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Meng J, Li Z, Li H, Zhu J, Yu H. The Common and Distinct Orientation Adaptation Effect at Pinwheel Centers in Areas 21a and 17 of Cats. Neuroscience 2018; 379:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martin KAC, Roth S, Rusch ES. A biological blueprint for the axons of superficial layer pyramidal cells in cat primary visual cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3407-3430. [PMID: 28389743 PMCID: PMC5676815 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in the superficial layers of neocortex of higher mammals form a lateral network of axon clusters known as the 'daisy' network. The role of these axon clusters remains speculative and we still lack a comprehensive quantitative description of the single neurons forming the daisy or their heterogeneity. We filled intracellularly 50 superficial layer pyramidal neurons in the cat primary visual cortex and reconstructed the axonal tree and their synaptic boutons in 3D. Individual bouton clusters were identified using an objective mean-shift algorithm. By parameterizing the morphology of these 50 axonal trees and the 217 bouton clusters they formed, we were able to extract one set of relatively constant parameters and another set of variable parameters. Both sets combined allowed us to outline a comprehensive biological blueprint of superficial layer pyramidal neurons. Overall, our detailed analysis supports the hypothesis that pyramidal neurons use their lateral clusters to combine differential contextual cues, required for context-dependent processing of natural scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan A C Martin
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Roth
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisha S Rusch
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Koestinger G, Martin KAC, Roth S, Rusch ES. Synaptic connections formed by patchy projections of pyramidal cells in the superficial layers of cat visual cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3025-3042. [PMID: 28243762 PMCID: PMC5585309 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first to describe quantitatively the patterns of synaptic connections made by the patchy network of pyramidal cell axons in the superficial layers of cat V1 in relation to the orientation map. Intrinsic signal imaging of the orientation map was combined with 3D morphological reconstructions of physiologically-characterized neurons at light and electron microscope levels. A Similarity Index (SI) expressed the similarity of the orientation domain of a given bouton cluster to that of its parent dendritic tree. Six pyramidal cells whose axons had a wide range of SIs were examined. Boutons were sampled from five local and five distal clusters, and from the linear segments that link the clusters. The synaptic targets were reconstructed by serial section electron microscopy. Of the 233 synapses examined, 182 synapses were formed with spiny neurons, the remainder with smooth neurons. The proportion of smooth neurons that were synaptic targets varied greatly (from 0 to 50%) between the cluster samples, but was not correlated with the SI. The postsynaptic density sizes were similar for synapses in local and distal clusters, regardless of their SI. This heterogeneity in the synaptic targets of single cells within the superficial layers is a network feature well-suited for context-dependent processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Koestinger
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevan A C Martin
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Roth
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisha S Rusch
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Selective interhemispheric circuits account for a cardinal bias in spontaneous activity within early visual areas. Neuroimage 2017; 146:971-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Pecka M, Han Y, Sader E, Mrsic-Flogel TD. Experience-dependent specialization of receptive field surround for selective coding of natural scenes. Neuron 2014; 84:457-69. [PMID: 25263755 PMCID: PMC4210638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At eye opening, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) are selective for stimulus features, but circuits continue to refine in an experience-dependent manner for some weeks thereafter. How these changes contribute to the coding of visual features embedded in complex natural scenes remains unknown. Here we show that normal visual experience after eye opening is required for V1 neurons to develop a sensitivity for the statistical structure of natural stimuli extending beyond the boundaries of their receptive fields (RFs), which leads to improvements in coding efficiency for full-field natural scenes (increased selectivity and information rate). These improvements are mediated by an experience-dependent increase in the effectiveness of natural surround stimuli to hyperpolarize the membrane potential specifically during RF-stimulus epochs triggering action potentials. We suggest that neural circuits underlying surround modulation are shaped by the statistical structure of visual input, which leads to more selective coding of features in natural scenes. V1 firing is more selective to natural than phase-scrambled surround stimuli Improved selectivity is caused by Vm hyperpolarisation prior to RF-spiking events Natural surround sensitivity is experience dependent, absent in immature/deprived V1 Vision shapes circuits to improve V1 coding of natural scenes across RF and surround
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pecka
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK.
