been described. These patients are often labelled as Prader-Willi-like (PWL). PWL is an as-yet poorly defined syndrome, potentially affecting a significant number of children and adults. In the current clinical practice, patients labelled as PWL are mostly left without treatment options. Considering the similarities with PWS, children with PWL might benefit from the same care and treatment as children with PWS. This review gives more insight into the pheno- and genotype of PWL and includes 86 papers, containing 368 cases of patients with a PWL phenotype. We describe mutations and aberrations for consideration when suspicion of PWS remains after negative testing. The most common genetic diagnoses were Temple syndrome (formerly known as maternal uniparental disomy 14), Schaaf-Yang syndrome (truncating mutation in the MAGEL2 gene), 1p36 deletion, 2p deletion, 6q deletion, 6q duplication, 15q deletion, 15q duplication, 19p deletion, fragile X syndrome, and Xq duplication. We found that the most prevalent symptoms in the entire group were developmental delay/intellectual disability (76%), speech problems (64%), overweight/obesity (57%), hypotonia (56%), and psychobehavioral problems (53%). In addition, we propose a diagnostic approach to patients with a PWL phenotype for (pediatric) endocrinologists. PWL comprises a complex and diverse group of patients, which calls for multidisciplinary care with an individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Juriaans
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerthe F Kerkhof
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- National Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome and Prader-Willi-like, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Gupta N, Kaur R, Phadke S, Sharma P, Nampoothiri S, Saxena D, Kabra M. Monosomy 1p36: Report of a cohort of 13 Asian Indian patients. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1317-1322. [PMID: 34989134 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monosomy 1p36 is one of the common microdeletion syndromes with a recognizable facial phenotype. Failure to thrive, developmental delay, congenital heart disease, and other abnormalities are common in these patients. This is the first study on Asian Indian patients with monosomy 1p36, documenting the phenotypic characteristics of 13 patients, indicating phenotypic similarities in a diverse population and broadening the clinical spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubha Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kehinde TA, Bhatia A, Olarewaju B, Shoaib MZ, Mousa J, Osundiji MA. Syndromic obesity with neurodevelopmental delay: Opportunities for targeted interventions. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Zhang K, Liu S, Gu W, Lv Y, Yu H, Gao M, Wang D, Zhao J, Li X, Gai Z, Zhao S, Liu Y, Yuan Y. Transmission of a Novel Imprinting Center Deletion Associated With Prader-Willi Syndrome Through Three Generations of a Chinese Family: Case Presentation, Differential Diagnosis, and a Lesson Worth Thinking About. Front Genet 2021; 12:630650. [PMID: 34504512 PMCID: PMC8421676 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.630650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic syndrome caused by the loss of function of genes in 15q11-q13 that are subject to regulation by genomic imprinting and expressed from the paternal allele only. The main clinical features of PWS patients are hypotonia during the neonatal and infantile stages, accompanied by delayed neuropsychomotor development, hyperphagia, obesity, hypogonadism, short stature, small hands and feet, mental disabilities, and behavioral problems. However, PWS has a clinical overlap with other disorders, especially those with other gene variations or chromosomal imbalances but sharing part of the similar clinical manifestations with PWS, which are sometimes referred to as Prader–Willi syndrome-like (PWS-like) disorders. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that significant obesity as a consequence of hyperphagia in PWS usually develops between the ages of 1 and 6 years, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Thus, PWS is often not clinically recognized in infants and, on the other hand, may be wrongly suspected in obese and intellectually disabled patients. Therefore, an accurate investigation is necessary to differentiate classical PWS from PWS-like phenotypes, which is imperative for further treatment. For PWS, it is usually sporadic, and very rare family history and affected siblings have been described. Here, we report the clinical and molecular findings in a three-generation family with a novel 550-kb microdeletion affecting the chromosome 15 imprinting center (IC). Overall, the present study finds that the symptoms of our patient are somewhat different from those of typical PWS cases diagnosed and given treatment in our hospital. The familial occurrence and clinical features were challenging to our diagnostic strategy. The microdeletion included a region within the complex small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide protein N (SNRPN) gene locus encompassing the PWS IC and was identified by using a variety of techniques. Haplotype studies suggest that the IC microdeletion was vertically transmitted from an unaffected paternal grandmother to an unaffected father and then caused PWS in two sibling grandchildren when the IC microdeletion was inherited paternally. Based on the results of our study, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was applied successfully to exclude imprinting deficiency in preimplantation embryos before transfer into the mother’s uterus. Our study may be especially instructive regarding accurate diagnosis, differential diagnosis, genetic counseling, and PGD for familial PWS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Lv
