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Cao B, Robinson JE, Winget M, Hunt MH, Carlson R, Hogan SL, Derebail VK, Thorpe CT. Infection prophylaxis among patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis: a scoping review. Clin Rheumatol 2024:10.1007/s10067-024-07074-4. [PMID: 39058400 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-024-07074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Severe infections associated with the use of strong immunosuppressive medication are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ANCA vasculitis (AV). While guidelines conditionally recommend trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AV patients, robust evidence on prophylaxis strategies is lacking. This scoping review aimed to assess the existing evidence on infection prophylaxis in AV patients, identify knowledge gaps, and guide future study design. A comprehensive search of six databases and relevant references identified original studies in English from January 1, 2000, to July 31, 2020. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies evaluating the impact of any antimicrobial prophylaxis strategy on infection-related outcomes in AV patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Studies were screened by four researchers using a blinded approach. Data was extracted by two reviewers, with differences resolved via consensus in consultation with a third reviewer. Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria, including two randomized trials and 17 cohort studies, with TMP-SMX being the most commonly assessed prophylactic strategy. The studies varied in sample sizes, outcomes measured, prophylactic strategies employed, and proportion of patients who received the regimen. Most cohort studies included no or limited control of potential confounding factors. This scoping review suggests significant variation in AV patients' receipt of TMP-SMX and alternative infection prophylaxis approaches. Observational studies using large secondary healthcare databases with rigorous designs are needed to provide high-quality evidence of the real-world effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylactic regimens, to improve clinical decision-making and quality of care for AV patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxin Cao
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jacob E Robinson
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marshall Winget
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Madison H Hunt
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Carlson
- University of North Carolina Health Sciences Library, 335 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Susan L Hogan
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Vimal K Derebail
- UNC Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Carolyn T Thorpe
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive (151C), Building 30, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240-1001, USA
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Alsayed AR, Al-Dulaimi A, Alkhatib M, Al Maqbali M, Al-Najjar MAA, Al-Rshaidat MMD. A comprehensive clinical guide for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a missing therapeutic target in HIV-uninfected patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1167-1190. [PMID: 36440485 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic, human-specific fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP symptoms are nonspecific. A patient with P. jirovecii and another lung infection faces a diagnostic challenge. It may be difficult to determine which of these agents is responsible for the clinical symptoms, preventing effective treatment. Diagnostic and treatment efforts have been made more difficult by the rising frequency with which coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and PCP co-occur. AREAS COVERED Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological recommendations along with a literature review of PCP in immunocompromised patients focusing on HIV-uninfected patients. EXPERT OPINION PCP may be masked by identifying co-existing pathogens that are not necessarily responsible for the observed infection. Patients with severe form COVID-19 should be examined for underlying immunodeficiency, and co-infections must be considered as co-infection with P. jirovecii may worsen COVID-19's severity and fatality. PCP should be investigated in patients with PCP risk factors who come with pneumonia and suggestive radiographic symptoms but have not previously received PCP prophylaxis. PCP prophylaxis should be explored in individuals with various conditions that impair the immune system, depending on their PCP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Kingdom of Jordan
| | - Mamoon M D Al-Rshaidat
- Laboratory for Molecular and Microbial Ecology (LaMME), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Sero-Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Infection among Infants, Children, and Adults in Chile. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020136. [PMID: 35205890 PMCID: PMC8880143 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous serologic surveys show >80% of infants in Chile have anti-Pneumocystis antibodies by 2 years of age, but the seroepidemiology of Pneumocystis infection beyond infancy is unknown. We describe the sero-epidemiology in infants, children, and adults at different locations in Chile. Serum samples were prospectively obtained from 681 healthy adults (age ≥ 17 years) and 690 non-immunocompromised infants/children attending eight blood banks or outpatient clinics (2 in Santiago) in Chile. ELISA was used to measure serum IgM and IgG antibodies to Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface antigen (Msg) constructs MsgA and MsgC1. Serologic responses to Pneumocystis Msg showed a high frequency of reactivity, inferring infection. Among infants/children increasing age and the proportion with detectable IgM responses to MsgA, and IgG responses to MsgA, and MsgC1 were positively associated. Among adults there was almost universal seropositivity to one or more Pneumocystis Msg constructs. In infants and children rates of detectable IgM responses to MsgC1 and MsgA were greater than IgG responses. In Santiago, rates of seropositivity among infants/children were greater in clinics located in a more socio-economically deprived part of the city. In Chile, a serological response to Pneumocystis Msg constructs was common across ages regardless of geographical location and climatic conditions. Observed higher rates of IgM responses than IgG responses is consistent with concept of recent/ongoing exposure to Pneumocystis in children and adults. Higher rates of seropositivity in infants/children residing in more densely populated areas of Santiago infers crowding poses an increased risk of transmission.
