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Krishnamoorthy S, Swain B, Verma RS, Gunthe SS. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV viruses: an overview of origin, evolution, and genetic variations. Virusdisease 2020; 31:411-423. [PMID: 33102628 PMCID: PMC7567416 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single stranded RNA viruses usually present in bats (reservoir hosts), and are generally lethal, highly transmissible, and pathogenic viruses causing sever morbidity and mortality rates in human. Several animals including civets, camels, etc. have been identified as intermediate hosts enabling effective recombination of these viruses to emerge as new virulent and pathogenic strains. Among the seven known human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) have evolved as severe pathogenic forms infecting the human respiratory tract. About 8096 cases and 774 deaths were reported worldwide with the SARS-CoV infection during year 2002; 2229 cases and 791 deaths were reported for the MERS-CoV that emerged during 2012. Recently ~ 33,849,737 cases and 1,012,742 deaths (data as on 30 Sep 2020) were reported from the recent evolver SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies on epidemiology and pathogenicity have shown that the viral spread was potentially caused by the contact route especially through the droplets, aerosols, and contaminated fomites. Genomic studies have confirmed the role of the viral spike protein in virulence and pathogenicity. They target the respiratory tract of the human causing severe progressive pneumonia affecting other organs like central nervous system in case of SARS-CoV, severe renal failure in MERS-CoV, and multi-organ failure in SARS-CoV-2. Herein, with respect to current awareness and role of coronaviruses in global public health, we review the various factors involving the origin, evolution, and transmission including the genetic variations observed, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the three potential coronaviruses variants SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 India
| | - Basudev Swain
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 India
| | - R. S. Verma
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 India
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036 India
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Armocida D, Palmieri M, Frati A, Santoro A, Pesce A. How SARS-Cov-2 can involve the central nervous system. A systematic analysis of literature of the department of human neurosciences of Sapienza University, Italy. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:231-236. [PMID: 33070902 PMCID: PMC7340069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Italy is currently one of the countries most affected by the global emergency of COVID-19, a lethal disease of a novel coronavirus renamed as SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 shares highly homological sequence with the most studied SARS-CoV, and causes acute, highly deadly pneumonia (COVID-19) with clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Increasing evidence shows that these coronaviruses are not always confined to the respiratory tract and that they may also neuroinvasive and neurotropic, with potential neuropathological consequences in vulnerable populations. The aim of this study is to predict a likely CNS involvement by SARS-CoV-2 by studying the pathogenic mechanisms in common with other better known and studied coronaviruses with which it shares the same characteristics. Understanding the mechanisms of neuroinvasion and interaction of HCoV (including SARS-Cov-2) with the CNS is essential to evaluate potentially pathological short- and long-term consequences. Autopsies of the COVID-19 patients, detailed neurological investigation, and attempts to isolate SARS-CoV-2 from the endothelium of cerebral microcirculation, cerebrospinal fluid, glial cells, and neuronal tissue can clarify the role played by COVID-19 in CNS-involvement and in the ongoing mortalities as has been in the recent outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Armocida
- A.U.O. "Policlinico Umberto I", Neurosurgery Division, Sapienza University, Rome Human Neurosciences Department, Via del Policlinico, 155 - 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Palmieri
- A.U.O. "Policlinico Umberto I", Neurosurgery Division, Sapienza University, Rome Human Neurosciences Department, Via del Policlinico, 155 - 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Pesce
- IRCCS - "Neuromed", Pozzilli, (IS), Italy; A.U.O. "Policlinico Umberto I", Neurosurgery Division, Sapienza University, Rome Human Neurosciences Department, Via del Policlinico, 155 - 00161 Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Zeri
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Materials Science, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, COMiB Research Centre in Optics and Optometry, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy; School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shehzad A Naroo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010014. [PMID: 31861926 PMCID: PMC7020001 DOI: 10.3390/v12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.
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Gopalakrishnakone P, Balali-Mood M, Llewellyn L, Singh BR. Impacts on Human Health Caused by Zoonoses. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [PMCID: PMC7124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zoonosis is an infectious disease and a potential bioterrorism agent. Bioterrorism aimed at a society, government, and/or its citizens is meant to cause destabilization, fear, anxiety, illness, and death in people, animals, or plants using biological agents. A bioterrorism attack is the intentional release of biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, rickettsial or chlamydial organisms, toxins, or other harmful agents. This chapter focuses on the induction, monitoring, and prevention of some zoonotic diseases that have potential as bioterrorism agents. The etiology, clinical manifestations, transmission routes, and treatment of these zoonotic agents are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Faculty of Medicine Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lyndon Llewellyn
- Data and Technology Innovation, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland Australia
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- University of Massachusetts, Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Maine USA
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Psoter WJ, Glotzer DL, Weiserbs KF, Baek LS, Karloopia R. A survey of optometry leadership: Participation in disaster response. OPTOMETRY - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION 2012; 83:27-32. [PMID: 22033045 PMCID: PMC7106212 DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A study was completed to assess the academic and state-level professional optometry leadership views regarding optometry professionals as surge responders in the event of a catastrophic event. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 21-question, self-administered, structured questionnaire. All U.S. optometry school deans and state optometric association presidents were mailed a questionnaire and instructions to return it by mail on completion; 2 repeated mailings were made. Descriptive statistics were produced and differences between deans and association presidents were tested by Fisher exact test. Results The questionnaire response rate was 50% (25 returned/50 sent) for the state association presidents and 65% (11/17) for the deans. There were no statistically significant differences between the leadership groups for any survey questions. All agreed that optometrists have the skills, are ethically obligated to help, and that optometrists should receive additional training for participation in disaster response. There was general agreement that optometrists should provide first-aid, obtain medical histories, triage, maintain infection control, manage a point of distribution, prescribe medications, and counsel the “worried well.” Starting intravenous lines, interpreting radiographs, and suturing were less favorably supported. There was some response variability between the 2 leadership groups regarding potential sources for training. Conclusions The overall opinion of optometry professional leadership is that with additional training, optometrists can and should provide an important reserve pool of catastrophic event responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Psoter
- New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Epidemiology & Health Promotion, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14:266-73. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3282ff8c19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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