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Guan PP, Ding WY, Wang P. Molecular mechanism of acetylsalicylic acid in improving learning and memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by inhibiting the abnormal cell cycle re-entry of neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1006216. [PMID: 36263378 PMCID: PMC9575964 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1006216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by the loss and apoptosis of neurons. Neurons abnormally enter the cell cycle, which results in neuronal apoptosis during the course of AD development and progression. However, the mechanisms underlying cell cycle re-entry have been poorly studied. Using neuroblastoma (N) 2aSW and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as in vitro and in vivo AD models, we found that the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1/2/4 and cyclin A2/B1/D3/E1 was increased while the protein expression of p18 and p21 was decreased, which led to enhanced cell cycle re-entry in a β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-dependent mechanism. By preparing and treating with the temperature-sensitive chitosan-encapsulated drug delivery system (CS), the abnormal expression of CDK1/2/4, cyclin A2/B1/D3/E1 and p18/21 was partially restored by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which decreased the apoptosis of neurons in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Moreover, CDK4 and p21 mediated the effects of ASA on activating transcription factor (TF) EB via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, thus leading to the uptake of Aβ by astrocytes in a low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-dependent mechanism. Moreover, the mechanisms of Aβ-degrading mechanisms are activated, including the production of microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC) 3II and Lamp2 protein by ASA in a PPARα-activated TFEB-dependent manner. All these actions contribute to decreasing the production and deposition of Aβ, thus leading to improved cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice.
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Abdullah MN, Wah YB, Abdul Majeed AB, Zakaria Y, Shaadan N. Identification of blood-based transcriptomics biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease using statistical and machine learning classifier. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Shen LL, Li WW, Xu YL, Gao SH, Xu MY, Bu XL, Liu YH, Wang J, Zhu J, Zeng F, Yao XQ, Gao CY, Xu ZQ, Zhou XF, Wang YJ. Neurotrophin receptor p75 mediates amyloid β-induced tau pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104567. [PMID: 31394202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) are a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is suggested to be secondary to amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation. However, the mechanism by which Aβ induces tau phosphorylation in neurons remains unclear. Neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) is a receptor for Aβ and mediates Aβ neurotoxicity, implying that p75NTR may mediate Aβ-induced tau phosphorylation in AD. Here, we showed that Aβ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration, including tau phosphorylation, synaptic disorder and neuronal loss, in the brains of both male wild-type (Wt) mice and male P301L transgenic mice (a mouse model of human tauopathy) were alleviated by genetic knockout of p75NTR in the both mouse models. We further confirmed that the activation or inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) significantly changed Aβ/p75NTR-mediated p-tau levels in neurons. Treatment of male P301L mice with soluble p75NTR extracellular domain (p75ECD-Fc), which antagonizes the binding of Aβ to p75NTR, suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that p75NTR meditates Aβ-induced tau pathology and is a potential druggable target for AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China; Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse 857000, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ya-Li Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shi-Hao Gao
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse 857000, China
| | - Man-Yu Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Yao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Chang-Yue Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Diseases, Chongqing 400042, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Esteves AR, Palma AM, Gomes R, Santos D, Silva DF, Cardoso SM. Acetylation as a major determinant to microtubule-dependent autophagy: Relevance to Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:2008-2023. [PMID: 30572013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) that potentiate protein aggregation have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In fact, Tau and alpha-synuclein (ASYN) undergo several PTMs potentiating their aggregation and neurotoxicity. Recent data posits a role for acetylation in Tau and ASYN aggregation. Herein we aimed to clarify the role of Sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) and HDAC6 tubulin deacetylases as well as p300 acetyltransferase in AD and PD neurodegeneration. We used transmitochondrial cybrids that recapitulate pathogenic alterations observed in sporadic PD and AD patient brains and ASYN and Tau cellular models. We confirmed that Tau protein and ASYN are microtubules (MTs)-associated proteins (MAPs). Moreover, our results suggest that α-tubulin acetylation induced by SIRT2 inhibition is functionally associated with the improvement of MT dynamic determined by decreased Tau phosphorylation and by increased Tau/tubulin and ASYN/tubulin binding. Our data provide a strong evidence for a functional role of tubulin and MAPs acetylation on autophagic vesicular traffic and cargo clearance. Additionally, we showed that an accumulation of ASYN oligomers imbalance mitochondrial dynamics, which further compromise autophagy. We also demonstrated that an increase in Tau acetylation is associated with Tau phosphorylation. We found that p300, HDAC6 and SIRT2 influences Tau phosphorylation and autophagic flux in AD. In addition, we demonstrated that p300 and HDAC6 modulate Tau and Tubulin acetylation. Overall, our data disclose the role of Tau and ASYN modifications through acetylation in AD and PD pathology, respectively. Moreover, this study indicates that MTs can be a promising therapeutic target in the field of neurodegenerative disorders in which intracellular transport is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Esteves