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Is cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia needed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapies? Rheumatol Int 2021; 41:1419-1427. [PMID: 33656582 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) has increased over recent years in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). PJP prognosis is poor in those receiving immunosuppressive therapy and glucocorticoids in particular. Despite the effectiveness of cotrimoxazole against PJP, the risk of adverse effects remains significant, and no consensus has emerged regarding the need for PJP prophylaxis in SARD patients undergoing immunosuppressor therapies.Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against PJP in SARD adult patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies. Methods: We performed a systematic review, consulting MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases up to April 2020. Outcomes covered prevention of PJP, other infections, morbidity, mortality, and safety. The information obtained was summarized with a narrative review and results were tabulated. Of the 318 identified references, 8 were included. Two were randomized controlled trials and six observational studies. The quality of studies was moderate or low. Despite disparities in the cotrimoxazole prophylaxis regimens described, results were consistent in terms of efficacy, particularly with glucocorticoid doses > 20 mg/day. However, cotrimoxazole 400 mg/80 mg/day, prescribed three times/ week, or 200 mg/40 mg/day or in dose escalation, exhibited similar positive performances. Conversely, cotrimoxazole 400 mg/80 mg/day showed higher incidences of withdrawals and adverse effects. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against PJP exhibited efficacy in SARD, mainly in patients taking glucocorticoids ≥ 20 mg/day. All cotrimoxazole regimens exposed seemed equally efficacious, although, higher quality trials are needed. Adverse effects were observed 2 months after initiation, particularly with the 400 mg/80 mg/day regimen. Conversely, escalation dosing or 200 mg/40 mg/day regimens appeared better tolerated.
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia and the Rheumatologist: Which Patients Are At Risk and How Can PCP Be Prevented? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 28488228 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunosuppressive therapy for connective tissue diseases (CTDs) is steadily becoming more intense. The resultant impairment in cell-mediated immunity has been accompanied by an increasing risk for opportunistic infection (OI). Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has been recognized as an OI in patients with CTDs, but specific risk factors and precise indications for PCP prophylaxis remain poorly defined. This review was undertaken to update information on the risk of PCP in patients with CTDs and to examine current guidelines for PCP prophylaxis in this population. RECENT FINDINGS Data on the occurrence of PCP and indications for prophylaxis in patients with CTDs is sparse. Large systematic reviews did not incorporate patients with CTD secondary to the lack of randomized control trials. Upon reviewing guidelines published since 2015, prophylaxis for PCP is recommended only for patients with ANCA-positive vasculitis, specifically granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), who are undergoing intense induction therapy. Evidence-based recommendations for the prophylaxis of PCP in patients with CTDs cannot be provided. There is expert consensus that PCP prophylaxis is warranted in patients with GPA undergoing induction therapy. Prophylaxis should perhaps also be considered for other CTD patients who are receiving similar intense immunosuppressive therapy especially if they are lymphopenic or have a low CD4 count.
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Lu H, Zhang J, Huang F. Fungal infection involvement in primary biliary cirrhosis: A review of 2 cases. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:489-494. [PMID: 28352320 PMCID: PMC5348652 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the imaging, clinical and pathological features of fungal infection involvement in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by retrospectively analyzing and reviewing the features of two patients with fungal infection involvement in PBC. Both patients were female. One patient had a confirmed diagnosis of PBC. The other patient had confirmed Sjogren syndrome and PBC. The two cases of PBC were infected with fungal infection after treatment with hormonal and immunosuppressive agents. RCR of sputum confirmed Pneumocystis spp. infection in the patient with PBC alone. The mucormycosis infection was confirmed in the other patient after pathological examination of a renal biopsy. The state of the illnesses progressed quickly and both patients ultimately succumbed to their conditions. The patient prognosis of fungal infection involvement PBC is poor. Patients treated with long-term hormone and immunosuppressive agents should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China; Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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van Groeningen I, Arnoldus J, Perenboom R, Voskuyl A. Red fist and muscle weakness with a rare complication. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2013-202457. [PMID: 24557476 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 64-year-old man was referred to our hospital, for a second opinion, with fever, skin lesions and general muscle pain. He has been treated in another hospital with antibiotics on suspicion of erysipelas. A week later skin lesions developed on the metacarpophalangeal and proximal carpophalangeal joints of the hands and nose. His mobility was impaired due to muscle pain and muscle weakness. He also showed proximal muscle atrophy and most importantly a typical heliotrope rash in the eyes. Based on these clinical observations, the most likely diagnosis was dermatomyositis. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of increased serum creatine kinase levels and abnormalities in skin and muscle biopsy. Prednisone (70 mg/kg) was initiated, but after 19 days the patient developed a Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. He died of respiratory failure a few days later.
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