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Wang S, Liu Z, Wang J, Cheng L, Hu J, Tang J. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in nerve repair. Regen Ther 2024; 27:244-250. [PMID: 38586873 PMCID: PMC10997806 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has the capability of assisting in the recovery of damaged tissues by releasing a variety of biologically active factors to initiate a hemostatic cascade reaction and promote the synthesis of new connective tissue and revascularization. It is now widely used for tissue engineering repair. In addition, PRP has demonstrated nerve repair and pain relief, and has been studied and applied to the facial nerve, median nerve, sciatic nerve, and central nerve. These suggest that PRP injection therapy has a positive effect on nerve repair. This indicates that PRP has high clinical value and potential application in nerve repair. It is worthwhile for scientists and medical workers to further explore and study PRP to expand its application in nerve repair, and to provide a more reliable scientific basis for the opening of a new approach to nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Lulu Cheng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jinfeng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, NO. 239 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Wuhan Sports University, NO 279 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
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Huang H, Lin Q, Rui X, Huang Y, Wu X, Yang W, Yu Z, He W. Research status of facial nerve repair. Regen Ther 2023; 24:507-514. [PMID: 37841661 PMCID: PMC10570629 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, is critical in controlling the movement of the facial muscles. It is responsible for all facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and moving the eyebrows. However, damage to this nerve can occur for a variety of reasons, including maxillofacial surgery, trauma, tumors, and infections. Facial nerve injuries can cause severe functional impairment and can lead to different degrees of facial paralysis, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients. Over the past ten years, significant progress has been made in the field of facial nerve repair. Different approaches, including direct suture, autologous nerve grafts, and tissue engineering, have been utilized for the repair of facial nerve injury. This article mainly summarizes the clinical methods and basic research progress of facial nerve repair in the past ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xi Rui
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yiman Huang
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuanhao Wu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenpeng He
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Bengur FB, Komatsu C, Fedor CN, Loder S, Baker JS, Totwani A, Irgebay Z, Nerone WV, Solari MG, Marra KG. Biodegradable Nerve Guide with Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Improves Recovery After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2023; 25:478-486. [PMID: 36877591 PMCID: PMC10664574 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bioengineered nerve guides with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) support recovery after facial nerve injury by acting as regenerative scaffolds. Objective: To compare functional, electrophysiological, and histological outcomes after repair of rat facial nerve transection in control, empty nerve guide, and nerve guide with GDNF conditions. Methods: Rats underwent transection and primary repair of the buccal branch of the facial nerve and were divided into (1) transection and repair only, (2) transection and repair augmented with empty guide, (3) transection and repair augmented with GDNF-guide groups. Weekly measurements of the whisking movements were recorded. At 12 weeks, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) at the whisker pad were assessed, and samples were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Results: Rats in GDNF-guide group displayed the earliest peak in normalized whisking amplitude. CMAPs were significantly higher after GDNF-guide placement. Mean fiber surface area of the target muscle, axonal count of the injured branch, and the number of Schwann cells were highest with GDNF guides. Conclusion: The biodegradable nerve guide containing double-walled GDNF microspheres enhanced recovery after facial nerve transection and primary repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chiaki Komatsu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Nadia Fedor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn Loder
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jocelyn S. Baker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aanchal Totwani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhazira Irgebay
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W. Vincent Nerone
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario G. Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kacey G. Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Arnold D, Thielker J, Klingner CM, Guntinas-Lichius O, Volk GF. Selective zygomaticus muscle activation by ball electrodes in synkinetically reinnervated patients after facial paralysis. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1205154. [PMID: 37908489 PMCID: PMC10613664 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1205154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although many different treatments were developed for facial palsy, only a few therapeutic options are available for facial synkinesis. Electrical stimulation of specific muscles via implants could be useful in restoring facial symmetry in synkinetic patients. A challenge in developing stimulation devices is finding the right stimulation location, type, and amplitude. This work assesses the ability to selectively stimulate the zygomaticus muscle (ZYG) in patients with oral-ocular synkinesis to elicit a visually detectable response of the ipsilateral corner of the mouth (COM), without causing a reaction of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM). We aimed to assess how close to the COM the stimulation should be delivered in order to be selective. Methods A total of 10 patients (eight females, two males) were enrolled. Facial function was graded according to the Sunnybrook facial grading system. Needle EMG was used to test the activities of the muscles, during volitional and "unintended" movements, and the degree of synkinesis of the ZYG and OOM. Two ball electrodes connected to an external stimulator were placed on the paretic ZYG, as close as possible to the COM. Results Independent of the waveform with which the stimulation was presented, a selective ZYG response was observed within 4.5 cm of the horizontal plane and 3 cm of the vertical plane of the COM. When the distance between the electrodes was kept to ≤2 cm, the amplitude necessary to trigger a response ranged between 3 and 6 mA when the stimulation was delivered with triangular pulses and between 2.5 and 3.5 mA for rectangular pulses. The required amplitude did not seem to be dependent on the applied phase duration (PD), as long as the PD was ≥5 ms. Conclusion Our results show that selective stimulation of the ZYG presenting synkinetic ZYG-OOM reinnervation can be achieved using a broad PD range (25-1,000 ms) and an average amplitude ≤6 mA, which may be further decreased to 3.5 mA if the stimulation is delivered via rectangular rather than triangular waves. The most comfortable and effective results were observed with PDs between 50 and 250 ms, suggesting that this range should be selected in future studies. Clinical Trial Registration [https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00019992], identifier (DRKS00019992).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Arnold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jovanna Thielker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten M. Klingner
- Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Fabian Volk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Facial-Nerve-Center Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Trigeminal Sensory Supply Is Essential for Motor Recovery after Facial Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315101. [PMID: 36499425 PMCID: PMC9740813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of mimic function after facial nerve transection is poor. The successful regrowth of regenerating motor nerve fibers to reinnervate their targets is compromised by (i) poor axonal navigation and excessive collateral branching, (ii) abnormal exchange of nerve impulses between adjacent regrowing axons, namely axonal crosstalk, and (iii) insufficient synaptic input to the axotomized facial motoneurons. As a result, axotomized motoneurons become hyperexcitable but unable to discharge. We review our findings, which have addressed the poor return of mimic function after facial nerve injuries, by testing the hypothesized detrimental component, and we propose that intensifying the trigeminal sensory input to axotomized and electrophysiologically silent facial motoneurons improves the specificity of the reinnervation of appropriate targets. We compared behavioral, functional, and morphological parameters after single reconstructive surgery of the facial nerve (or its buccal branch) with those obtained after identical facial nerve surgery, but combined with direct or indirect stimulation of the ipsilateral infraorbital nerve. We found that both methods of trigeminal sensory stimulation, i.e., stimulation of the vibrissal hairs and manual stimulation of the whisker pad, were beneficial for the outcome through improvement of the quality of target reinnervation and recovery of vibrissal motor performance.