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haihua Yu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shimin Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yiyuan Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Thomas MM, Zaki ME, Youness E, Hamed K, Khedr AA, Abd El-Massieh PM, Abdo SM, El-Bassyouni HT. Measurement of Serum Chemerin, Oxidized LDL, and Vitamin D Levels in Prader–Willi Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pediatric Egyptian Patients. JOURNAL OF CHILD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is the commonest genetic cause of obesity. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Alterations of vitamin D (25-OHD) levels are commonly encountered with obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze serum chemerin, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and 25-OHD values in pediatric PWS patients in comparison with obese healthy children and nonobese control groups, highlighting possible correlations with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Twenty-six PWS Egyptian patients and 26 obese healthy individuals referred to the outpatient clinic of the Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, and 20 control patients with matching age and sex were enrolled in the study. Patients were clinically diagnosed and confirmed by routine cytogenetic and fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and BMI was calculated by weight/height2 (kg/m2), and BMI z score was also determined. Serum chemerin, ox-LDL, and vitamin D were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemerin levels, which reflected chronic inflammation, were significantly elevated as compared with obese and nonobese controls (p ≤ 0.0001). Concerning oxidative damage, children with PWS showed higher Ox-LDL levels compared with obese and nonobese controls (p < 0.0001). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in PWS patients compared with obese and nonobese controls (p ≤ 0.0001). Our data showed that obesity in PWS is associated with oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation. Ox-LDL is a good indicator of oxidative stress, and chemerin could be used as a biomarker for the chronic inflammatory state. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation is recommended in PWS patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Thomas
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moushira E. Zaki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Youness
- Department of Biological Anthropology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Hamed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azzah A. Khedr
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Phoebe M. Abd El-Massieh
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara M. Abdo
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala T. El-Bassyouni
- Clinical Genetics Department, Center of Scientific Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Shim Y, Go YJ, Kim SY, Kim H, Hwang H, Choi J, Lim BC, Kim KJ, Chae JH. Deep Phenotyping in 1p36 Deletion Syndrome. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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7
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Santos JFD, Acosta AX, Scheibler GG, Pitanga PML, Alves ES, Meira JGC, Zanardo ÉA, Kulikowski LD, Lima RLLFD, Carvalho AFLD. Case of 15q26-qter deletion associated with a Prader-Willi phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103955. [PMID: 32473228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is one of the common neurogenetic disorders associated with intellectual disability. PWS involves a complex inheritance pattern and is caused by an absence of gene expression on the paternally inherited 15q11.2-q13 region, either due to deletion, maternal uniparental disomy or imprinting defect. The syndrome is characterized principally by severe neonatal hypotonia, a weak suck in infancy that is later followed by hyperphagia and obesity, developmental delay, intellectual disability and short stature. In the case of the chromosome 15q26-qter deletion syndrome or Drayer's syndrome, very few reports have been published. Its characteristics include intrauterine growth restriction, postnatal growth failure, varying degrees of intellectual disability, developmental delay, typical facial appearance and diaphragmatic hernia. The present paper describes a female patient in whom clinical findings were suggestive of PWS and deletion in the 15q26-qter region. Both karyotyping and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction were shown to be normal. Nevertheless, fluorescence in situ hybridization showed a 15qter deletion that was later mapped by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array. The deleted genomic region involves the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) gene, which is related to short stature, developmental delay and intellectual disability. This case had various clinical characteristics in common with the cases of 15q26-qter deletionand characteristics compatible with PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fernandes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Mutagenesis, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Angelina Xavier Acosta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital Academic, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gayer Scheibler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital Academic, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paula Monique Leite Pitanga
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Mutagenesis, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Esmeralda Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Mutagenesis, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital Academic, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joanna Goes Castro Meira
- Department of Medical Genetics, Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital Academic, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Évelin Aline Zanardo
