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Pellegrino M, Ricci E, Ceraldi R, Nigro A, Bonofiglio D, Lanzino M, Morelli C. From HDAC to Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: What's Next? The Long Road of Antiepileptic Drugs Repositioning in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184401. [PMID: 36139561 PMCID: PMC9497059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although in the last decades the clinical outcome of cancer patients considerably improved, the major drawbacks still associated with chemotherapy are the unwanted side effects and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, a continuous effort in trying to discover new tumor markers, possibly of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value, is being made. This review is aimed at highlighting the anti-tumor activity that several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) exert in breast, prostate and other types of cancers, mainly focusing on their ability to block the voltage-gated Na+ and Ca++ channels, as well as to inhibit the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs), all well-documented tumor markers and/or molecular targets. The existence of additional AEDs molecular targets is highly suspected. Therefore, the repurposing of already available drugs as adjuvants in cancer treatment would have several advantages, such as reductions in dose-related toxicity CVs will be sent in a separate mail to the indicated address of combined treatments, lower production costs, and faster approval for clinical use. Abstract Cancer is a major health burden worldwide. Although the plethora of molecular targets identified in the last decades and the deriving developed treatments, which significantly improved patients’ outcome, the occurrence of resistance to therapies remains the major cause of relapse and mortality. Thus, efforts in identifying new markers to be exploited as molecular targets in cancer therapy are needed. This review will first give a glance on the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and voltage gated ion channels (VGICs) in cancer. Nevertheless, HDAC and VGICs have also been reported as molecular targets through which antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) seem to exert their anticancer activity. This should be claimed as a great advantage. Indeed, due to the slowness of drug approval procedures, the attempt to turn to off-label use of already approved medicines would be highly preferable. Therefore, an updated and accurate overview of both preclinical and clinical data of commonly prescribed AEDs (mainly valproic acid, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin) in breast, prostate, brain and other cancers will follow. Finally, a glance at the emerging attempt to administer AEDs by means of opportunely designed drug delivery systems (DDSs), so to limit toxicity and improve bioavailability, is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marilena Lanzino
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-0984-496206 (M.L.); +39-0984-496211 (C.M.)
| | - Catia Morelli
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +39-0984-496206 (M.L.); +39-0984-496211 (C.M.)
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2
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Salminen JK, Mehtola A, Talala K, Taari K, Mäkinen J, Peltola J, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Murtola TJ. Anti-epileptic drugs and prostate cancer-specific mortality compared to non-users of anti-epileptic drugs in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:704-711. [PMID: 35505251 PMCID: PMC9381528 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs with histone deacetylase inhibitory (HDACi) properties have shown to decrease prostate cancer (PCa) cell growth in vitro. METHODS A cohort of 9261 PCa cases from the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (FinRSPC) was used to evaluate prostate cancer-specific mortality in men using anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). A national subscription database was used to obtain information on medication use. Cox regression with AED use as a time-dependent variable was used to analyse prostate cancer mortality in men using AEDs compared to non-users, and in men using HDACi AEDs compared to users of other AEDs. The analysis was adjusted for age, screening trial arm, PCa risk group, primary treatment of PCa, Charlson co-morbidity score and concomitant use of other drugs. RESULTS The use of AEDs, in general, was associated with an increased risk of PCa death. The use of HDACi AEDs was not significantly associated with decreased PCa mortality compared to use of other AEDs (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.31-1.23). CONCLUSIONS AED usage is associated with elevated PCa mortality compared to non-users, likely reflecting the differences between men with epilepsy and those without. No benefit was observed from HDACi drugs compared to other AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka K Salminen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Aino Mehtola
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kimmo Taari
- Department of Urology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Mäkinen
- Lapland Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Jukka Peltola
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Department of Urology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu J Murtola
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Department of Urology, Tampere, Finland
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3
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Li Z, Yang L, Zhang S, Song J, Sun H, Shan C, Wang D, Liu S. Valproic acid Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth Through Triggering Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform Mediated Warburg Effect. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211027524. [PMID: 34263655 PMCID: PMC8287349 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211027524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism programming is a hallmark of cancer, and serves as a potent
target of cancer therapy. Valproic acid (VPA), a broad Class I histone
deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, has been used as a therapeutic agent for cancer.
However, the detail mechanism about the potential role of VPA on the Warburg
effect in breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we highlight that VPA
significantly attenuates the Warburg effect by decreasing the expression of
pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), leading to inhibited cell proliferation and
reduced colony formation in breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.