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Guntinas-Lichius O, Prengel J, Cohen O, Mäkitie AA, Vander Poorten V, Ronen O, Shaha A, Ferlito A. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis: A systematic review and clinical practice recommendations by the international head and neck scientific group. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1019554. [PMID: 36438936 PMCID: PMC9682287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1019554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-paralytic facial synkinesis after facial nerve injury produces functional disabilities and mimetic deficits, but also cosmetic and non-motor psychosocial impairments for the patients. These patients typically have a high and continuous high motivation for rehabilitation. The aim is to inform the affected patients and their therapeutic professionals (otorhinolaryngologist - head and neck surgeons; oral-maxillofacial surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, and mime therapists be it speech and language therapy- or physiotherapy-based) and to provide practical recommendations for diagnostics and a stepwise systematic treatment approach of facial synkinesis. Methods In the first phase, a systematic literature search on the topic in PubMed and ScienceDirect starting in 2008 resulted in 132 articles. These were the basis for the review and a comprehensive series of consensus statements on the most important diagnostic tests and treatment options. In the second phase, one consensus article circulated among the membership of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group until a final agreement was reached for all recommendations. Results Diagnostics should include a standardized assessment of the degree of synkinesis using validated clinician-graded instruments and synkinesis-specific patient-reported outcome measures. Treatments for facial synkinesis include facial training mainly based on facial biofeedback retraining, chemodenervation with botulinum toxin, selective neurectomy, myectomy, and any combination treatment of these options. Conclusion A basic understanding of the pathomechanisms of synkinesis is essential to understand the treatment strategies. A standardized assessment of the synkinetic symptoms and the individual synkinesis pattern is needed. The first-line treatment is facial training, followed by botulinum toxin. Surgery is reserved for individual cases with unsatisfactory first-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
| | - Jonas Prengel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oded Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka Medical Center, Affiliated With Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Antti A. Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Oncology, Section Head and Neck Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ohad Ronen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Affiliated With Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ashok Shaha
- Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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Tereshenko V, Dotzauer DC, Luft M, Ortmayr J, Maierhofer U, Schmoll M, Festin C, Carrero Rojas G, Klepetko J, Laengle G, Politikou O, Farina D, Blumer R, Bergmeister KD, Aszmann OC. Autonomic Nerve Fibers Aberrantly Reinnervate Denervated Facial Muscles and Alter Muscle Fiber Population. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8297-8307. [PMID: 36216502 PMCID: PMC9653283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0670-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical redirection of efferent neural input to a denervated muscle via a nerve transfer can reestablish neuromuscular control after nerve injuries. The role of autonomic nerve fibers during the process of muscular reinnervation remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the neurobiological mechanisms behind the spontaneous functional recovery of denervated facial muscles in male rodents. Recovered facial muscles demonstrated an abundance of cholinergic axonal endings establishing functional neuromuscular junctions. The parasympathetic source of the neuronal input was confirmed to be in the pterygopalatine ganglion. Furthermore, the autonomically reinnervated facial muscles underwent a muscle fiber change to a purely intermediate muscle fiber population myosin heavy chain type IIa. Finally, electrophysiological tests revealed that the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the facial muscles via the sensory infraorbital nerve. Our findings demonstrated expanded neuromuscular plasticity of denervated striated muscles enabling functional recovery via alien autonomic fibers. These findings may further explain the underlying mechanisms of sensory protection implemented to prevent atrophy of a denervated muscle.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nerve injuries represent significant morbidity and disability for patients. Rewiring motor nerve fibers to other target muscles has shown to be a successful approach in the restoration of motor function. This demonstrates the remarkable capacity of the CNS to adapt to the needs of the neuromuscular system. Yet, the capability of skeletal muscles being reinnervated by nonmotor axons remains largely unknown. Here, we show that under deprivation of original efferent input, the neuromuscular system can undergo functional and morphologic remodeling via autonomic nerve fibers. This may explain neurobiological mechanisms of the sensory protection phenomenon, which is because of parasympathetic reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Tereshenko
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik C Dotzauer
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Luft
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Ortmayr
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Maierhofer
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christopher Festin
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Klepetko
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Laengle
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga Politikou
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Konstantin D Bergmeister
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, University Hospital, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Oskar C Aszmann
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Personius KE, Siebert D, Koch DW, Udin SB. Blockage of neuromuscular glutamate receptors impairs reinnervation following nerve crush in adult mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1000218. [PMID: 36212695 PMCID: PMC9535682 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor axons in peripheral nerves are capable of regeneration following injury. However, complete recovery of motor function is rare, particularly when reinnervation is delayed. We have previously found that glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the successful innervation of muscle during mouse development. In particular, blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity delays the normal elimination of excess innervation of each neuromuscular junction. Here, we use behavioral, immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and calcium imaging methods to test whether glutamate receptors play a similar role in the transition from polyneuronal to mono-innervation and in recovery of function following peripheral nerve injury in mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirkwood E. Personius
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kirkwood E. Personius,
| | - Danielle Siebert
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Dennis W. Koch
- Department of Kinesiology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Susan B. Udin