- Pathology Department, Cytogenomics Laboratory - LIM 03, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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El-Bassyouni HT, Hassan N, Mahfouz I, Abd-Elnaby AE, Mostafa MI, Tosson AMS. Early Detection and Management of Prader-Willi Syndrome in Egyptian Patients. J Pediatr Genet 2019; 8:179-186. [PMID: 31687254 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder associated with the deletion within the chromosomal 15q11-q13 region or uniparental disomy of chromosome 15. The etiologic heterogeneity of PWS makes it very difficult to establish uniform diagnostic methods which would result in the detection of most affected individuals. The objective was to report the clinical criteria and oro-dental features in PWS, to report the effect of diet and laser acupuncture on PWS and highlighted an easy effective method for early diagnosis of individuals with PWS. The study included seventeen cytogenetically proven individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. These patients were subjected to meticulous history taking, clinical examination including oro-dental examination, bone densitometry and neuropsychiatric evaluation. They received laser acupuncture sessions in addition to nutrition intervention. All cases had characteristic facies, hypotonia and various psychosocial difficulties. Other criteria of PWS were present in different percentages. Karyotyping revealed deletion 15q11-q13 in 6 patients, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed a microdeletion in 15q11-q13 in the other 11 patients. To our knowledge, partial ankyloglossia, median grooved tongue and hypodontia have not previously been reported in PWS patients. Laser acupuncture sessions and diet were effective in weight decline for PWS patients. Our study emphasizes the importance of early detection of PWS, laser sessions, diet restriction and oro-dental examination in the follow up of patients with Prader Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagwa Hassan
- Department of Nutrition, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza E Abd-Elnaby
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa I Mostafa
- Department of Oro-dental Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Angie M S Tosson
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Geets E, Meuwissen MEC, Van Hul W. Clinical, molecular genetics and therapeutic aspects of syndromic obesity. Clin Genet 2018; 95:23-40. [PMID: 29700824 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major health problem worldwide. To date, more than 25 different syndromic forms of obesity are known in which one (monogenic) or multiple (polygenic) genes are involved. This review gives an overview of these forms and focuses more in detail on 6 syndromes: Prader Willi Syndrome and Prader Willi like phenotype, Bardet Biedl Syndrome, Alström Syndrome, Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformations and mental Retardation syndrome and 16p11.2 (micro)deletions. Years of research provided plenty of information on the molecular genetics of these disorders and the obesity phenotype leading to a more individualized treatment of the symptoms, however, many questions still remain unanswered. As these obesity syndromes have different signs and symptoms in common, it makes it difficult to accurately diagnose patients which may result in inappropriate treatment of the disease. Therefore, the big challenge for clinicians and scientists is to more clearly differentiate all syndromic forms of obesity to provide conclusive genetic explanations and eventually deliver accurate genetic counseling and treatment. In addition, further delineation of the (functions of the) underlying genes with the use of array- or next-generation sequencing-based technology will be helpful to unravel the mechanisms of energy metabolism in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Geets
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M E C Meuwissen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - W Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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First case of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a child with del(1p36) and dup (Xp22): review of the literature. Clin Dysmorphol 2017; 27:42-45. [PMID: 29240610 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Greco M, Ferrara P, Farello G, Striano P, Verrotti A. Electroclinical features of epilepsy associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome: A review. Epilepsy Res 2017; 139:92-101. [PMID: 29212048 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1p36 terminal deletion is a recently recognized syndrome with multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. It occurs approximately in 1 out of 5000 to 10,000 live births and is the most common subtelomeric microdeletion observed in human. Medical problems commonly caused by terminal deletions of 1p36 include developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, short stature, brain anomalies, congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, renal anomalies and distinctive facial features. Although the syndrome is considered clinically recognizable, there is significant phenotypic variation among affected individuals. Genotype-phenotype correlation in this syndrome is complicated, because of the similar clinical evidence seen in patients with different deletion sizes. We review 34 scientific articles from 1996 to 2016 that described 315 patients with 1p36 delection syndrome. The aim of this review is to find a correlation between size of the 1p36-deleted segments and the neurological clinical phenotypes with the analysis of electro-clinical patterns associated with chromosomal aberrations, that is a major tool in the identification of epilepsy susceptibility genes. Our finding suggest that developmental delay and early epilepsy are frequent findings in 1p36 deletion syndrome that can contribute to a poor clinical outcome for this reason this syndrome should be searched for in patients presenting with infantile spasms associated with a hypsarrhythmic EEG, particulary if they are combined with dismorphic features, severe hypotonia and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Greco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - P Ferrara
- Institute of pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Rome, Italy,.
