1
|
Vidal MS, Radnaa E, Vora N, Khanipov K, Antich C, Ferrer M, Urrabaz-Garza R, Jacob JE, Menon R. Establishment and comparison of human term placenta-derived trophoblast cells†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:950-970. [PMID: 38330185 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the biology of fetal-maternal barriers has been limited by access to physiologically relevant cells, including trophoblast cells. In this study, we describe the development of a human term placenta-derived cytotrophoblast immortalized cell line (hPTCCTB) derived from the basal plate. Human-term placenta-derived cytotrophoblast immortalized cell line cells are comparable to their primary cells of origin in terms of morphology, marker expression, and functional responses. We demonstrate that these can transform into syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblasts. We also compared the hPTCCTB cells to immortalized chorionic trophoblasts (hFM-CTC), trophoblasts of the chorionic plate, and BeWo cells, choriocarcinoma cell lines of conventional use. Human-term placenta-derived cytotrophoblast immortalized cell line and hFM-CTCs displayed more similarity to each other than to BeWos, but these differ in syncytialization ability. Overall, this study (1) demonstrates that the immortalized hPTCCTB generated are cells of higher physiological relevance and (2) provides a look into the distinction between the spatially distinct placental and fetal barrier trophoblasts cells, hPTCCTB and hFM-CTC, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S Vidal
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natasha Vora
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Antich
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Laboratory, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Laboratory, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jeena E Jacob
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Motomura K, Hara M, Ito I, Morita H, Matsumoto K. Roles of human trophoblasts' pattern recognition receptors in host defense and pregnancy complications. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 156:103811. [PMID: 36669386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system in pregnancy is able to protect pregnant mothers and fetuses from pathogenic microorganisms even while permitting the mother to tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus. Trophoblasts, which are fetal-derived placental cells, play a central role on both sides of this duality at the maternal-fetal interface. In brief, the trophoblasts express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and are involved in the local innate immune response in the placenta. That response eliminates pathogenic microbes but also causes tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the research findings to date regarding the roles of those human trophoblast PRRs. Multiple types of PRRs (Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors) are expressed in the placenta and on trophoblasts. Trophoblasts' PRRs participate in protecting the fetus against viruses, bacteria, and parasites by triggering production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the placenta. On the negative side, PRR signaling in trophoblasts can also initiate inflammation and trophoblast cell death, which can lead to placental inflammation-associated pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and miscarriage. Further elucidation of these dual roles of trophoblasts' PRRs may shed light on the mechanisms by which fetuses are protected against congenital infections and also give us a better understanding of the etiologies of pregnancy complications, which can help us prevent/reduce adverse prenatal/neonatal outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Motomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Mariko Hara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fetal and Maternal Innate Immunity Receptors Have Opposing Effects on the Severity of Experimental Malaria in Pregnancy: Beneficial Roles for Fetus-Derived Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Type I Interferon Receptor 1. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00708-17. [PMID: 29440369 PMCID: PMC5913849 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00708-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a distinctive clinical form of Plasmodium infection and is a cause of placental insufficiency leading to poor pregnancy outcomes. Maternal innate immunity responses play a decisive role in the development of placental inflammation, but the action of fetus-derived factors in MiP outcomes has been overlooked. We investigated the role of the Tlr4 and Ifnar1 genes, taking advantage of heterogenic mating strategies to dissect the effects mediated by maternally and fetally derived Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Using a mouse infection system displaying severe MiP outcomes, we found that the expressions of TLR4 and IFNAR1 in the maternal compartment take part in deleterious MiP outcomes, but their fetal counterparts patently counteract these effects. We uncovered that fetal TLR4 contributes to the in vitro uptake of infected erythrocytes by trophoblasts and to the innate immune response in the placenta, offering robust protection of fetus viability, but had no sensible impact on the placental parasite burden. In contrast, we observed that the expression of IFNAR1 in the fetal compartment was associated with a reduced placental parasite burden but had little beneficial effect on fetus outcomes. Furthermore, the downregulation of Ifnar1 expression in infected placentas and in trophoblasts exposed to infected erythrocytes indicated that the interferon-IFNAR1 pathway is involved in the trophoblast response to infection. This work unravels that maternal and fetal counterparts of innate immune pathways drive opposing responses in murine placental malaria and implicates the