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A M Palma
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Gomes
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D Santos
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D F Silva
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S M Cardoso
- CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNA Regulation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7501851. [PMID: 29725270 PMCID: PMC5872599 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7501851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We evaluated the lncRNA and mRNA expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy nonsmokers, smokers without airflow limitation, and COPD patients. Methods lncRNA and mRNA profiling of PBMCs from 17 smokers and 14 COPD subjects was detected by high-throughput microarray. The expression of dysregulated lncRNAs was validated by qPCR. The lncRNA targets in dysregulated mRNAs were predicted and the GO enrichment was analyzed. The regulatory role of lncRNA ENST00000502883.1 on CXCL16 expression and consequently the effect on PBMC recruitment were investigated by siRNA knockdown and chemotaxis analysis. Results We identified 158 differentially expressed lncRNAs in PBMCs from COPD subjects compared with smokers. The dysregulated expression of 5 selected lncRNAs NR_026891.1 (FLJ10038), ENST00000502883.1 (RP11-499E18.1), HIT000648516, XR_429541.1, and ENST00000597550.1 (CTD-2245F17.3), was validated. The GO enrichment showed that leukocyte migration, immune response, and apoptosis are the main enriched processes that previously reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. The regulatory role of ENST00000502883.1 on CXCL16 expression and consequently the effect on PBMC recruitment was confirmed. Conclusion This study may provide clues for further studies targeting lncRNAs to control inflammation in COPD.
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. A Unified Hypothesis of Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:33-47. [PMID: 26402752 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) and late-onset sporadic AD (LOSAD) both follow a similar pathological and biochemical course that includes: neuron and synapse loss and dysfunction, microvascular damage, microgliosis, extracellular amyloid-β deposition, tau phosphorylation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, endoreduplication and related cell cycle events in affected brain regions. Any mechanistic explanation of AD must accommodate these biochemical and neuropathological features for both forms of the disease. In this insight paper we provide a unifying hypothesis for EOFAD and LOSAD that proposes that the aberrant re-entry of terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons into the cell division cycle is a common pathway that explains both early and late-onset forms of AD. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease process, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical (e.g. tau phosphorylation), neuropathological (e.g. neuron hypertrophy; polypoidy) and cognitive changes observed in EOFAD and LOSAD. Genetic mutations in AβPP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that alter amyloid-β precursor protein and Notch processing drive reactivation of the cell cycle in EOFAD, while age-related reproductive endocrine dyscrasia that upregulates mitogenic TNF signaling and AβPP processing toward the amyloidogenic pathway drives reactivation of the cell cycle in LOSAD. In essence, AβPP and presenilin mutations initiate early, what endocrine dyscrasia initiates later: aberrant cell cycle re-entry of post-mitotic neurons leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Inhibition of cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons may be a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent, slow or halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The endocrine dyscrasia that accompanies menopause and andropause induces aberrant cell cycle signaling that triggers re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, neurodysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive disease. Horm Behav 2015; 76:63-80. [PMID: 26188949 PMCID: PMC4807861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Sex hormones are physiological factors that promote neurogenesis during embryonic and fetal development. During childhood and adulthood these hormones support the maintenance of brain structure and function via neurogenesis and the formation of dendritic spines, axons and synapses required for the capture, processing and retrieval of information (memories). Not surprisingly, changes in these reproductive hormones that occur with menopause and during andropause are strongly correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In this connection, much evidence now indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical, neuropathological and cognitive changes observed with disease progression. Intriguingly, a recent animal study has demonstrated that induction of adult neurogenesis results in the loss of previously encoded memories while decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation during infancy mitigated