| | - G Farello
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy,.
| | - P Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 'G. Gaslini' Institute, Genova, Italy,.
| | - A Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy,.
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12
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Geets E, Aerts E, Verrijken A, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Verhulst S, Van Gaal L, Van Hul W. DNA sequencing and copy number variation analysis of MCHR2 in a cohort of Prader Willi like (PWL) patients. Obes Res Clin Pract 2017; 12:158-166. [PMID: 29066024 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a syndromic form of obesity caused by a chromosomal aberration on chromosome 15q11.2-q13. Patients with a comparable phenotype to PWS not carrying the 15q11.2-q13 defect are classified as Prader Willi like (PWL). In literature, PWL patients do frequently harbor deletions at 6q16, which led to the identification of the single-minded 1 (SIM1) gene as a possible cause for the presence of obesity in these patients. However, our previous work in a PWL cohort showed a rather limited involvement of SIM1 in the obesity phenotype. In this paper, we investigated the causal role of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 (MCHR2) gene in PWL patients, as most of the reported 6q16 deletions also encompass this gene and it is suggested to be active in the control of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. METHODS Copy number variation analysis of the MCHR2 genomic region followed by mutation analysis of MCHR2 was performed in a PWL cohort. RESULTS Genome-wide microarray analysis of 109 patients with PWL did not show any gene harboring deletions on chromosome 6q16. Mutation analysis in 92 patients with PWL demonstrated three MCHR2 variants: p.T47A (c.139A>G), p.A76A (c.228T>C) and c.*16A>G. We identified a significantly higher prevalence of the c.228T>C C allele in our PWL cohort compared to previously published results and controls of the ExAC Database. CONCLUSION Overall, our results are in line with some previously performed studies suggesting that MCHR2 is not a major contributor to human obesity and the PWL phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Geets
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evi Aerts
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Stijn Verhulst
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Cheon CK. Genetics of Prader-Willi syndrome and Prader-Will-Like syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:126-135. [PMID: 27777904 PMCID: PMC5073158 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a human imprinting disorder resulting from genomic alterations that inactivate imprinted, paternally expressed genes in human chromosome region 15q11-q13. This genetic condition appears to be a contiguous gene syndrome caused by the loss of at least 2 of a number of genes expressed exclusively from the paternal allele, including SNRPN, MKRN3, MAGEL2, NDN and several snoRNAs, but it is not yet well known which specific genes in this region are associated with this syndrome. Prader-Will-Like syndrome (PWLS) share features of the PWS phenotype and the gene functions disrupted in PWLS are likely to lie in genetic pathways that are important for the development of PWS phenotype. However, the genetic basis of these rare disorders differs and the absence of a correct diagnosis may worsen the prognosis of these individuals due to the endocrine-metabolic malfunctioning associated with the PWS. Therefore, clinicians face a challenge in determining when to request the specific molecular test used to identify patients with classical PWS because the signs and symptoms of PWS are common to other syndromes such as PWLS. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge relating to the genetics of PWS and PWLS, with an emphasis on identification of patients that may benefit from further investigation and genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Kun Cheon
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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Shimada S, Shimojima K, Okamoto N, Sangu N, Hirasawa K, Matsuo M, Ikeuchi M, Shimakawa S, Shimizu K, Mizuno S, Kubota M, Adachi M, Saito Y, Tomiwa K, Haginoya K, Numabe H, Kako Y, Hayashi A, Sakamoto H, Hiraki Y, Minami K, Takemoto K, Watanabe K, Miura K, Chiyonobu T, Kumada T, Imai K, Maegaki Y, Nagata S, Kosaki K, Izumi T, Nagai T, Yamamoto T. Microarray analysis of 50 patients reveals the critical chromosomal regions responsible for 1p36 deletion syndrome-related complications. Brain Dev 2015; 37:515-26. [PMID: 25172301 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monosomy 1p36 syndrome is the most commonly observed subtelomeric deletion syndrome. Patients with this syndrome typically have common clinical features, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, and characteristic craniofacial features. METHOD In cooperation with academic societies, we analyzed the genomic copy number aberrations using chromosomal microarray testing. Finally, the