Mechanistically, Warburg effect suppression triggered by VPA was mediated by
inactivation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation through reduced HDAC1 expression,
resulting in suppressing breast cancer growth. In summary, we uncover a novel
mechanism of VPA in regulating the Warburg effect which is essential for
developing the effective approach in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, 47855Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, 74547Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, 12538Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, 12396Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, 74547Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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4
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Avallone A, Piccirillo MC, Di Gennaro E, Romano C, Calabrese F, Roca MS, Tatangelo F, Granata V, Cassata A, Cavalcanti E, Maurea N, Maiolino P, Silvestro L, De Stefano A, Giuliani F, Rosati G, Tamburini E, Aprea P, Vicario V, Nappi A, Vitagliano C, Casaretti R, Leone A, Petrillo A, Botti G, Delrio P, Izzo F, Perrone F, Budillon A. Randomized phase II study of valproic acid in combination with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine regimens in patients with RAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer: the REVOLUTION study protocol. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920929589. [PMID: 32849914 PMCID: PMC7425244 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920929589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite effective treatments, metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) prognosis is still poor, mostly in RAS-mutated tumors, thus suggesting the need for novel combinatorial therapies. Epigenetic alterations play an important role in initiation and progression of cancers, including CRC. Histone-deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown activity in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Owing to its HDACi activity and its safe use for epileptic disorders, valproic acid (VPA) is a good candidate for anticancer therapy that we have largely explored preclinically translating our findings in currently ongoing clinical studies. We have shown in CRC models that HDACi, including VPA, induces synergistic antitumor effects in combination with fluoropyrimidines. Furthermore, unpublished results from our group demonstrated that VPA induces differentiation and sensitization of CRC stem cells to oxaliplatin. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data suggest that HDACi may prevent/reverse anti-angiogenic resistance. Methods/Design A randomized, open-label, two-arm, multicenter phase-II study will be performed to explore whether the addition of VPA to first line bevacizumab/oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine regimens (mFOLFOX-6/mOXXEL) might improve progression-free survival (PFS) in RAS-mutated mCRC patients. A sample size of 200 patients was calculated under the hypothesis that the addition of VPA to chemotherapy/bevacizumab can improve PFS from 9 to 12 months, with one-sided alpha of 0.20 and a power of 0.80. Secondary endpoints are overall survival, objective response rate, metastases resection rate, toxicity, and quality of life. Moreover, the study will explore several prognostic and predictive biomarkers on blood samples, primary tumors, and on resected metastases. Discussion The "Revolution" study aims to improve the treatment efficacy of RAS-mutated mCRC through an attractive strategy evaluating the combination of VPA with standard cancer treatment. Correlative studies could identify novel biomarkers and could add new insight in the mechanism of interaction between VPA, fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab. Trial Registration EudraCT: 2018-001414-15; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04310176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Avallone
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via M. Semmola, Napoli, 80131, Italy
| | | | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Calabrese
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Roca
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenza Granata
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassata
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ernesta Cavalcanti
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Cardiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Piera Maiolino
- Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Silvestro
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Stefano
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Rosati
- Medical Oncology Unit, S. Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
| | - Emiliano Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Cure Palliative, Azienda Ospedaliera Cardinale G. Panico, Tricase-Lecce, Italy
| | - Pasquale Aprea
- Vascular Access Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Vicario
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Nappi
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Vitagliano
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossana Casaretti
- Experimental Clinical Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Oncological Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Perrone
- Clinical Trials Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Via M. Semmola, Napoli, 80131, Italy
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5
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Valproic acid promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells through stabilization of Snail and transcriptional upregulation of Zeb1. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172745. [PMID: 31639340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) can regulate cancer progression and its inhibitors (HDACIs) have been widely used for cancer therapy. Valproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid) can inhibit the class I HDAC and suppress the malignancy of solid cancers. Our present study revealed that 1 mM VPA, which has no effect on cell proliferation, can significantly increase the migration and induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) like properties of breast cancer cells. Further, VPA increased the expression of EMT-transcription factors (EMT-TFs) Snail and Zeb1. Knockdown of Snail and Zeb1 can attenuate VPA induced cell migration and EMT. Mechanistically, VPA increased the protein stability of Snail via suppression its phosphorylation at Ser 11. As to Zeb1, VPA can increase its promoter activity and transcription via a HDAC2 dependent manner. Over expression of HDAC2 can block VPA induced expression of Zeb1. Collectively, our data revealed that VPA can trigger the EMT of breast cancer cells via upregulation of Snail and Zeb1. It indicated that more attention should be paid to the effects of VPA on the clinical therapy of breast cancer.