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Er-Rouassi H, Benichou L, Lyoussi B, Vidal C. Efficacy of LED Photobiomodulation for Functional and Axonal Regeneration After Facial Nerve Section-Suture. Front Neurol 2022; 13:827218. [PMID: 35280271 PMCID: PMC8905314 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.827218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial nerve damage can lead to partial or total facial nerve palsy. Photobiomodulation has been reported to improve and accelerate functional recovery following peripheral nerve lesion, depending on the type of lesion and the light exposure parameters used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of infrared exposure on functional and axonal regeneration after section-suture of the distal branches of the facial nerve: the buccal and marginal mandibular branches and the distal pes. The animals underwent surgery and were irradiated with infrared light at 850 nm twice daily from day 1 to day 16. The recovery of facial function was then studied at both the behavioral and morphological levels. Behavioral analyses were performed by videoscoring with a high-speed camera and using various devices to assess the recovery of whisker movement on the lesioned side from day 1 to day 30. We also assessed nasal deviation toward the intact side and the ability to close the ipsilateral eyelid completely from day 1 to day 38 and from day 1 to day 50, respectively. For morphological analyses, we assessed the re-establishment of facial motoneuron labeling with Fluorogold®, an immunofluorescent retrograde marker of axonal transport injected into the vibrissae, on D10, D14 and D30. We found that whisker movements recovery was significantly faster in treated than in control mice. A complete disappearance of nasal deviation was observed at 2 weeks in infrared-treated lesioned mice and at 5 weeks in controls. Complete eyelid closure was observed 3 weeks after surgery in treated animals and 6 weeks after surgery in controls. Finally, normal fluorogold labeling of the facial nuclei complex was restored 30 days after surgery in the treated animals, but no such restoration was ever observed in control animals. In conclusion, our data show that IR treatment at a distal site has a significant positive effect on facial nerve recovery. These findings pave the way for the clinical use of infrared photobiomodulation in patients with nerve lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Er-Rouassi
- Centre Borelli, CNRS UMR-9010, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Dhar Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Luc Benichou
- Paris-Est Créteil Université (UPEC) Faculté de Médecine, Creteil, France
| | - Badiaa Lyoussi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health, and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Dhar Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Catherine Vidal
- Centre Borelli, CNRS UMR-9010, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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10
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Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:544-558. [PMID: 34417730 PMCID: PMC8858329 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are common and debilitating, cause significant health care costs for society, and rely predominately on autografts, which necessitate grafting a nerve section non-locally to repair the nerve injury. One possible approach to improving treatment is bolstering endogenous regenerative mechanisms or bioengineering new nervous tissue in the peripheral nervous system. In this review, we discuss critical-sized nerve gaps and nerve regeneration in rats, and summarize the roles of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in the treatment of PNIs. Several regenerative treatment modalities for PNI are described: ADSCs differentiating into Schwann cells (SCs), ADSCs secreting growth factors to promote peripheral nerve growth, ADSCs promoting myelination growth, and ADSCs treatments with scaffolds. ADSCs' roles in regenerative treatment and features are compared to mesenchymal stem cells, and the administration routes, cell dosages, and cell fates are discussed. ADSCs secrete neurotrophic factors and exosomes and can differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells (SCLCs) that share features with naturally occurring SCs, including the ability to promote nerve regeneration in the PNS. Future clinical applications are also discussed.
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11
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Relationship between serum gonadal hormone levels and synkinesis in postmenopausal women and man with idiopathic facial paralysis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2022; 49:782-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Cho YS, Ryu O, Cho K, Kim D, Lim J, Hong SH, Cho YS. The effect of charge-balanced transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on rodent facial nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1388. [PMID: 35082405 PMCID: PMC8791984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of charge-balanced transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (cb-TENS) in accelerating recovery of the facial function and nerve regeneration after facial nerve (FN) section in a rat model. The main trunk of the left FN was divided and immediately sutured just distal to the stylomastoid foramen in 66 Sprague–Dawley rats. The control group had no electrical stimulus. The other two groups received cb-TENS at 20 Hz (20 Hz group) or 40 Hz (40 Hz group). Cb-TENS was administered daily for seven days and then twice a week for three weeks thereafter. To assess the recovery of facial function, whisker movement was monitored for four weeks. Histopathological evaluation of nerve regeneration was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy with immunofluorescence (IF) staining. In addition, the levels of various molecular biological markers that affect nerve regeneration were analyzed. Whisker movement in the cb-TENS groups showed faster and better recovery than the control group. The 40 Hz group showed significantly better movement at the first week after injury (p < 0.0125). In histopathological analyses using TEM, nerve axons and Schwann cells, which were destroyed immediately after the injury, recovered in all groups over time. However, the regeneration of the myelin sheath was remarkably rapid and thicker in the 20 Hz and 40 Hz groups than in the control group. Image analysis using IF staining showed that the expression levels of S100B and NF200 increased over time in all groups. Specifically, the expression of NF200 in the 20 Hz and 40 Hz groups increased markedly compared to the control group. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on ten representative neurotrophic factors, and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher in the 20 and 40 Hz groups than in the control group (p < 0.015). Cb-TENS facilitated and accelerated FN recovery in the rat model, as it significantly reduced the recovery time for the whisker movement. The histopathological study and analysis of neurotrophic factors supported the role of cb-TENS in the enhanced regeneration of the FN.
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13
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Mini review: Biomaterials in repair and regeneration of nerve in a volumetric muscle loss. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136145. [PMID: 34332029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) following a severe trauma or injury is beyond the intrinsic regenerative capacity of muscle tissues, and hence interventional therapy is required. Extensive muscle loss concomitant with damage to neuromuscular components overwhelms the muscles' remarkable regenerative capacity. The loss of nervous and vascular tissue leads to further damage and atrophy, so a combined treatment for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) along with the volumetric muscle regeneration is important. There have been immense advances in the field of tissue engineering for skeletal muscle tissue and peripheral nerve regeneration, but very few address the interdependence of the tissues and the need for combined therapies to repair and regenerate fully functional muscle tissue. This review addresses the problem and presents an overview of the biomaterials that have been studied for tissue engineering of neuromuscular tissues associated with skeletal muscles.