genotype-phenotype correlation among them was examined. RESULTS We obtained clinical information of 86 patients who had been diagnosed with chromosomal deletions in the 1p36 region. Among them, blood samples were obtained from 50 patients (15 males and 35 females). The precise deletion regions were successfully genotyped. There were variable deletion patterns: pure terminal deletions in 38 patients (76%), including three cases of mosaicism; unbalanced translocations in seven (14%); and interstitial deletions in five (10%). Craniofacial/skeletal features, neurodevelopmental impairments, and cardiac anomalies were commonly observed in patients, with correlation to deletion sizes. CONCLUSION The genotype-phenotype correlation analysis narrowed the region responsible for distinctive craniofacial features and intellectual disability into 1.8-2.1 and 1.8-2.2 Mb region, respectively. Patients with deletions larger than 6.2 Mb showed no ambulation, indicating that severe neurodevelopmental prognosis may be modified by haploinsufficiencies of KCNAB2 and CHD5, located at 6.2 Mb away from the telomere. Although the genotype-phenotype correlation for the cardiac abnormalities is unclear, PRDM16, PRKCZ, and RERE may be related to this complication. Our study also revealed that female patients who acquired ambulatory ability were likely to be at risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimada
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimojima
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Japan
| | - Noriko Sangu
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hirasawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuo
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayo Ikeuchi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Shimizu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiji Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kakogawa Hospital Organization, Kakogawa West-City Hospital, Kakogawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tomiwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center for Children, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironao Numabe
- Department of Genetic Counseling, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kako
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Hayashi
- Department of Neonatology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruko Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Hiraki
- Hiroshima Municipal Center for Child Health and Development, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Minami
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kiyokuni Miura
- Developmental Disability Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiyonobu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kumada
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga Medical Center for Children, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imai
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Izumi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Toshiro Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Are Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes more similar than we thought? Food-related behavior problems in Angelman, Cornelia de Lange, Fragile X, Prader-Willi and 1p36 deletion syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:572-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability of 6q16 deletions including SIM1. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:1010-8. [PMID: 25351778 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
6q16 deletions have been described in patients with a Prader-Willi-like (PWS-like) phenotype. Recent studies have shown that certain rare single-minded 1 (SIM1) loss-of-function variants were associated with a high intra-familial risk for obesity with or without features of PWS-like syndrome. Although SIM1 seems to have a key role in the phenotype of patients carrying 6q16 deletions, some data support a contribution of other genes, such as GRIK2, to explain associated behavioural problems. We describe 15 new patients in whom de novo 6q16 deletions were characterised by comparative genomic hybridisation or single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, including the first patient with fetopathological data. This fetus showed dysmorphic facial features, cerebellar and cerebral migration defects with neuronal heterotopias, and fusion of brain nuclei. The size of the deletion in the 14 living patients ranged from 1.73 to 7.84 Mb, and the fetus had the largest deletion (14 Mb). Genotype-phenotype correlations confirmed the major role for SIM1 haploinsufficiency in obesity and the PWS-like phenotype. Nevertheless, only 8 of 13 patients with SIM1 deletion exhibited obesity, in agreement with incomplete penetrance of SIM1 haploinsufficiency. This study in the largest series reported to date confirms that the PWS-like phenotype is strongly linked to 6q16.2q16.3 deletions and varies considerably in its clinical expression. The possible involvement of other genes in the 6q16.2q16.3-deletion phenotype is discussed.