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6
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Fang E, Wang J, Hong M, Zheng L, Tong Q. Valproic acid suppresses Warburg effect and tumor progression in neuroblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Murugavel S, Bugyei-Twum A, Matkar PN, Al-Mubarak H, Chen HH, Adam M, Jain S, Narang T, Abdin RM, Qadura M, Connelly KA, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Valproic Acid Induces Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition-Like Phenotypic Switching. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:737. [PMID: 30050438 PMCID: PMC6050396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is a widely used anticonvulsant drug that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for anticancer therapy due to its anti-angiogenic potential. Endothelial cells (ECs) can transition into mesenchymal cells and this form of EC plasticity is called endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which is widely implicated in several pathologies including cancer and organ fibrosis. However, the effect of VPA on EC plasticity and EndMT remains completely unknown. We report herein that VPA-treatment significantly inhibits tube formation, migration, nitric oxide production, proliferation and migration in ECs. A microscopic evaluation revealed, and qPCR, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting data confirmed EndMT-like phenotypic switching as well as an increased expression of pro-fibrotic genes in VPA-treated ECs. Furthermore, our data confirmed important and regulatory role played by TGFβ-signaling in VPA-induced EndMT. Our qPCR array data performed for 84 endothelial genes further supported our findings and demonstrated 28 significantly and differentially regulated genes mainly implicated in angiogenesis, endothelial function, EndMT and fibrosis. We, for the first time report that VPA-treatment associated EndMT contributes to the VPA-associated loss of endothelial function. Our data also suggest that VPA based therapeutics may exacerbate endothelial dysfunction and EndMT-related phenotype in patients undergoing anticonvulsant or anticancer therapy, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoinette Bugyei-Twum
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pratiek N Matkar
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Husain Al-Mubarak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hao H Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed Adam
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shubha Jain
- Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya Narang
- Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rawand M Abdin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Cohen AL, Neumayer L, Boucher K, Factor RE, Shrestha G, Wade M, Lamb JG, Arbogast K, Piccolo SR, Riegert J, Schabel M, Bild AH, Werner TL. Window-of-Opportunity Study of Valproic Acid in Breast Cancer Testing a Gene Expression Biomarker. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1600011. [PMID: 32913974 PMCID: PMC7446454 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The anticancer activity of valproic acid (VPA) is attributed to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. We previously published the genomically derived sensitivity signature for VPA (GDSS-VPA), a gene expression biomarker that predicts breast cancer sensitivity to VPA in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a window-of-opportunity study that examined the tolerability of VPA and the ability of the GDSS-VPA to predict biologic changes in breast tumors after treatment with VPA. Patients and Methods Eligible women had untreated breast cancer with breast tumors larger than 1.5 cm. After a biopsy, women were given VPA for 7 to 12 days, increasing from 30 mg/kg/d orally divided into two doses per day to a maximum of 50 mg/kg/d. After VPA treatment, serum VPA level was measured and then breast surgery or biopsy was performed. Tumor proliferation was assessed by using Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Histone acetylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed by Western blot. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed before and after VPA treatment. Results Thirty women were evaluable. The median age was 54 years (range, 31-73 years). Fifty-two percent of women tolerated VPA at 50 mg/kg/d, but 10% missed more than two doses as a result of adverse events. Grade 3 adverse events included vomiting and diarrhea (one patient) and fatigue (one patient). The end serum VPA level correlated with a change in histone acetylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (ρ = 0.451; P = .024). Fifty percent of women (three of six) with triple-negative breast cancer had a Ki-67 reduction of at least 10% compared with 17% of other women. Women whose tumors had higher GDSS-VPA were more likely to have a Ki-67 decrease of at least 10% (area under the curve, 0.66). Conclusion VPA was well tolerated and there was a significant correlation between serum VPA levels and histone acetylation. VPA treatment caused a decrease in proliferation of breast tumors. The genomic biomarker correlated with decreased proliferation. Inhibition of histone deacetylase is a valid strategy for drug development in triple-negative breast cancer using gene expression biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Cohen
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Leigh Neumayer
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Ken Boucher
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Rachel E Factor
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Mark Wade
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - John G Lamb
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Kylee Arbogast
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Stephen R Piccolo
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Joanna Riegert
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Matthias Schabel
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Andrea H Bild
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Theresa L Werner