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14
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Sasaki R, Watanabe Y, Yamato M, Okamoto T. Tissue-engineered nerve guides with mesenchymal stem cells in the facial nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105062. [PMID: 34004239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nerve guides with mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated in the rat facial nerve defect model to promote peripheral nerve regeneration and shorten recovery time to improve patients' quality of life. A 7-mm facial nerve gap experimental rat model is frequently employed in facial nerve regeneration studies. Facial nerve regeneration with nerve guides is evaluated by (1) assessing myelinated fiber counts using toluidine blue staining, (2) immunohistological analysis, (3) determining the g-ratio (axon diameter/total outer diameter) of regenerated nerve on transmission electron microscopic images, (4) retrograde nerve tracing in the facial nucleus, (5) electrophysiological evaluations using compound muscle action potential, and (6) functional evaluations using rat facial palsy scores. Dental pulp and adipose-derived stem cells, easily harvested using a minimally invasive procedure, possess characteristics of mesenchymal tissue lineages and can differentiate into Schwann-like cells. Cultured dental pulp-derived cells can produce neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. These neurotrophic factors promote peripheral nerve regeneration and afford protection against facial motor neuron death. Moreover, artificial nerve guides can maneuver axonal regrowth, and dental pulp-derived cells and adipose-derived Schwann cells may supply neurotrophic factors, promoting axonal regeneration. In the present review, the authors discuss facial nerve regeneration using nerve guides with mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Yorikatsu Watanabe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, 4-22-1 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-0001, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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15
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Bengur FB, Stoy C, Binko MA, Nerone WV, Fedor CN, Solari MG, Marra KG. Facial Nerve Repair: Bioengineering Approaches in Preclinical Models. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:364-378. [PMID: 33632013 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the facial nerve can occur after different etiologies and range from simple transection of the branches to varying degrees of segmental loss. Management depends on the extent of injury and options include primary repair for simple transections and using autografts, allografts, or conduits for larger gaps. Tissue engineering plays an important role to create artificial materials that are able to mimic the nerve itself without extra morbidity in the patients. The use of neurotrophic factors or stem cells inside the conduits or around the repair site is being increasingly studied to enhance neural recovery to a greater extent. Preclinical studies remain the hallmark for development of these novel approaches and translation into clinical practice. This review will focus on preclinical models of repair after facial nerve injury to help researchers establish an appropriate model to quantify recovery and analyze functional outcomes. Different bioengineered materials, including conduits and nerve grafts, will be discussed based on the experimental animals that were used and the defects introduced. Future directions to extend the applications of processed nerve allografts, bioengineered conduits, and cues inside the conduits to induce neural recovery after facial nerve injury will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Conrad Stoy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary A Binko
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne Vincent Nerone
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Nadia Fedor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario G Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Syngeneic Transplantation of Rat Olfactory Stem Cells in a Vein Conduit Improves Facial Movements and Reduces Synkinesis after Facial Nerve Injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 146:1295-1305. [PMID: 33234960 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic facial paralysis is a disabling condition. Current surgical management by faciofacial nerve suture provides limited recovery. To improve the outcome, the authors evaluated an add-on strategy based on a syngeneic transplantation of nasal olfactory stem cells in a rat model of facial nerve injury. The main readouts of the study were the recording of whisking function and buccal synkinesis. METHODS Sixty rats were allocated to three groups. Animals with a 2-mm facial nerve loss were repaired with a femoral vein, filled or not with olfactory stem cells. These two groups were compared to similarly injured rats but with a faciofacial nerve suture. Olfactory stem cells were purified from rat olfactory mucosa. Three months after surgery, facial motor performance was evaluated using video-based motion analysis and electromyography. Synkinesis was assessed by electromyography, using measure of buccal involuntary movements during blink reflex, and double retrograde labeling of regenerating motoneurons. RESULTS The authors' study reveals that olfactory stem cell transplantation induces functional recovery in comparison to nontransplanted and faciofacial nerve suture groups. They significantly increase (1) maximal amplitude of vibrissae protraction and retraction cycles and (2) angular velocity during protraction of vibrissae. They also reduce buccal synkinesis, according to the two techniques used. However, olfactory stem cell transplantation did not improve axonal regrowth of the facial nerve, 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The authors show here that the adjuvant strategy of syngeneic transplantation of olfactory stem cells improves functional recovery. These promising results open the way for a phase I clinical trial based on the autologous engraftment of olfactory stem cells in patients with a facial nerve paralysis.
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17
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Wong M, Takushima A. Variability in the development of synkinesis in a rabbit facial nerve axotomy model. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:1455-1463. [PMID: 33303412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weakness and synkinesis (involuntary cocontraction of different muscle groups) are common sequelae after facial nerve injury. We describe a rabbit model of facial nerve axotomy and repair, which can be used to study such sequelae and propose a grading tool to assess the facial movement outcomes. Using this rabbit model, we assess the effect of delaying facial nerve repair on the quality of the clinical result. METHODS A total of 15 rabbits (30 facial halves) were divided into 4 groups: control, facial nerve main trunk axotomy and immediate repair, axotomy and repair at 2.5 weeks as well as axotomy, and repair at 2 months. Functional recovery was graded according to the observable criteria. We performed retrograde fluorescence labelling of the distal facial nerve branches and assessed the distribution of tracers in the facial nucleus. RESULTS A consistent model of weakness and synkinesis was produced in all rabbits after immediate axotomy and repair. A grading tool was used to clinically grade the quality of the recovery. The somatotopy of the facial nucleus was disrupted, with axons projecting from the facial nucleus to incorrect facial muscle groups. Varying the denervation time before repair affected the quality of the recovery. The worst result was noted when repair was delayed for 2 months. Subtle changes in the pattern and severity of synkinesis was noted among the different treatment groups. CONCLUSION A slight delay in nerve repair by 2.5 weeks as well as contralateral facial paralysis (analogous to botulinum toxin (BTX) injection) appear to improve eye recovery and reduce synkinesis. Because of the large size of the rabbit, such variability in synkinesis severity can be graded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Wong
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Akihiko Takushima
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Manthou ME, Gencheva D, Sinis N, Rink S, Papamitsou T, Abdulla D, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN. Facial Nerve Repair by Muscle-Vein Conduit in Rats: Functional Recovery and Muscle Reinnervation. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:351-361. [PMID: 32731808 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The facial nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in head and neck traumata. Repair of interrupted nerves is generally reinforced by fine microsurgical techniques; nevertheless, regaining all functions is the exception rather than the rule. The so-called "postparalytic syndrome," which includes synkinesia and altered blink reflexes, follows nerve injury. The purpose of this study was to examine if nerve-gap repair using an autologous vein filled with skeletal muscle would improve axonal regeneration, reduce neuromuscular junction polyinnervation, and improve the recovery of whisking in rats with transected and sutured right buccal branches of the facial nerve. Vibrissal motor performance was studied with the use of a video motion analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to visualize and analyze target muscle reinnervation. The results taken together indicate a positive effect of muscle-vein-combined conduit (MVCC) on the improvement of the whisking function after reparation of the facial nerve in rats. The findings support the recent suggestion that a venal graft with implantation of a trophic source, such as autologous denervated skeletal muscle, may promote the monoinnervation degree and ameliorate coordinated function of the corresponding muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dilyana Gencheva