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17
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Õiglane-Shlik E, Puusepp S, Talvik I, Vaher U, Rein R, Tammur P, Reimand T, Teek R, Žilina O, Tomberg T, Õunap K. Monosomy 1p36 - a multifaceted and still enigmatic syndrome: four clinically diverse cases with shared white matter abnormalities. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:338-46. [PMID: 24529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monosomy 1p36 is the most common subtelomeric deletion syndrome seen in humans. Uniform features of the syndrome include early developmental delay and consequent intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and characteristic dysmorphic facial features. The gene-rich nature of the chromosomal band, inconsistent deletion sizes and overlapping clinical features have complicated relevant genotype-phenotype correlations. We describe four patients with isolated chromosome 1p36 deletions. All patients shared white matter abnormalities, allowing us to narrow the critical region for white matter involvement to the deletion size of up to 2.5 Mb from the telomere. We hypothesise that there might be a gene(s) responsible for myelin development in the 1p36 subtelomeric region. Other significant clinical findings were progressive spastic paraparesis, epileptic encephalopathy, various skeletal anomalies, Prader-Willi-like phenotype, neoplastic changes - a haemangioma and a benign skin tumour, and in one case, sleep myoclonus, a clinical entity not previously described in association with 1p36 monosomy. Combined with prior studies, our results suggest that the clinical features seen in monosomy 1p36 have more complex causes than a classical contiguous gene deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Õiglane-Shlik
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Sanna Puusepp
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Talvik
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulvi Vaher
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Rein
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Tammur
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Reimand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Centre for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rita Teek
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Žilina
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiiu Tomberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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18
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Sangu N, Shimojima K, Shimada S, Ando T, Yamamoto T. Growth patterns of patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:82-6. [PMID: 24750553 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1p36 deletion syndrome is one of the most common subtelomeric deletion syndromes. Obesity is frequently observed in patients with this syndrome. Thus, it is important to evaluate the growth status of an individual patient. For this purpose, we accumulated recorded growth data from 44 patients with this syndrome and investigated the growth patterns of patients. Most of the patients showed weight parameters within normal limits, whereas a few of these patients showed intrauterine growth delay and microcephaly. The length of the patients after birth was under the 50th centile in most patients. Many patients showed poor weight gain after birth, and only two female patients were overweight. These findings indicate two different phenotypes of the 1p36 deletion syndrome. The overweight patients with 1p36 deletion started excessive weight gain after two years of life. This characteristic of the patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome is similar to Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Sangu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Stagi S, Lapi E, Pantaleo M, Chiarelli F, Seminara S, de Martino M. Type II diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance due to severe hyperinsulinism in patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome and a Prader-Willi-like phenotype. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 24479866 PMCID: PMC3916307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Deletion of the subtelomeric region of 1p36 is one of the most common subtelomeric deletion syndromes. In monosomy 1p36, the presence of obesity is poorly defined, and glucose metabolism deficiency is rarely reported. However, the presence of a typical Prader-Willi-like phenotype in patients with monosomy 1p36 is controversial. Case presentation In this report, we describe two female patients, one who is 6 years 2 months of age and another who is 10 years 1 month of age, both referred to our hospital for obesity and a Prader-Willi-like phenotype. These patients presented with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] was 26.4 and 27.7, respectively), hyperphagia and developmental delay. Analysis of basal hormone levels showed normal thyroid function and adrenal function but considerable basal hyperinsulinism (the insulin levels were 54.5 and 49.2 μU/ml, respectively). In patient 1, glycaemia was 75 mg/dl (HOMA-R 10.09), and the HbA1c level was 6.1%; in patient 2, glycaemia was 122 mg/dl, and the HbA1c level was 6.6% (HOMA-R 14.82). An oral glucose tolerance test demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus with marked insulin resistance (the peak insulin level for each patient was 197 and 279 μU/mL, respectively, while the 120’ insulin level of each patient was 167 and 234 μU/mL, respectively). Conclusion some patients with monosomy 1p36 may show Prader-Willi-like physical and physiologic characteristics such as obesity and hyperinsulinism with impaired glucose metabolism, which can cause type II diabetes mellitus. Further studies are necessary to evaluate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Health's Sciences Department, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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20