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
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9
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Xia Q, Zheng Y, Jiang W, Huang Z, Wang M, Rodriguez R, Jin X. Valproic acid induces autophagy by suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1826-1832. [PMID: 27588130 PMCID: PMC4998110 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the chronic administration of valproic acid (VPA) suppresses angiogenesis in vivo; however, the mechanisms implicated in VPA-induced autophagy remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess VPA-induced autophagy in three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP), in addition to analyzing the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway. Prostate cancer cell lines were cultured with various doses of VPA. Cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry, and autophagy markers [1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1] were examined using transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy and western blotting. Activation of the Akt/mTOR signal pathway was also assessed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that VPA induced autophagosomes and suppressed the Akt/mTOR signal pathway. This was confirmed by detection of increased LC3-II and Beclin-1 in VPA-treated cells compared with untreated controls. Phosphorylated forms of Akt (PC3, P=0.048; DU145, P=0.045; LNCaP, P=0.039) and mTOR (PC3, P=0.012; DU145, P=0.41; LNCaP, P=0.35) were significantly reduced following VPA treatment. These results suggest that VPA may function as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppressing the growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating autophagy pathways, including inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Further experiments are required to determine the significance of all involved pathways regarding VPA-induced growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Xia
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxian Huang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Muwen Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, You W, Zheng J, Chi Y, Tang W, Du R. Valproic acid inhibits the angiogenic potential of cervical cancer cells via HIF-1α/VEGF signals. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:1123-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Lee JE, Kim JH. Valproic acid inhibits the invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells by upregulating the metastasis suppressor protein NDRG1. Genet Mol Biol 2015; 38:527-33. [PMID: 26692161 PMCID: PMC4763324 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738420150028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a clinically available histone deacetylase inhibitor with promising anticancer attributes. Recent studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of VPA on prostate cancer cells. However, little is known about the differential effects of VPA between metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer cells and the relationship between the expression of metastasis suppressor proteins and VPA. In the present study, we demonstrate that inhibition of cell viability and invasion by VPA was more effective in the metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3 than in the tumorigenic but non-metastatic prostate cell line, RWPE2. Further, we identified that the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 is upregulated in PC3 by VPA treatment. In contrast, NDRG1 was not increased in RWPE2 cells. Also, the suppressed invasion of PC3 cells by VPA treatment was relieved by NDRG1 knockdown. Taken together, we suggest that the anticancer effect of VPA on prostate cancer cells is, in part, mediated through upregulation of NDRG1. We also conclude that VPA has differential effects on the metastasis suppressor gene and invasion ability between non-metastatic and metastatic prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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12
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Jiang W, Zheng Y, Huang Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Jin X, Xia Q. Role of SMAD4 in the mechanism of valproic acid’s inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell invasiveness. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 46:941-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Osuka S, Takano S, Watanabe S, Ishikawa E, Yamamoto T, Matsumura A. Valproic acid inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and glioma angiogenesis in vivo in the brain. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 52:186-93. [PMID: 22522328 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.52.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiangiogenic strategy is promising for malignant glioma. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are unique anticancer agents that exhibit antiangiogenic effects. The in vitro and in vivo antiangiogenic effects of HDACIs, valproic acid (VPA), were investigated in malignant glioma in the brain. In vitro, VPA preferentially inhibited endothelial cell proliferation compared to glioma cell proliferation at the optimum concentration in a dose-dependent manner. VPA reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. VPA was also found to inhibit tube formation in the angiogenesis assay. In vivo, treatment with VPA combined with irinotecan reduced the number of vessels expressing factor VIII in the brain tumor model. VPA inhibits glioma angiogenesis by direct (inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation) and indirect (decreased secretion of VEGF by glioma cells) mechanisms. These data suggest a potential role for VPA as an adjuvant therapy for patients with malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Berendsen S, Broekman M, Seute T, Snijders T, van Es C, de Vos F, Regli L, Robe P. Valproic acid for the treatment of malignant gliomas: review of the preclinical rationale and published clinical results. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1391-415. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.694425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Robe