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nektarios Sinis
- Privatklinik für Plastische- und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Berlin Wilmersdorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diana Abdulla
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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19
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Rink S, Chatziparaskeva C, Elles L, Pavlov S, Nohroudi K, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Manthou M, Dunlop S, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Neutralizing
BDNF
and
FGF2
injection into denervated skeletal muscle improve recovery after nerve repair. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62:404-412. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Germany
| | | | - Luisa Elles
- Department of Anatomy IUniversity of Cologne Germany
| | - Stoyan Pavlov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyMedical University Varna Bulgaria
| | | | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | | | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Australia
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of SurgeryThe Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
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20
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Assessment of axonal sprouting and motor performance after hypoglossal-facial end-to-side nerve repair: experimental study in rats. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1563-1576. [PMID: 32488325 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA) aims to reanimate denervated mimic muscles with hypoglossal axons when the transected facial nerve is not accessible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery of HFA using a "Y" tube in two variants: (1) the proximal stump of the hypoglossal nerve was entubulated to the "Y" tube (classic "Y" tube HFA) and (2) the "Y" tube was sutured to an epineurial window of a slightly damaged hypoglossal nerve (end-to-side "Y" tube HFA). A total of 48 adult female rats were divided into four groups: intact controls (group 1), sham operated (group 2), classic "Y" tube HFA (group 3) and end-to-side "Y" tube HFA (group 4). The abdominal aorta with both common iliac arteries of isogeneic male rats served as the Y-tube conduit. Animals from group 4 recovered better than those from group 3: the degree of collateral axonal branching (3 ± 1%) was significantly lower than that determined in group 3 (13 ± 1%). The mean deviation of the tongue from the midline was significantly smaller in group 4 (6 ± 4°) than that measured in animals from group 3 (41 ± 6°). In the determination of vibrissal motor function in group 3 and group 4, a decrease in amplitude was found to be - 66% and - 92%, respectively. No differences in the reinnervation pattern of the target muscles were detected. As a result, these surgical models were not determined to be able to improve vibrissal movements. It was concluded that performance of end-to-side "Y" tube HFA diminishes collateral axonal branching at the lesion site, which in turn, promotes better recovery of tongue- and vibrissal-motor performance.
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21
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Brown BL, Asante T, Welch HR, Sandelski MM, Drejet SM, Shah K, Runge EM, Shipchandler TZ, Jones KJ, Walker CL. Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of Facial Nerve Injury With Application of Polyethylene Glycol in a Rat Model. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2020; 21:61-68. [PMID: 29800078 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Importance Functional and anatomical outcomes after surgical repair of facial nerve injury may be improved with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to direct suture neurorrhaphy. The application of PEG has shown promise in treating spinal nerve injuries, but its efficacy has not been evaluated in treatment of cranial nerve injuries. Objective To determine whether PEG in addition to neurorrhaphy can improve functional outcomes and synkinesis after facial nerve injury. Design, Setting, and Subjects In this animal experiment, 36 rats underwent right facial nerve transection and neurorrhaphy with addition of PEG. Weekly behavioral scoring was done for 10 rats for 6 weeks and 14 rats for 16 weeks after the operations. In the 16-week study, the buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. In the 6-week study, the mandibular and buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. Histologic analysis was performed for 10 rats in a 1-week study to assess the association of PEG with axonal continuity and Wallerian degeneration. Six rats served as the uninjured control group. Data were collected from February 8, 2016, through July 10, 2017. Intervention Polyethylene glycol applied to the facial nerve after neurorrhaphy. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional recovery was assessed weekly for the 16- and 6-week studies, as well as motoneuron survival, amount of regrowth, specificity of regrowth, and aberrant branching. Short-term effects of PEG were assessed in the 1-week study. Results Among the 40 male rats included in the study, PEG addition to neurorrhaphy showed no functional benefit in eye blink reflex (mean [SEM], 3.57 [0.88] weeks; 95% CI, -2.8 to 1.9 weeks; P = .70) or whisking function (mean [SEM], 4.00 [0.72] weeks; 95% CI, -3.6 to 2.4 weeks; P = .69) compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks. Motoneuron survival was not changed by PEG in the 16-week (mean, 132.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -21.0 to 8.4; P = .13) or 6-week (mean, 131.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -11.0 to 10.0; P = .06) studies. Compared with controls, neither surgical group showed differences in buccal branch regrowth at 16 (36.9 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 22.0; P = .28) or 6 (36.7 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -7.8 to 18.5; P = .48) weeks or in the mandibular branch at 6 weeks (25.2 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 15.5; P = .99). Addition of PEG had no advantage in regrowth specificity compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks (15.3% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -7.2% to 11.0%; P = .84). After 6 weeks, the number of motoneurons with misguided projections to the mandibular branch showed no advantage of PEG treatment compared with suturing alone (12.1% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -8.2% to 9.2%; P = .98). In the 1-week study, improved axonal continuity and muscular innervation were not observed in PEG-treated rats. Conclusions and Relevance Although PEG has shown efficacy in treating other nervous system injuries, PEG in addition to neurorraphy was not beneficial in a rat model of facial nerve injury. The addition of PEG to suturing may not be warranted in the surgical repair of facial nerve injury. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tony Asante
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Haley R Welch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Morgan M Sandelski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Sarah M Drejet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kishan Shah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Elizabeth M Runge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Taha Z Shipchandler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis
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22
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Chacon MA, Echternacht SR, Leckenby JI. Outcome measures of facial nerve regeneration: A review of murine model systems. Ann Anat 2020; 227:151410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Restoration of the Topological Organization of the Trigeminal System Following Trigeminal Nerve Root Injury in the Lamprey. Neuroscience 2019; 423:216-231. [PMID: 31484046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two issues were examined regarding the trigeminal system in larval lampreys: (1) for normal animals, double labeling was used to confirm that the trigeminal system has a topological organization; (2) following trigeminal nerve root transections, double labeling was used to test whether the topological organization of the trigeminal system is restored. First, for normal animals, Alexa 488 dextran amine applied to the medial oral hood (anterior head) labeled trigeminal motoneurons (MNs) in the ventromedial part of the trigeminal motor nuclei (nVm) and axons of trigeminal sensory neurons (SNs) in the ventromedial part of the trigeminal descending tracts (dV). Also, Texas red dextran amine (TRDA) applied to the lateral oral hood labeled trigeminal MNs in the dorsolateral nVm and sensory axons in the dorsolateral dV. These results confirm the topological organization of the trigeminal system of normal lampreys. Second, following trigeminal nerve root transections, the physical integrity of the nerves was restored during growth of trigeminal sensory and motor axons. In addition, double labeling indicated a restoration and refinement of the topological organization of the trigeminal system with increasing recovery times, but mainly for nVm. Despite the paucity of growth of trigeminal sensory axons in dV even at long recovery times (12-16 wks), a substantial percentage of experimental animals recovered trigeminal-evoked swimming responses and trigeminal-evoked synaptic responses in reticulospinal (RS) neurons. Following trigeminal nerve root injury, several mechanisms, including axonal guidance cues, probably contribute to the substantial restoration of the topological organization of the lamprey trigeminal system.