forgetting. Here we review the biochemical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that alterations in sex hormone signaling associated with menopause and andropause drive the aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into an abortive cell cycle that leads to neurite retraction, neuron dysfunction and neuron death. When the reproductive axis is in balance, gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH), and its fetal homolog, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), promote pluripotent human and totipotent murine embryonic stem cell and neuron proliferation. However, strong evidence supports menopausal/andropausal elevations in the LH:sex steroid ratio as driving aberrant mitotic events. These include the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor; amyloid-β precursor protein processing towards the production of mitogenic Aβ; and the activation of Cdk5, a key regulator of cell cycle progression and tau phosphorylation (a cardinal feature of both neurogenesis and neurodegeneration). Cognitive and biochemical studies confirm the negative consequences of a high LH:sex steroid ratio on dendritic spine density and human cognitive performance. Prospective epidemiological and clinical evidence in humans supports the premise that rebalancing the ratio of circulating gonadotropins:sex steroids reduces the incidence of AD. Together, these data support endocrine dyscrasia and the subsequent loss of cell cycle control as an important etiological event in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Richard L Bowen
- OTB Research, 217 Calhoun St, Unit 1, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Bio-orthogonal labeling as a tool to visualize and identify newly synthesized proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2237-55. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Van Dooren T, Princen K, De Witte K, Griffioen G. Derailed intraneuronal signalling drives pathogenesis in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:167024. [PMID: 25243118 PMCID: PMC4160617 DOI: 10.1155/2014/167024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of genetic and nongenetic Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors have been identified, their role in onset and/or progression of neuronal degeneration remains elusive. Systematic analysis of AD risk factors revealed that perturbations of intraneuronal signalling pathways comprise a common mechanistic denominator in both familial and sporadic AD and that such alterations lead to increases in Aβ oligomers (Aβo) formation and phosphorylation of TAU. Conversely, Aβo and TAU impact intracellular signalling directly. This feature entails binding of Aβo to membrane receptors, whereas TAU functionally interacts with downstream transducers. Accordingly, we postulate a positive feedback mechanism in which AD risk factors or genes trigger perturbations of intraneuronal signalling leading to enhanced Aβo formation and TAU phosphorylation which in turn further derange signalling. Ultimately intraneuronal signalling becomes deregulated to the extent that neuronal function and survival cannot be sustained, whereas the resulting elevated levels of amyloidogenic Aβo and phosphorylated TAU species self-polymerizes into the AD plaques and tangles, respectively.
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Silva ART, Santos ACF, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Ferretti REL, Campos AHJFM, Cunha IW, Begnami MD, Rocha RM, Carraro DM, de Bragança Pereira CA, Jacob-Filho W, Brentani H. Repair of oxidative DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation and neuronal death may influence the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99897. [PMID: 24936870 PMCID: PMC4061071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline associated with a featured neuropathology (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles). Several studies have implicated oxidative damage to DNA, DNA repair, and altered cell-cycle regulation in addition to cell death in AD post-mitotic neurons. However, there is a lack of studies that systematically assess those biological processes in patients with AD neuropathology but with no evidence of cognitive impairment. We evaluated markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG, H2AX), DNA repair (p53, BRCA1, PTEN), and cell-cycle (Cdk1, Cdk4, Cdk5, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, p27Kip1, phospho-Rb and E2F1) through immunohistochemistry and cell death through TUNEL in autopsy hippocampal tissue samples arrayed in a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of three groups: I) “clinical-pathological AD” (CP-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and clinical dementia (CDR≥2, IQCODE>3.8); II) “pathological AD” (P-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and without cognitive impairment (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2); and III) “normal aging” (N) - subjects without neuropathological AD (Braak≤II and CERAD 0 or A) and with normal cognitive function (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2). Our results show that high levels of oxidative DNA damage are present in all groups. However, significant reductions in DNA repair and cell-cycle inhibition markers and increases in cell-cycle progression and cell death markers in subjects with CP-AD were detected when compared to both P-AD and N groups, whereas there were no significant differences in the studied markers between P-AD individuals and N subjects. This study indicates that, even in the setting of pathological AD, healthy cognition may be associated with a preserved repair to DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation, and cell death in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal R. T. Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce M. Carraro