- UMC Utrecht,
Utrecht, Netherlands
- University of Liège,
Liège, Belgium
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15
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Karén J, Rodriguez A, Friman T, Dencker L, Sundberg C, Scholz B. Effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid on human pericytes in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24954. [PMID: 21966390 PMCID: PMC3178576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular pericytes are of key importance in neoformation of blood vessels, in stabilization of newly formed vessels as well as maintenance of angiostasis in resting tissues. Furthermore, pericytes are capable of differentiating into pro-fibrotic collagen type I producing fibroblasts. The present study investigates the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on pericyte proliferation, cell viability, migration and differentiation. The results show that HDAC inhibition through exposure of pericytes to VPA in vitro causes the inhibition of pericyte proliferation and migration with no effect on cell viability. Pericyte exposure to the potent HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A caused similar effects on pericyte proliferation, migration and cell viability. HDAC inhibition also inhibited pericyte differentiation into collagen type I producing fibroblasts. Given the importance of pericytes in blood vessel biology a qPCR array focusing on the expression of mRNAs coding for proteins that regulate angiogenesis was performed. The results showed that HDAC inhibition promoted transcription of genes involved in vessel stabilization/maturation in human microvascular pericytes. The present in vitro study demonstrates that VPA influences several aspects of microvascular pericyte biology and suggests an alternative mechanism by which HDAC inhibition affects blood vessels. The results raise the possibility that HDAC inhibition inhibits angiogenesis partly through promoting a pericyte phenotype associated with stabilization/maturation of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Karén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Friman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lennart Dencker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sundberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Birger Scholz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jones J, Juengel E, Mickuckyte A, Hudak L, Wedel S, Jonas D, Hintereder G, Blaheta RA. Valproic acid blocks adhesion of renal cell carcinoma cells to endothelium and extracellular matrix. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:2342-2352. [PMID: 19067765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been limited due to chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. The development of targeted drugs has now opened novel therapeutic options. In the present study, anti-tumoral properties of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) were tested in vitro and in vivo on pre-clinical RCC models. RCC cell lines Caki-1, KTC-26 or A498 were treated with various concentrations of VPA to evaluate tumour cell adhesion to vascular endothelial cells or to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins. In vivo tumour growth was conducted in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. VPA was also combined with low dosed interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and the efficacy of the combination therapy, as opposed to VPA monotherapy, was compared. VPA significantly and dose-dependently prevented tumour cell attachment to endothelium or matrix proteins, accompanied by elevated histones H3 and H4 acetylation. VPA altered integrin-alpha and -beta subtype expression, in particular alpha(3), alpha(5) and beta(3), and blocked integrin-dependent signalling. In vivo, VPA significantly inhibited the growth of Caki-1 in subcutaneous xenografts with the 200 mg/kg being superior to the 400 mg/kg dosing schedule. VPA-IFN-alpha combination markedly enhanced the effects of VPA on RCC adhesion, and in vivo tumour growth was further reduced by the 400 mg/kg but not by the 200 mg/kg VPA dosing schedule. VPA profoundly blocked the interaction of RCC cells with endothelium and extracellular matrix and reduced tumour growth in vivo. Therefore, VPA should be considered an attractive candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Jones
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ausra Mickuckyte
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukasz Hudak
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Wedel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietger Jonas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gudrun Hintereder
- Zentrallabor, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University-Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Effect of mood stabilizers on gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 117:155-64. [PMID: 19949822 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium and valproate are widely used as effective mood stabilizers for the treatment of bipolar disorder. To elucidate the common molecular effect of these drugs on non-neuronal cells, we studied the gene expression changes induced by these drugs. Lymphoblastoid cell cultures derived from lymphocytes harvested from three healthy subjects were incubated in medium containing therapeutic concentrations of lithium (0.75 mM) or valproate (100 microg ml(-1)) for 7 days. Gene expression profiling was performed using an Affymetrix HGU95Av2 array containing approximately 12,000 probe sets. We identified 44 and 416 genes that were regulated by lithium and valproate, respectively. Most of the genes were not commonly affected by the two drugs. Among the 18 genes commonly altered by both drugs, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), which is one of the VEGF gene isoforms, showed the largest downregulation. Our findings indicate that these two structurally dissimilar mood stabilizers, lithium, and valproate, alter VEGFA expression. VEGFA might be a useful biomarker of their effects on peripheral tissue.