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24
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Tajdaran K, Chan K, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Matrices, scaffolds, and carriers for protein and molecule delivery in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 319:112817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Tan HY, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Pharmacological Effects of Melatonin as Neuroprotectant in Rodent Model: A Review on the Current Biological Evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:25-51. [PMID: 31435851 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of structure and functions of neurons, including neuronal death, is one of the main factors leading to poor quality of life. Promotion of functional recovery of neuron after injury is a great challenge in neuroregenerative studies. Melatonin, a hormone is secreted by pineal gland and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Besides that, melatonin has high cell permeability and is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Apart from that, there are no reported side effects associated with long-term usage of melatonin at both physiological and pharmacological doses. Thus, in this review article, we summarize the pharmacological effects of melatonin as neuroprotectant in central nervous system injury, ischemic-reperfusion injury, optic nerve injury, peripheral nerve injury, neurotmesis, axonotmesis, scar formation, cell degeneration, and apoptosis in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Tan
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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26
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Ozsoy U, Ogut E, Sekerci R, Hizay A, Rink S, Angelov DN. Effect of Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound Therapy on the Degree of Collateral Axonal Branching at the Lesion Site, Polyinnervation of Motor End Plates, and Recovery of Motor Function after Facial Nerve Reconstruction. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1314-1324. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1002/ar.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineAkdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineAkdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Rahime Sekerci
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineAkdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Arzu Hizay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineAkdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic DentistrySchool of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne Cologne Germany
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Modified Selective Neurectomy for the Treatment of Post-Facial Paralysis Synkinesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:1483-1496. [PMID: 30807497 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address functional and smile dysfunction associated with post-facial paralysis synkinesis, the senior author (B.A.) has offered "modified selective neurectomy" of the lower division of the facial nerve as a long-term solution. This article examines technical considerations and outcomes of this procedure. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent modified selective neurectomy of buccal and cervical branches of the facial nerve performed by a single surgeon over a 4½-year period. House-Brackmann facial grading scores, electronic clinician-graded facial function scale, and onabotulinumtoxinA (botulinum toxin type A) dosages were examined before and after the procedure. RESULTS Sixty-three patients underwent modified selective neurectomy between June 20, 2013, and August 12, 2017. There were no serious complications. The revision rate was 17 percent. Temporary oral incompetence was reported in seven patients (11 percent) postoperatively. A statistically significant improvement was achieved in electronic clinician-graded facial function scale analysis of nasolabial fold depth at rest, oral commissure movement with smile, nasolabial fold orientation with smile, nasolabial depth with smile, depressor labii inferioris lower lip movement, midfacial synkinesis, mentalis synkinesis, platysmal synkinesis, static score, dynamic score, synkinesis score, periocular score, lower face and neck score, and midface and smile score. There was a significant decrease in botulinum toxin type A dosage and House-Brackmann score after surgery. CONCLUSION Modified selective neurectomy of the buccal and cervical divisions of the facial nerve is an effective long-term treatment for smile dysfunction in patients with post-facial paralysis synkinesis. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
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Development of the interscutularis model as an outcome measure for facial nerve surgery. Ann Anat 2019; 223:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bendella H, Rink S, Manthou M, Papamitsou T, Nakamura M, Angelov DN, Sarikcioglu L. Effect of surgically guided axonal regrowth into a 3-way-conduit (isogeneic trifurcated aorta) on functional recovery after facial-nerve reconstruction: Experimental study in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 37:181-196. [PMID: 31006701 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "post-paralytic syndrome" after facial nerve reconstruction has been attributed to (i) malfunctioning axonal guidance at the fascicular (branches) level, (ii) collateral branching of the transected axons at the lesion site, and (iii) intensive intramuscular terminal sprouting of regenerating axons which causes poly-innervation of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). OBJECTIVE The first two reasons were approached by an innovative technique which should provide the re-growing axons optimal conditions to elongate and selectively re-innervate their original muscle groups. METHODS The transected facial nerve trunk was inserted into a 3-way-conduit (from isogeneic rat abdominal aorta) which should "guide" the re-growing facial axons to the three main branches of the facial nerve (zygomatic, buccal and marginal mandibular). The effect of this method was tested also on hypoglossal axons after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA). Coaptational (classic) FFA (facial-facial anastomosis) and HFA served as controls. RESULTS When compared to their coaptation (classic) alternatives, both types of 3-way-conduit operations (FFA and HFA) promoted a trend for reduction in the collateral axonal branching (the proportion of double- or triple-labelled perikarya after retrograde tracing was slightly reduced). In contrast, poly-innervation of NMJ in the levator labii superioris muscle was increased and vibrissal (whisking) function was worsened. CONCLUSIONS The use of 3-way-conduit provides no advantages to classic coaptation. Should the latter be impossible (too large interstump defects requiring too long interpositional nerve grafts), this type of reconstruction may be applied. (230 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Effect of Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound Therapy on the Degree of Collateral Axonal Branching at the Lesion Site, Polyinnervation of Motor End Plates, and Recovery of Motor Function after Facial Nerve Reconstruction. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1314-1324. [PMID: 30950229 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Raslan A, Salem MAM, Al‐Hussaini A, Guntinas‐Lichius O, Irintchev A. Brief Electrical Stimulation Improves Functional Recovery After Femoral But Not After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1304-1313. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Raslan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
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Rink S, Bendella H, Akkin SM, Manthou M, Grosheva M, Angelov DN. Experimental Studies on Facial Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1287-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | - Salih Murat Akkin
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineSANKO University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
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Wang B, Wang S, Liu S, Zhang S, Li D, Li J, Huang X, Schumacher M, Wan H. Hypoglossal-facial 'side'-to-side Neurorrhaphy Combined with Electrical Myostimulation for Facial Palsy in Rats. Transl Neurosci 2018; 9:167-174. [PMID: 30581600 PMCID: PMC6294042 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2018-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effect of combining hypoglossal-facial nerve “side”-to-side neurorrhaphy and electrical myostimulation in a rat model of facial palsy. Methods Rats with facial nerve crush injury were subjected to control condition, monotherapy of either neurorrhaphy or electrical myostimulation, or bitherapy of the two treatments. After 1, 3, and 6 months, rats were performed the facial symmetry evaluation, electrophysiological examination and the retrograde labeling of motor neurons. Results As early as 3 months after injury, face symmetry significantly improved in rats of the bitherapy group. At 3 or 6 months after injury, either the parameters of electrophysiological examination or the number of labeled motor neurons were significantly increased in the bitherapy group than in any other group. Discussion The combination of neurorrhaphy and electrical myostimulation effectively promoted the functional recovery after facial nerve crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- U 1195, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Song Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,U 1195, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiongweiye Huang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U 1195, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hong Wan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Azizzadeh B, Frisenda JL. Surgical Management of Postparalysis Facial Palsy and Synkinesis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2018; 51:1169-1178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rink S, Bendella H, Alsolivany K, Meyer C, Woehler A, Jansen R, Isik Z, Stein G, Wennmachers S, Nakamura M, Angelov DN. Constitutively reduced sensory capacity promotes better recovery after spinal cord-injury (SCI) in blind rats of the dystrophic RCS strain. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:397-416. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Zeynep Isik