activation of innate receptors in fetal trophoblast cells in the control of placental infection and in the protection of the fetus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Syncytiotrophoblast Functions and Fetal Growth Restriction during Placental Malaria: Updates and Implication for Future Interventions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:451735. [PMID: 26587536 PMCID: PMC4637467 DOI: 10.1155/2015/451735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Syncytiotrophoblast lines the intervillous space of the placenta and plays important roles in fetus growth throughout gestation. However, perturbations at the maternal-fetal interface during placental malaria may possibly alter the physiological functions of syncytiotrophoblast and therefore growth and development of the embryo in utero. An understanding of the influence of placental malaria on syncytiotrophoblast function is paramount in developing novel interventions for the control of placental pathology associated with placental malaria. In this review, we discuss how malaria changes syncytiotrophoblast function as evidenced from human, animal, and in vitro studies and, further, how dysregulation of syncytiotrophoblast function may impact fetal growth in utero. We also formulate a hypothesis, stemming from epidemiological observations, that nutrition may override pathogenesis of placental malaria-associated-fetal growth restriction. We therefore recommend studies on nutrition-based-interventional approaches for high placental malaria-risk women in endemic areas. More investigations on the role of nutrition on placental malaria pathogenesis are needed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gierman LM, Stødle GS, Tangerås LH, Austdal M, Olsen GD, Follestad T, Skei B, Rian K, Gundersen AS, Austgulen R, Iversen AC. Toll-like receptor profiling of seven trophoblast cell lines warrants caution for translation to primary trophoblasts. Placenta 2015; 36:1246-53. [PMID: 26386649 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive placental inflammation is associated with pregnancy complications. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors for danger signals from infections and damaged tissue and initiate inflammation. Trophoblasts in the placenta broadly express TLRs. Trophoblast cell lines are used as surrogates for primary trophoblasts for in vitro studies, but the inflammatory translatability of trophoblast cell lines warrants examination. We aimed to assess TLR1-10 gene expression and activation in seven trophoblast cell lines and compare this to primary trophoblasts. METHODS The five choriocarcinoma trophoblast cell lines BeWo, JAR, JEG-3, AC1M-32 and ACH-3P, and the two SV40 transfected trophoblast cell lines HTR-8/SVneo and SGHPL-5 were included and compared to primary first trimester trophoblasts (n = 6). TLR1-10 gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Cells were stimulated by specific TLR1-9 ligands for 24 h and cytokine release was measured by a 10-plex immunoassay. RESULTS All choriocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated broad TLR gene expression, but lacked functional cytokine response to TLR ligand activation. In contrast, SV40 transfected cell lines showed restricted TLR gene expression, but SGHPL-5 cells displayed significantly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12 and vascular endothelial growth factor A after TLR3 and/or TLR4 activation (P < 0.01), while TLR2 activation increased IL-6 and IL-8 levels (P < 0.05). HTR8/SVneo cells responded to TLR3 activation by increased IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ (P < 0.05). The SGHPL-5 TLR profile most closely resembled primary trophoblast. DISCUSSION The characterized trophoblast cell line TLR profiles serve as a reference and warrant caution when selecting trophoblast cell lines as in vitro models for immune responses in primary trophoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Gierman
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - G S Stødle
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - L H Tangerås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
| | - M Austdal
- St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G D Olsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Follestad
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - B Skei
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Rian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A S Gundersen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Austgulen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - A C Iversen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen B, Zaveri PG, Longtine MS, Nelson DM. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) mediates pomegranate juice protection from apoptosis in hypoxic BeWo cells but not in primary human trophoblasts. Placenta 2015; 36:847-53. [PMID: 26028238 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) expression is increased in placentas of human pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction and in hypoxic cultured primary trophoblasts. We previously showed that elevated NDRG1 decreases trophoblast apoptosis induced by hypoxia. Separately, we found that pomegranate juice (PJ) decreases cell death induced by hypoxia in trophoblasts. Here, we test the hypothesis that PJ protects trophoblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by modulating NDRG1 expression. METHODS Quantitative rtPCR was used to investigate the effects of PJ treatment on mRNA levels of 22 candidate genes involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and differentiation in trophoblasts. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to analyze NDRG1 protein levels. siRNA-mediated NDRG1 knockdown was used to investigate the role of NDRG1 in response to PJ in hypoxic BeWo choriocarcinoma cells and hypoxic cultured primary human trophoblasts. RESULTS The mRNA levels of eight genes were altered, with NDRG1 showing the largest response to PJ and thus, we pursued the role of NDRG1 here. PJ significantly increased NDRG1 protein expression in primary trophoblasts and in BeWo cells. Knockdown of NDRG1 in hypoxic BeWo cells in the presence of PJ yielded increased apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of NDRG1 in hypoxic primary trophoblasts in the presence of PJ did not increase apoptosis. DISCUSSION We conclude that the PJ-mediated decrease in cell death in hypoxia is partially mediated by NDRG1 in BeWo cells but not in primary trophoblasts. The disparate effects of NDRG1 between BeWo cells and primary trophoblasts indicate caution is required when extrapolating from results obtained with cell lines to primary trophoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - P G Zaveri