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Murray EK, Hien A, de Vries GJ, Forger NG. Epigenetic control of sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4241-7. [PMID: 19497973 PMCID: PMC2736071 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp) is larger in volume and contains more cells in male than female mice. These sex differences depend on testosterone and arise from a higher rate of cell death during early postnatal life in females. There is a delay of several days between the testosterone surge at birth and sexually dimorphic cell death in the BNSTp, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved. We tested the hypothesis that chromatin remodeling plays a role in sexual differentiation of the BNSTp by manipulating the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation using a histone deacetylase inhibitor. In the first experiment, a single injection of valproic acid (VPA) on the day of birth increased acetylation of histone H3 in the brain 24 h later. Next, males, females, and females treated neonatally with testosterone were administered VPA or saline on postnatal d 1 and 2 and killed at 21 d of age. VPA treatment did not influence volume or cell number of the BNSTp in control females but significantly reduced both parameters in males and testosterone-treated females. As a result, the sex differences were eliminated. VPA did not affect volume or cell number in the suprachiasmatic nucleus or the anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which also did not differ between males and females. These findings suggest that a disruption in histone deacetylation may lead to long-term alterations in gene expression that block the masculinizing actions of testosterone in the BNSTp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K Murray
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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19
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Jones J, Juengel E, Mickuckyte A, Hudak L, Wedel S, Jonas D, Blaheta RA. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid alters growth properties of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2376-2385. [PMID: 18657224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent a promising class of antineoplastic agents which affect tumour growth, differentiation and invasion. The effects of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) were tested in vitro and in vivo on pre-clinical renal cell carcinoma (RCC) models. Caki-1, KTC-26 or A498 cells were treated with various concentrations of VPA during in vitro cell proliferation 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays and to evaluate cell cycle manipulation. In vivo tumour growth was conducted in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. The anti-tumoural potential of VPA combined with low-dosed interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) was also investigated. VPA significantly and dose-dependently up-regulated histones H3 and H4 acetylation and caused growth arrest in RCC cells. VPA altered cell cycle regulating proteins, in particular CDK2, cyclin B, cyclin D3, p21 and Rb. In vivo, VPA significantly inhibited the growth of Caki-1 in subcutaneous xenografts, accompanied by a strong accumulation of p21 and bax in tissue specimens of VPA-treated animals. VPA-IFN-alpha combination markedly enhanced the effects of VPA monotherapy on RCC proliferation in vitro, but did not further enhance the anti-tumoural potential of VPA in vivo. VPA was found to have profound effects on RCC cell growth, lending support to the initiation of clinical testing of VPA for treating advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Jones
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ausra Mickuckyte
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukasz Hudak
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Wedel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietger Jonas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wedel SA, Sparatore A, Soldato PD, Al-Batran SE, Atmaca A, Juengel E, Hudak L, Jonas D, Blaheta RA. New histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools for advanced prostate carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2457-66. [PMID: 18266964 PMCID: PMC4514123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-epileptic drug valproic acid is also under trial as an anti-cancer agent due to its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory properties. However, the effects of valproic acid (VPA) are limited and concentrations required for exerting anti-neoplastic effects in vitro may not be reached in tumour patients. In this study, we tested in vitro and in vivo effects of two VPA-derivatives (ACS2, ACS33) on pre-clinical prostate cancer models. PC3 and DU-145 prostate tumour cell lines were treated with various concentrations of ACS2 or ACS33 to perform in vitro cell proliferation 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and to evaluate tumour cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers. Analysis of acetylated histones H3 and H4 protein expression was performed by western blotting. In vivo tumour growth was conducted in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. Tumour sections were assessed by immunohistochemistry for histone H3 acetylation and proliferation. ACS2 and ACS33 significantly up-regulated histone H3 and H4 acetylation in prostate cancer cell lines. In micromolar concentrations both compounds exerted growth arrest in PC3 and DU-145 cells and prevented tumour cell attachment to endothelium. In vivo, ACS33 inhibited the growth of PC3 in subcutaneous xenografts. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting confirmed increased histone H3 acetylation and reduced proliferation. ACS2 and ACS33 represent novel VPA derivatives with superior anti-tumoural activities, compared to the mother compound. This investigation lends support to the clinical testing of ACS2 or ACS33 for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wedel
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Zentrum der Chirurgie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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