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Helios Klinikum Siegburg, Germany
| | | | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Varejão AS, Colette Maurício A. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1466404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (REQUIMTE/LAQV), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur S.P. Varejão
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Nedeljković P, Dacić S, Kovačević M, Peković S, Vučević D, Božić - Nedeljković B. VITAMIN B COMPLEX AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEU TICAL MODALITY IN COMBATING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2018. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2018.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Effects of repeated nerve injuries at different time intervals on functional recovery and nerve innervation. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 48:185-190. [PMID: 29183681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of repeated nerve injuries on functional recovery and nerve innervation were examined in rodents. Crush injuries of the sciatic nerve were inflicted on adult rats and repeated twice or thrice at different time intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Motor function was assessed by the static sciatic index at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after the final crush. The rates of nerve innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle, a main muscle innervated by the common peroneal nerve, were evaluated by the quantification of βIII-tubulin-positive nerve terminals and α-bungarotoxin-positive acetylcholine receptors 21 and 56 days after the final crush of triple nerve injuries at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week intervals. Compared with single nerve crush injury, delayed recovery of motor function was observed in repeated crush injuries. In addition, recoveries in the triple crush groups were slower than those in the double crush groups. The rates of reinnervation were lower in the triple crush groups than in the single crush groups, both at 21 days (single: 59.7%; triple: 54.1%-56.1%) and 56 days (single: 88.8%; triple: 72.5%-83.0%) after the final crush, except in the groups with 1-week (triple: 73.8%) and 2-week (triple: 70.5%) intervals at 21 days after the final crush. We concluded that the recovery of motor function was delayed according to the number of repetitions of crush injuries, and that the rates of nerve innervation were still low in the triple crush groups 8 weeks after the final crush.
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Gey M, Wanner R, Schilling C, Pedro MT, Sinske D, Knöll B. Atf3 mutant mice show reduced axon regeneration and impaired regeneration-associated gene induction after peripheral nerve injury. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160091. [PMID: 27581653 PMCID: PMC5008009 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) induces a regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response. Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3) is such a RAG and ATF3's transcriptional activity might induce ‘effector’ RAGs (e.g. small proline rich protein 1a (Sprr1a), Galanin (Gal), growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43)) facilitating peripheral axon regeneration. We provide a first analysis of Atf3 mouse mutants in peripheral nerve regeneration. In Atf3 mutant mice, facial nerve regeneration and neurite outgrowth of adult ATF3-deficient primary dorsal root ganglia neurons was decreased. Using genome-wide transcriptomics, we identified a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster (vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip), Ngf, Grp, Gal, Pacap) regulated by ATF3. Exogenous administration of neuropeptides enhanced neurite growth of Atf3 mutant mice suggesting that these molecules might be effector RAGs of ATF3's pro-regenerative function. In addition to the induction of growth-promoting molecules, we present data that ATF3 suppresses growth-inhibiting molecules such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. In summary, we show a pro-regenerative ATF3 function during PNS nerve regeneration involving transcriptional activation of a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster. ATF3 is a general injury-inducible factor, therefore ATF3-mediated mechanisms identified herein might apply to other cell and injury types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Renate Wanner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Schilling
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria T Pedro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Bendella H, Rink S, Grosheva M, Sarikcioglu L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Putative roles of soluble trophic factors in facial nerve regeneration, target reinnervation, and recovery of vibrissal whisking. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:100-110. [PMID: 29104116 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that, after nerve transection and surgical repair, misdirected regrowth of regenerating motor axons may occur in three ways. The first way is that the axons enter into endoneurial tubes that they did not previously occupy, regenerate through incorrect fascicles and reinnervate muscles that they did not formerly supply. Consequently the activation of these muscles results in inappropriate movements. The second way is that, in contrast with the precise target-directed pathfinding by elongating motor nerves during embryonic development, several axons rather than a single axon grow out from each transected nerve fiber. The third way of misdirection occurs by the intramuscular terminal branching (sprouting) of each regenerating axon to culminate in some polyinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, i.e. reinnervation of junctions by more than a single axon. Presently, "fascicular" or "topographic specificity" cannot be achieved and hence target-directed nerve regeneration is, as yet, unattainable. Nonetheless, motor and sensory reinnervation of appropriate endoneurial tubes does occur and can be promoted by brief nerve electrical stimulation. This review considers the expression of neurotrophic factors in the neuromuscular system and how this expression can promote functional recovery, with emphasis on the whisking of vibrissae on the rat face in relationship to the expression of the factors. Evidence is reviewed for a role of neurotrophic factors as short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli in promoting complete functional recovery of vibrissal whisking in blind Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS rats but not in SD rats with normal vision, after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. Briefly, a complicated time course of growth factor expression in the nerves and denervated muscles include (1) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2, (2) reduced NGF between 2 and 14days after nerve transection and surgical repair, (3) a late rise in BDNF and (4) reduced IGF1 protein in the denervated muscles at 28days. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of nerve injury-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines at the neuromuscular junctions of denervated muscles. In particular, the increase of FGF2 and concomittant decrease of NGF during the first week after facial nerve-nerve anastomosis in SD/RCS blind rats may prevent intramuscular axon sprouting and, in turn, reduce poly-innervation of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Functional and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Traumatic Peripheral Nerve–Muscle Injury Model. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:357-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Enhance Axonal Regeneration through Cross-Facial Nerve Grafting in a Rat Model of Facial Paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 138:387-396. [PMID: 27465163 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-face nerve grafting combined with functional muscle transplantation has become the standard in reconstructing an emotionally controlled smile in complete irreversible facial palsy. However, the efficacy of this procedure depends on the ability of regenerating axons to breach two nerve coaptations and reinnervate endplates in denervated muscle. The current study tested the hypothesis that adipose-derived stem cells would enhance axonal regeneration through a cross-facial nerve graft and thereby enhance recovery of the facial nerve function. METHODS Twelve rats underwent transection of the right facial nerve, and cross-facial nerve grafting using the sciatic nerve as an interpositional graft, with coaptations to the ipsilateral and contralateral buccal branches, was carried out. Rats were divided equally into two groups: a grafted but nontreated control group and a grafted and adipose-derived stem cell-treated group. Three months after surgery, biometric and electrophysiologic assessments of vibrissae movements were performed. Histologically, the spectra of fiber density, myelin sheath thickness, fiber diameter, and g ratio of the nerve were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for the evaluation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junctions. RESULTS The data from the biometric and electrophysiologic analysis of vibrissae movements, immunohistochemical analysis, and histologic assessment of the nerve showed that adipose-derived stem cells significantly enhanced axonal regeneration through the graft. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that adipose-derived stem cells could be a clinically translatable route toward new methods to enhance recovery after cross-facial nerve grafting.
