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Asher JM, O’Hare L, Hibbard PB. No Evidence of Reduced Contrast Sensitivity in Migraine-with-Aura for Large, Narrowband, Centrally Presented Noise-Masked Stimuli. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:32. [PMID: 34205592 PMCID: PMC8293456 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with migraine aura show differences in visual perception compared to control groups. Measures of contrast sensitivity have suggested that people with migraine aura are less able to exclude external visual noise, and that this relates to higher variability in neural processing. The current study compared contrast sensitivity in migraine with aura and control groups for narrow-band grating stimuli at 2 and 8 cycles/degree, masked by Gaussian white noise. We predicted that contrast sensitivity would be lower in the migraine with aura group at high noise levels. Contrast sensitivity was higher for the low spatial frequency stimuli, and decreased with the strength of the masking noise. We did not, however, find any evidence of reduced contrast sensitivity associated with migraine with aura. We propose alternative methods as a more targeted assessment of the role of neural noise and excitability as contributing factors to migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M. Asher
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Louise O’Hare
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Paul B. Hibbard
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
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Costa KHA, Gomes BD, Silveira LCDL, Souza GDS, Martins ICVDS, Lacerda EMDCB, Rocha FADF. Ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells density in the retina of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239719. [PMID: 33002017 PMCID: PMC7529232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the topographical distribution of ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells in the retina of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), a diurnal neotropical mammal of the suborder Suina (Order Artiodactyla) widely distributed across central and mainly South America. Retinas were prepared and processed following the Nissl staining method. The number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells were determined in six flat-mounted retinas from three animals. The average density of ganglion cells was 351.822 ± 31.434 GC/mm2. The peccary shows a well-developed visual streak. The average peak density was 6,767 GC/mm2 and located within the visual range and displaced temporally as an area temporalis. Displaced amacrine cells have an average density of 300 DAC/mm2, but the density was not homogeneous along the retina, closer to the center of the retina the number of cells decreases and when approaching the periphery the density increases, in addition, amacrine cells do not form retinal specialization like ganglion cells. Outside the area temporalis, amacrine cells reach up to 80% in the ganglion cell layer. However, in the region of the area temporalis, the proportion of amacrine cells drops to 32%. Thus, three retinal specializations were found in peccary’s retina by ganglion cells: visual streak, area temporalis and dorsotemporal extension. The topography of the ganglion cells layer in the retina of the peccary resembles other species of Order Artiodactyla already described and is directly related to its evolutionary history and ecology of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Helorany Alves Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Bruno Duarte Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Universidade CEUMA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Skottun BC. A few observations on linking VEP responses to the magno- and parvocellular systems by way of contrast-response functions. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 91:147-54. [PMID: 24440598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that magno- and parvocellular contributions to Visually Evoked Potentials (VEPs) can be isolated, or differentiated, by noting the contrast-response relationships of the responses. This suggestion is examined quantitatively by determining the similarity between various sets of VEP data that have been attributed to the magno- and parvocellular systems and previously reported contrast-response functions for different kinds of neurons (magno- and parvocellular neurons and V1, V4, and MT cells) and combinations of the contrast-response functions for these neurons. It is found that other neurons, or combinations of other neurons, typically give better fits to the data than do magno- and parvocellular cells. Thus, to attribute VEP responses to the magno- or parvocellular systems based on contrast-responses properties faces difficulties.