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Sorensen PL, Basuta K, Mendoza-Morales G, Gane LW, Schneider A, Hagerman R, Tassone F. A fragile X sibship from a consanguineous family with a compound heterozygous female and partially methylated full mutation male. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1221-4. [PMID: 22488807 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Page L Sorensen
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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21
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Elena G, Bruna C, Benedetta M, Stefania DC, Giuseppe C. Prader-willi syndrome: clinical aspects. J Obes 2012; 2012:473941. [PMID: 23133744 PMCID: PMC3486015 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystem genetic disorder that shows great variability, with changing clinical features during a patient's life. The syndrome is due to the loss of expression of several genes encoded on the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11.2-q13). The complex phenotype is most probably caused by a hypothalamic dysfunction that is responsible for hormonal dysfunctions and for absence of the sense of satiety. For this reason a Prader-Willi (PW) child develops hyperphagia during the initial stage of infancy that can lead to obesity and its complications. During infancy many PW child display a range of behavioural problems that become more noticeable in adolescence and adulthood and interfere mostly with quality of life. Early diagnosis of PWS is important for effective long-term management, and a precocious multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to improve quality of life, prevent complications, and prolong life expectancy.
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22
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Dasouki MJ, Youngs EL, Hovanes K. Structural Chromosome Abnormalities Associated with Obesity: Report of Four New subjects and Review of Literature. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:190-203. [PMID: 22043167 PMCID: PMC3137004 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795677930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in humans is a complex polygenic trait with high inter-individual heritability estimated at 40-70%. Candidate gene, DNA linkage and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have allowed for the identification of a large set of genes and genomic regions associated with obesity. Structural chromosome abnormalities usually result in congenital anomalies, growth retardation and developmental delay. Occasionally, they are associated with hyperphagia and obesity rather than growth delay. We report four new individuals with structural chromosome abnormalities involving 10q22.3-23.2, 16p11.2 and Xq27.1-q28 chromosomal regions with early childhood obesity and developmental delay. We also searched and summarized the literature for structural chromosome abnormalities reported in association with childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed J Dasouki
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Buck A, du Souich C, Boerkoel CF. Minimal genotype--phenotype correlation for small deletions within distal 1p36. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:3164-9. [PMID: 22065481 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Buck
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Vieira GH, Rodriguez JD, Boy R, de Paiva IS, DuPont BR, Moretti-Ferreira D, Srivastava AK. Differential diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome: 1p36 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:988-92. [PMID: 21480478 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Vieira
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Abstract
Hypotonia in infants in the first year of life is a common diagnostic and management challenge for pediatricians and neonatologists. Several published clinical studies have shown that a substantial proportion of cases are accounted for by genetic disorders. Rapid advances in biotechnology, bioinformatics, and molecular genetic testing have made it possible to offer specific genetic diagnoses in a timely manner. The value of clinical examination in the localization of hypotonia within the nervous system as the first step towards a diagnosis cannot be overemphasized. Due importance should be given to specific features on examination and in the selection of appropriate laboratory tests to minimize laboratory costs. Inborn errors of metabolism, although infrequently encountered, are of importance. Based on clinical evidence from published studies, an algorithm is suggested that would incorporate the clinical features and testing modalities in providing a high diagnostic yield for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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