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M S Longtine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D M Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hummel J, Kämmerer U, Müller N, Avota E, Schneider-Schaulies S. Human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins target dendritic cells to suppress T-cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1748-59. [PMID: 25752285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Though mostly defective, human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) can retain open reading frames, which are especially expressed in the placenta. There, the envelope (env) proteins of HERV-W (Syncytin-1), HERV-FRD (Syncytin-2), and HERV-K (HML-2) were implicated in tolerance against the semi-allogenic fetus. Here, we show that the known HERV env-binding receptors ASCT-1 and -2 and MFSD2 are expressed by DCs and T-cells. When used as effectors in coculture systems, CHO cells transfected to express Syncytin-1, -2, or HML-2 did not affect T-cell expansion or overall LPS-driven phenotypic DC maturation, however, promoted release of IL-12 and TNF-α rather than IL-10. In contrast, HERV env expressing choriocarcinoma cell lines suppressed T-cell proliferation and LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-12 release, however, promoted IL-10 accumulation, indicating that these effects might not rely on HERV env interactions. However, DCs conditioned by choriocarcinoma, but also transgenic CHO cells failed to promote allogenic T-cell expansion. This was associated with a loss of DC/T-cell conjugate frequencies, impaired Ca(2+) mobilization, and aberrant patterning of f-actin and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in T-cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that HERV env proteins target T-cell activation indirectly by modulating the stimulatory activity of DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hummel
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Müller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tangerås LH, Stødle GS, Olsen GD, Leknes AH, Gundersen AS, Skei B, Vikdal AJ, Ryan L, Steinkjer B, Myklebost MF, Langaas M, Austgulen R, Iversen AC. Functional Toll-like receptors in primary first-trimester trophoblasts. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 106:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
9
|
Koh YQ, Chan HW, Nitert MD, Vaswani K, Mitchell MD, Rice GE. Differential response to lipopolysaccharide by JEG-3 and BeWo human choriocarcinoma cell lines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 175:129-33. [PMID: 24485668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on NF-κB gene expression and proinflammatory cytokine release from trophoblast cell models, JEG-3 and BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells. STUDY DESIGN Serum-starved JEG-3 and BeWo cells were treated with LPS (from Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4) for 24 or 48h. Cell culture medium was collected and assayed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and transforming necrosis factor (TNF)-α cytokine release using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RNA was extracted from the cells and real-time PCR was performed to measure NF-κB mRNA expression. All results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance tests followed by Sidak's post hoc analysis. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS LPS triggered an inflammatory response in JEG-3 cells by inducing a 1.5-fold increase in NF-κB mRNA expression and TNF-α release (0μg/mL: 15.13±2.14, 1μg/mL: 14.94±0.75, 10μg/mL: 23.05±4.50, p<0.05) and a 2-fold elevation in IL-6 secretion (0μg/mL: 12.54±5.44, 1μg/mL: 25.54±0.91, 10μg/mL: 24.28±4.43, p<0.05). In contrast, BeWo cells were not as sensitive to LPS exposure; NF-κB mRNA expression was unchanged between LPS-treated and control cells, whereas a small but significant 1.3-fold increase in TNF-α release was found (TNF-α: 15.45±1.53pg/mL, control: 12.24±1.00pg/mL, p<0.05). The inflammatory pathways in BeWo cells were found to be active given that treatment of these cells with IL-1β and TNF-α induced IL-6 secretion. Interestingly, 1μg/mL LPS appeared to decrease IL-6 and TNF-α release from BeWo cells. IL-1β and IL-8 secretion were not detected from either cell lines. CONCLUSION LPS activates the NF-κB pathway in JEG-3 but not BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells and this may be the reason for their differential inflammatory response to LPS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Q Koh
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hsiu-Wen Chan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Murray D Mitchell