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Kimura A, Shimegi S, Hara S, Okamoto M, Sato H. Role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping the spatial frequency tuning of neurons and its contrast dependency in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cat. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1270-83. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Toyonaka; Osaka; Japan
| | | | - Shin'ichiro Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; Toyonaka; Osaka; Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; Toyonaka; Osaka; Japan
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SKOTTUN BERNTC, SKOYLES JOHNR. THE TIME COURSE OF VISUAL BACKWARD MASKING DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. J Integr Neurosci 2011; 10:33-45. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. On identifying magnocellular and parvocellular responses on the basis of contrast-response functions. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:23-6. [PMID: 20929967 PMCID: PMC3004196 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that magnocellular and parvocellular sensitivity in schizophrenic individuals can be assessed using steady-state visually evoked potentials (VEPs) to either low-contrast stimuli or stimuli whose contrast is modulated around a high contrast "pedestal" (Green MF, Butler PD, Chen Y, et al. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:163-181). This suggestion faces 2 difficulties: (1) To use low-contrast stimuli to activate the magnocellular system is inconsistent with lesion studies that have shown that under many conditions, the parvocellular system responds to the lowest contrasts and (2) To rely on contrast-response relationships to identify magnocellular and parvocellular responses is difficult because other neurons exist in the visual system that have contrast-response relationships similar to those of magnocellular and parvocellular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Skoyles
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, UK,Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), London School of Economics, London, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +44 (0)20-7679-4325, e-mail address:
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Lalor EC, Foxe JJ. Reply to Skottun & Skoyles. On interpreting responses to low contrast stimuli in terms of magnocellular activity – A few remarks. Vision Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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On interpreting responses to low contrast stimuli in terms of magnocellular activity - a few remarks. Vision Res 2010; 50:989-90; author reply 991-4. [PMID: 20116393 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. Spatial Frequency and the Magno-Parvocellular Distinction—Some Remarks. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01658100802274952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Schuler AM, Tustin GT, Abee CR, Scammell JG. Restasis for the treatment of 'dry eye' in Aotus nancymaae. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:318-20. [PMID: 19619131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This case report describes the treatment of three male owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) diagnosed with chronic dry eye with a topical cyclosporine product, Restasis, approved for use in humans. These owl monkeys had ocular disease resulting from procedures performed at a biotechnology company. They were moved to the Center for Neotropical Primate Research and Resources at University of South Alabama to be incorporated into the breeding colony. MATERIALS AND METHODS Schirmer tear testing was performed initially and during the course of treatment to monitor efficacy of twice daily administered Restasis. The goals of treatment were to reduce pain and/or distress and if possible to quantitatively increase tear production. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All animals had improvements in conjunctival inflammation and had an increase in tear production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schuler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, AL, USA.
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Amplitude of the transient visual evoked potential (tVEP) as a function of achromatic and chromatic contrast: Contribution of different visual pathways. Vis Neurosci 2008; 25:317-25. [PMID: 18321403 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523808080243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how the stimulation mode influences transient visual evoked potentials (tVEP) amplitude as a function of contrast of achromatic and isoluminant chromatic gratings. The chromatic stimulation probed only responses to the red-green axis. Visual stimuli were monocularly presented in a 5° diameter circle, achromatic and chromatic horizontal gratings, 1 Hz pattern reversal stimulation, and achromatic and chromatic gratings, 300 ms onset per 700 ms offset stimulation. For the achromatic pattern reversal stimulation, a double slope function describes how the P100 amplitude varied as a function of log contrast which had a limb at low-to-medium contrasts and another limb at high contrasts. For the achromatic onset/offset stimulation, C2 amplitude saturated at the highest contrast tested and a single straight line described how it changed along most of the contrast range. Both presentation modes for chromatic gratings resulted in amplitude versus log contrast relations which were well described by single straight lines along most of the contrast range. The results may be interpreted as if at 2 cpd, achromatic pattern reversal stimulation evoked the activity of at least two visual pathways with high and low contrast sensitivity, respectively, while achromatic onset/offset stimulation favored the activity of a pathway with high contrast sensitivity. The neural activity in the M pathway is the best candidate to be the high contrast mechanism detected with pattern reversal and pattern onset/offset VEPs. The activity of color opponent pathways such as the P and K pathways either combined or in isolation seems to be responsible for VEPs obtained with isoluminant chromatic gratings at both presentation modes. When the amplitudes of chromatic VEPs were plotted in the same contrast scale as used for achromatic VEPs, chromatic contrast thresholds had similar values to those of the achromatic mechanism with high contrast sensitivity.
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