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Grosheva M, Rink S, Jansen R, Bendella H, Pavlov SP, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN, Dunlop SA. Early and continued manual stimulation is required for long‐term recovery after facial nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:100-106. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of CologneCologne Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Ramona Jansen
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/HerdeckeCologne Merheim Medical Center, Cologne Germany
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of AnatomyAkdeniz University Faculty of MedicineAntalya Turkey
| | - Doychin N. Angelov
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley Western Australia Australia
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Gordon T, Borschel GH. The use of the rat as a model for studying peripheral nerve regeneration and sprouting after complete and partial nerve injuries. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:331-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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van Neerven S, Haastert-Talini K, Boecker A, Schriever T, Dabhi C, Claeys K, Deumens R, Brook G, Weis J, Pallua N, Bozkurt A. Two-component collagen nerve guides support axonal regeneration in the rat peripheral nerve injury model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:3349-3361. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.G.A. van Neerven
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - K. Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy; Hannover Medical School, and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN); Hannover Germany
| | - A. Boecker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - T. Schriever
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - C. Dabhi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - K. Claeys
- Department of Neurology; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - R. Deumens
- Institute of Neuroscience; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - G.A. Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance; Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain); Germany
| | - J. Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance; Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain); Germany
| | - N. Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
| | - A. Bozkurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Injuries; RWTH-Aachen University Hospital; Aachen Germany
- Department of Plastic & Aesthetic, Reconstructive & Hand Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Hospital; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
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The Dilator Naris Muscle as a Reporter of Facial Nerve Regeneration in a Rat Model. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76:94-8. [PMID: 25643189 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many investigators study facial nerve regeneration using the rat whisker pad model, although widely standardized outcomes measures of facial nerve regeneration in the rodent have not yet been developed. The intrinsic whisker pad "sling" muscles producing whisker protraction, situated at the base of each individual whisker, are extremely small and difficult to study en bloc. Here, we compare the functional innervation of 2 potential reporter muscles for whisker pad innervation: the dilator naris (DN) and the levator labii superioris (LLS), to characterize facial nerve regeneration. METHODS Motor supply of the DN and LLS was elucidated by measuring contraction force and compound muscle action potentials during stimulation of individual facial nerve branches, and by measuring whisking amplitude before and after DN distal tendon release. RESULTS The pattern of DN innervation matched that of the intrinsic whisker pad musculature (ie, via the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve), whereas the LLS seemed to be innervated almost entirely by the zygomatic branch, whose primary target is the orbicularis oculi muscle. CONCLUSIONS Although the LLS has been commonly used as a reporter muscle of whisker pad innervation, the present data show that its innervation pattern does not overlap substantially with the muscles producing whisker protraction. The DN muscle may serve as a more appropriate reporter for whisker pad innervation because it is innervated by the same facial nerve branches as the intrinsic whisker pad musculature, making structure/function correlations more accurate, and more relevant to investigators studying facial nerve regeneration.
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Dorschner B, Süße H, Ortmann W, Irintchev A, Denzler J, Guntinas-Lichius O. An automated whisker tracking tool for the rat facial nerve injury paradigm. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 271:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bendella H, Brackmann DE, Goldbrunner R, Angelov DN. Nerve crush but not displacement-induced stretch of the intra-arachnoidal facial nerve promotes facial palsy after cerebellopontine angle surgery. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2905-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Comparative outcome measures in peripheral regeneration studies. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:348-357. [PMID: 27094121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries are common and often result in partial or permanent paralysis, numbness of the affected limb, and debilitating neuropathic pain. Experimental animal models of nerve injury have utilized a diversity of outcome measures to examine functional recovery following injury. Four primary categories of outcome measures of regenerative success including retrograde labeling with counts of regenerating neurons, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry, reinnervation of target muscles, and behavioral analysis of recovery will be reviewed. Validity of different outcome measures are discussed in context of hindlimb, forelimb, and facial nerve injury models. Severity of nerve injury will be highlighted, and comparisons between nerve crush injury and more severe transection and neuroma-in-continuity nerve injury paradigms will be evaluated. The case is made that specific outcome measures may be more sensitive to assessing functional recovery following nerve injury than others. This will be discussed in the context of the lack of association between certain outcome measures of nerve regeneration. Examples of inaccurate conclusions from specific outcome measures will also be considered. Overall, researchers must therefore take care to select appropriate outcome measures for animal nerve injury studies dependant on the specific experimental interventions and scientific questions addressed.
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Focal release of neurotrophic factors by biodegradable microspheres enhance motor and sensory axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2016; 1636:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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