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takeuchi T, Sugimoto Y, Asano A, Shimokawa T, Nabeta M, Usui T. Gene transcriptions of toll-like receptors in the mouse uterus during gestation. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:547-51. [PMID: 23229542 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immunity by recognizing a broad range of microbial components as ligands. The activation of TLRs is an important step not only for the innate immune response, but also for the development of the subsequent antigen-specific adaptive immune response. However, little is known about TLR expression in the female genital mucosa during gestation. In the present study, gene transcriptions of TLRs 1 to 9 were investigated in both the mesometrial side and the anti-mesometrial side of the uterus during gestation in the mouse reproductive organ during the gestation period. In the mesometrial side, gene transcriptions of TLR 1, 3, 4 and 9 were decreased in the late gestation period, whereas an increase of gene transcriptions of TLR 4 and 9 was seen in the early gestation period. In the anti-mesometrial side, gene transcriptions of TLR 1 and 9 were also decreased in the late gestation period, and TLR 9 gene transcription was increased in the early gestation period. On the other hand, gene transcriptions of TLR 3 and 4 were not changed in the late gestation period, but they were increased in the early gestation period. Gene transcriptions of TLR 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were not changed statistically in either side during the gestation period. These results suggest that the expressions of particular TLRs may be regulated in the uterus during the gestation period to maintain the pregnant state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pineda A, Verdin-Terán SL, Camacho A, Moreno-Fierros L. Expression of toll-like receptor TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-9 is increased in placentas from patients with preeclampsia. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:382-91. [PMID: 21843566 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have examined the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in term placentas from women with preeclampsia, such, have focused on TLR-4 and TLR-2 analysis. Whereas an increase in TLR-4 immunostaining has been observed in preeclampsia, it is even higher in placentas with chorioamnionitis compared with normal pregnancy. Expression of TLR-2 has not been associated with preeclampsia. The relationship of TLR-3 and TLR-9, which may recognize dsRNA or DNA, either derived either from microorganisms or from apoptotic cells and thus may be involved with this pathology, has not been studied in term placentas. We undertook this study to determine if there are changes in the expression and localization of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-3 and TLR-9 in preeclamptic term placentas as compared with normal placentas. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional and comparative study was done in a group of ten patients with 38-40 gestation weeks, both in preeclamptic and control cases. Immunofluorescence detection of TLRs was performed in samples of placenta and analyzed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS It was observed that TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-9 were expressed both in normal and preeclamptic placentas, in the trophoblast, at the vascular endothelium (where TLR-2 and TLR-9 staining was pronounced), and at placental villous stroma, although increased expression was detected in preeclampsia. In addition, co-localization of TLR-2 and TLR-4 as well as of TLR-3 and TL9 was found in the trophoblast. CONCLUSIONS TLR-2, -3, -4 and -9 expressions are increased in preeclamptic placentas. However, more studies are required to determine the role of TLRs in pregnancy immunology and to establish its relationship with preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pineda
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Estado de México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rose JA, Rabenold JJ, Parast MM, Milstone DS, Abrahams VM, Riley JK. Peptidoglycan induces necrosis and regulates cytokine production in murine trophoblast stem cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:209-22. [PMID: 21385270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Intrauterine bacterial infection during pregnancy may lead to adverse outcome. The objective of this study was to assess whether peptidoglycan (PGN) derived from Gram-positive bacteria induces trophoblast stem (TS) cell death or alters TS cell cytokine production. METHOD OF STUDY Toll-like receptor (TLR) transcript expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Protein expression was determined by confocal microscopy or flow cytometry. 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) staining was used to assess TS cell death. Morphological features of cell death were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The presence of cleaved caspase-3 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was examined by Western blot. Cytokine levels in cell supernatants were determined using a mouse cytokine 23-plex panel. RESULTS Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR4 protein was expressed from the 1-cell stage through the blastocyst stage of murine embryo development. Murine TS cells expressed TLR2 and TLR6 but not TLR1 or TLR4 RNA. Only TLR2 protein was detected at the plasma membrane of TS cells. PGN induced TS cell death by a caspase-3-independent mechanism. The cell death pathway induced by PGN was morphologically consistent with necrosis. Finally, PGN induced HMGB1 release and increased MIP-1β secretion while inhibiting the constitutive release of RANTES. CONCLUSION Peptidoglycan-induced TS cell necrosis and the subsequent release of HMGB1 and MIP-1β may regulate an infection-induced inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface and thus may play a role in the pathogenesis of infection-associated pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Negishi M, Izumi Y, Aleemuzzaman S, Inaba N, Hayakawa S. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Interferon (IFN)-gamma production by decidual mononuclear cells (DMNC) is interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12 dependent. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:20-7. [PMID: 20482522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Th1-shifted immune response is believed to be harmful for successful pregnancy because of activation of maternal cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. However, its effects on Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune response are so far unknown and this study has been undertaken to address the issue. METHOD OF STUDY decidual tissues were obtained from 16 pregnant women undergoing elective termination during the first trimester pregnancy for socioeconomic reasons. Decidual Mononuclear Cells (DMNC) were stimulated with suboptimal doses of IL-2 and IL-12 with/without LPS, considered to be a TLR4 ligand, for 48 hr. Productions of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in culture supernatant were measured with ELISA. RESULTS (i) IFN-γ production was induced with LPS alone which was strongly up-regulated in the presence of IL-2 and IL-12. (ii) TNF-α was also induced by LPS but was not affected by the presence of IL-2 and IL-12. CONCLUSION IL-2 and IL-12 up-regulated the production of IFN-γ in DMNC through increasing their susceptibility to LPS. TNF-α production is independent of such a mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Negishi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carvalho JV, Alves CMOS, Cardoso MRD, Mota CM, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV, Silva NM, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Silva DAO. Differential susceptibility of human trophoblastic (BeWo) and uterine cervical (HeLa) cells to Neospora caninum infection. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1629-37. [PMID: 20708622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite, closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, and causes abortion and congenital neosporosis in cattle worldwide. Trophoblast cells act in mechanisms of innate immune defense at the fetal-maternal interface and no data are available about the interaction of Neospora with human trophoblasts. Thus, this study aimed to verify the susceptibility of human trophoblastic (BeWo) compared with uterine cervical (HeLa) cell lines to N. caninum. BeWo and HeLa cells were infected with different parasite:cell ratios of N. caninum tachyzoites and analyzed at different times after infection for cell viability using thiazolyl blue tetrazole and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Both cell lines were also evaluated for cytokine production and parasite infection/replication assays when pre-treated or not with Neospora lysate antigen (NLA) or human recombinant IFN-γ. Cell viability was increased up to 48 h of infection in both types of cells, suggesting that infection could inhibit early cell death and/or induce cell proliferation. Neospora infection induced up-regulation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), mainly in HeLa cells, which was enhanced by cell pre-treatment by NLA or IFN-γ. Conversely, parasite infection induced down-regulation of the transforming growth factor (TGF-β), mostly in BeWo cells, which was decreased with NLA or IFN-γ pre-treatment. HeLa cells were more susceptible to Neospora infection than BeWo cells and IFN-γ pre-treatment resulted in reduced infection indices in both cell lines. Control of parasite growth was mediated by IFN-γ through an indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells alone. Based on these results, we concluded that BeWo and HeLa cells are readily infected by N. caninum, although presenting differences in susceptibility to infection, cytokine production and cell viability. Thus, these host cells can be considered in comparative approaches to understand strategies used by N. caninum to survive at the maternal-fetal interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne V Carvalho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aldo PB, Mulla MJ, Romero R, Mor G, Abrahams VM. Viral ssRNA induces first trimester trophoblast apoptosis through an inflammatory mechanism. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:27-37. [PMID: 20175771 PMCID: PMC2889030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Infection during pregnancy represents a significant cause of mobility and mortality. While viruses pose a major threat, little is known about their effect on early pregnancy, or the mechanisms involved. The objective of this study was to characterize the trophoblast response following exposure to viral ssRNA. METHOD OF STUDY First trimester trophoblast cells were treated with or without viral ssRNA. Cytokine production was measured using multiplex analysis and ELISA. Apoptosis was determined using Hoechst staining, cell viability, and caspase activity assays. RESULTS Treatment of trophoblasts with viral ssRNA increased their secretion of IL-8, IL-6, and IFNbeta. However, the ssRNA also induced trophoblast apoptosis. To test whether the viral ssRNA-induced inflammatory response was responsible for this induction of apoptosis, conditioned media (CM) from trophoblasts were added to a fresh culture of cells. The CM from viral ssRNA-treated induced higher levels of trophoblast apoptosis than the control CM. Moreover, recombinant IFNbeta induced trophoblast apoptosis. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that viral ssRNA induces a pro-inflammatory and type I interferon response in the trophoblast and this inflammatory process may indirectly induce trophoblast apoptosis. These results provide a novel mechanism by which certain viral infections might compromise placental integrity and function, and therefore, pregnancy outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi B. Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Melissa J. Mulla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Roberto Romero
- The Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, MI
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vikki M. Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|