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kwon B, Kumar P, Lee HK, Zeng L, Walsh K, Fu Q, Barakat A, Querfurth HW. Aberrant cell cycle reentry in human and experimental inclusion body myositis and polymyositis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3681-94. [PMID: 24556217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM), a degenerative and inflammatory disorder of skeletal muscle, and Alzheimer's disease share protein derangements and attrition of postmitotic cells. Overexpression of cyclins and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and evidence for DNA replication is reported in Alzheimer's disease brain, possibly contributing to neuronal death. It is unknown whether aberrant cell cycle reentry also occurs in IBM. We examined cell cycle markers in IBM compared with normal control, polymyositis (PM) and non-inflammatory dystrophy sample sets. Next, we tested for evidence of reentry and DNA synthesis in C2C12 myotubes induced to express β-amyloid (Aβ42). We observed increased levels of Ki-67, PCNA and cyclins E/D1 in IBM compared with normals and non-inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, PM samples displayed similar increases. Satellite cell markers did not correlate with Ki-67-affected myofiber nuclei. DNA synthesis and cell cycle markers were induced in Aβ-bearing myotubes. Cell cycle marker and cyclin protein expressions were also induced in an experimental allergic myositis-like model of PM in mice. Levels of p21 (Cip1/WAF1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, were decreased in affected myotubes. However, overexpression of p21 did not rescue cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. This is the first report of cell cycle reentry in human myositis. The absence of rescue and evidence for reentry in separate models of myodegeneration and inflammation suggest that new DNA synthesis may be a reactive response to either or both stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ling Zeng
- Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Qinghao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Amey Barakat
- Department of Neurology, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Henry W Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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Ambegaokar SS, Jackson GR. Functional genomic screen and network analysis reveal novel modifiers of tauopathy dissociated from tau phosphorylation. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4947-77. [PMID: 21949350 PMCID: PMC3221533 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional genetic screen using loss-of-function and gain-of-function alleles was performed to identify modifiers of tau-induced neurotoxicity using the 2N/4R (full-length) isoform of wild-type human tau expressed in the fly retina. We previously reported eye pigment mutations, which create dysfunctional lysosomes, as potent modifiers; here, we report 37 additional genes identified from ∼1900 genes screened, including the kinases shaggy/GSK-3beta, par-1/MARK, CamKI and Mekk1. Tau acts synergistically with Mekk1 and p38 to down-regulate extracellular regulated kinase activity, with a corresponding decrease in AT8 immunoreactivity (pS202/T205), suggesting that tau can participate in signaling pathways to regulate its own kinases. Modifiers showed poor correlation with tau phosphorylation (using the AT8, 12E8 and AT270 epitopes); moreover, tested suppressors of wild-type tau were equally effective in suppressing toxicity of a phosphorylation-resistant S11A tau construct, demonstrating that changes in tau phosphorylation state are not required to suppress or enhance its toxicity. Genes related to autophagy, the cell cycle, RNA-associated proteins and chromatin-binding proteins constitute a large percentage of identified modifiers. Other functional categories identified include mitochondrial proteins, lipid trafficking, Golgi proteins, kinesins and dynein and the Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein (Hop). Network analysis uncovered several other genes highly associated with the functional modifiers, including genes related to the PI3K, Notch, BMP/TGF-β and Hedgehog pathways, and nuclear trafficking. Activity of GSK-3β is strongly upregulated due to TDP-43 expression, and reduced GSK-3β dosage is also a common suppressor of Aβ42 and TDP-43 toxicity. These findings suggest therapeutic targets other than mitigation of tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra S Ambegaokar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., MRB 10.138, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Modes of Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3359-75. [PMID: 21706148 PMCID: PMC3181413 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is reaching epidemic proportions, yet a cure is not yet available. While the genetic causes of the rare familial inherited forms of AD are understood, the causes of the sporadic forms of the disease are not. Histopathologically, these two forms of AD are indistinguishable: they are characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide-containing amyloid plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. In this review we compare AD to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a subset of which is characterized by tau deposition in the absence of overt plaques. A host of transgenic animal AD models have been established through the expression of human proteins with pathogenic mutations previously identified in familial AD and FTD. Determining how these mutant proteins cause disease in vivo should contribute to an understanding of the causes of the more frequent sporadic forms. We discuss the insight transgenic animal models have provided into Aβ and tau toxicity, also with regards to mitochondrial function and the crucial role tau plays in mediating Aβ toxicity. We also discuss the role of miRNAs in mediating the toxic effects of the Aβ peptide.
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Bhaskar K, Hobbs GA, Yen SH, Lee G. Tyrosine phosphorylation of tau accompanies disease progression in transgenic mouse models of tauopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 36:462-77. [PMID: 20609109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tau protein is a prominent component of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. While the abnormal phosphorylation of tau on serine and threonine has been well established in the disease process, its phosphorylation on tyrosine has only recently been described. We previously showed that the Src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases (SFKs) Fyn and Src phosphorylate tau on Tyr18 and that phospho-Tyr18-tau was present in AD brain. In this study, we have investigated the appearance of phospho-Tyr18-tau, activated SFK and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) during disease progression in a mouse model of human tauopathy. METHODS We have used JNPL3, which expresses human tau with P301L mutation, and antibodies specific for phospho-Tyr18-tau (9G3), ser/thr phosphorylated tau (AT8), activated SFK and PCNA. Antibody staining was viewed by either epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. RESULTS Phospho-Tyr18-tau appeared concurrently with AT8-reactive tau as early as 4 months in JNPL3. Some 9G3-positive cells also contained activated SFKs and PCNA. We also investigated the triple transgenic mouse model of AD and found that unlike the JNPL3 model, the appearance of 9G3 reactivity did not coincide with AT8 in the hippocampus, suggesting that the presence of APP/presenilin influences tau phosphorylation. Also, Thioflavin S-positive plaques were 9G3-negative, suggesting that phospho-Tyr18-tau is absent from the dystrophic neurites of the mouse triple transgenic brain. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated tau with mechanisms of neuropathogenesis and indicate that SFK activation and cell cycle activation are also involved in JNPL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bhaskar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Leugers CJ, Lee G. Tau potentiates nerve growth factor-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and neurite initiation without a requirement for microtubule binding. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19125-34. [PMID: 20375017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein Tau is known to bind to and stabilize microtubules, thereby regulating microtubule dynamics. However, recent evidence has indicated that Tau can also interact with various components of intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the possibility that Tau might have a role in signal transduction. Here we provide evidence that during growth factor stimulation of neuronal cells, Tau has functions in advance of the neurite elongation stage. Using Tau-depleted neuronal cell lines, we demonstrate that Tau is required for neurite initiation in a manner that does not involve its microtubule binding function. In addition, we demonstrate that Tau potentiates AP-1 transcription factor activation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF). The effect of Tau on AP-1 activation is mediated through its ability to potentiate the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which occurs in response to both NGF and epidermal growth factor. Phosphorylation of Tau at Thr-231 also occurs in response to NGF and is required for Tau to impact on MAPK signaling, whereas the ability of Tau to bind to microtubules is not required. Together, these findings indicate a new functional role for Tau in early neuronal development independent of its established role in microtubule stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Leugers
- Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
In dementia research, animal models have become indispensable tools. They not only model aspects of the human condition, but also simulate processes that occur in humans and hence provide insight into how disease is initiated and propagated. The present review discusses two prominent human neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. It discusses what we would like to model in animals and highlights some of the more recent achievements using species as diverse as mice, fish, flies and worms. Advances in imaging and therapy are explored. We also discuss some anticipated new models and developments. These will reveal how key players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, such as the peptide Aβ (amyloid β) and the protein tau, cause neuronal dysfunction and eventually, neuronal demise. Understanding these processes fully will lead to early diagnosis and therapy.
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Wang W, Bu B, Xie M, Zhang M, Yu Z, Tao D. Neural cell cycle dysregulation and central nervous system diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Götz J, Ittner LM, Schonrock N, Cappai R. An update on the toxicity of Abeta in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:1033-42. [PMID: 19337449 PMCID: PMC2646638 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized histopathologically by deposition of insoluble forms of the peptide Abeta and the protein tau in brain. Abeta is the principal component of amyloid plaques and tau of neurofibrillary tangles. Familial cases of AD are associated with causal mutations in the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein, APP, from which the amyloidogenic Abeta peptide is derived, and this supports a role for Abeta in disease. Abeta can promote tau pathology and at the same time its toxicity is also tau-dependent. Abeta can adopt different conformations including soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrillar species present in plaques. We discuss which of these conformations exert toxicity, highlight molecular pathways involved and discuss what has been learned by applying functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Götz
- Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Oligomeric and fibrillar species of beta-amyloid (A beta 42) both impair mitochondrial function in P301L tau transgenic mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1255-67. [PMID: 18709343 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently provided evidence for a mitochondrial dysfunction in P301L tau transgenic mice, a strain modeling the tau pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In addition to tau aggregates, the AD brain is further characterized by A beta peptide-containing plaques. When we addressed the role of A beta, this indicated a synergistic action of tau and A beta pathology on the mitochondria. In the present study, we compared the toxicity of different A beta 42 conformations in light of recent studies suggesting that oligomeric rather than fibrillar A beta might be the actual toxic species. Interestingly, both oligomeric and fibrillar, but not disaggregated (mainly monomeric) A beta 42 caused a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in cortical brain cells obtained from FTD P301L tau transgenic mice. This was not observed with cerebellar preparations indicating selective vulnerability of cortical neurons. Furthermore, we found reductions in state 3 respiration, the respiratory control ratio, and uncoupled respiration when incubating P301L tau mitochondria either with oligomeric or fibrillar preparations of A beta 42. Finally, we found that aging specifically increased the sensitivity of mitochondria to oligomeric A beta 42 damage indicating that oligomeric and fibrillar A beta 42 are both toxic, but exert different degrees of toxicity.
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Götz J, David D, Hoerndli F, Ke YD, Schonrock N, Wiesner A, Fath T, Bokhari L, Lim YA, Deters N, Ittner LM. Functional Genomics Dissects Pathomechanisms in Tauopathies: Mitosis Failure and Unfolded Protein Response. NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:179-81. [DOI: 10.1159/000113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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