| | - Yunyun Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elie Sader
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Thomas D Mrsic-Flogel
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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The visual callosal connection: a connection like any other? Neural Plast 2013; 2013:397176. [PMID: 23634306 PMCID: PMC3619632 DOI: 10.1155/2013/397176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work about the role of visual callosal connections in ferrets and cats is reviewed, and morphological and functional homologies between the lateral intrinsic and callosal network in early visual areas are discussed. Both networks selectively link distributed neuronal groups with similar response properties, and the actions exerted by callosal input reflect the functional topography of those networks. This supports the notion that callosal connections perpetuate the function of the lateral intrahemispheric circuit onto the other hemisphere. Reversible deactivation studies indicate that the main action of visual callosal input is a multiplicative shift of responses rather than a changing response selectivity. Both the gain of that action and its excitatory-inhibitory balance seem to be dynamically adapted to the feedforward drive by the visual stimulus onto primary visual cortex. Taken together anatomical and functional evidence from corticocortical and lateral circuits further leads to the conclusion that visual callosal connections share more features with lateral intrahemispheric connections on the same hierarchical level and less with feedback connections. I propose that experimental results about the callosal circuit in early visual areas can be interpreted with respect to lateral connectivity in general.
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Hashemi-Nezhad M, Lyon DC. Orientation tuning of the suppressive extraclassical surround depends on intrinsic organization of V1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:308-26. [PMID: 21666124 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic functional architecture of early cortical areas in highly visual mammals is characterized by the presence of domains and pinwheels, with orientation preference of the inputs to these regions being more and less selective, respectively. We exploited this organizational feature to investigate mechanisms supporting extraclassical surround suppression, a process thought to be critical for figure ground segregation and form vision. Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit recording in V1 of anesthetized cats, we show for the first time that the orientation tuning of the suppressive surround is sharper for domain than for pinwheel neurons. This difference depends on high center gain and is more pronounced in superficial cortex. In addition, when we remove the near component of the surround stimulus, the strength of suppression induced by the iso-oriented surround is significantly reduced for domain neurons but is unchanged for orthogonal oriented surrounds. This leads to broader orientation tuning of suppression that renders domain cells indistinguishable from pinwheel cells. Because the limited receptive field of the near surround can be accounted for by the lateral spread of long-range connections in V1, our findings suggest that intrinsic V1 circuits play a key role in the orientation tuning of extraclassical surround suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Hashemi-Nezhad
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Schmidt KE, Lomber SG, Innocenti GM. Specificity of neuronal responses in primary visual cortex is modulated by interhemispheric corticocortical input. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:2776-86. [PMID: 20211943 PMCID: PMC2978237 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Within the visual cortex, it has been proposed that interhemispheric interactions serve to re-establish the continuity of the visual field across its vertical meridian (VM) by mechanisms similar to those used by intrinsic connections within a hemisphere. However, other specific functions of transcallosal projections have also been proposed, including contributing to disparity tuning and depth perception. Here, we consider whether interhemispheric connections modulate specific response properties, orientation and direction selectivity, of neurons in areas 17 and 18 of the ferret by combining reversible thermal deactivation in one hemisphere with optical imaging of intrinsic signals and single-cell electrophysiology in the other hemisphere. We found interhemispheric influences on both the strength and specificity of the responses to stimulus orientation and direction of motion, predominantly at the VM. However, neurons and domains preferring cardinal contours, in particular vertical contours, seem to receive stronger interhemispheric input than others. This finding is compatible with interhemispheric connections being involved in horizontal disparity tuning. In conclusion, our results support the view that interhemispheric interactions mainly perform integrative functions similar to those of connections intrinsic to one hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin E Schmidt
- Max-Planck Research Group: Cortical Function and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstraße 46, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Nemri A, Ghisovan N, Shumikhina S, Molotchnikoff S. Adaptive behavior of neighboring neurons during adaptation-induced plasticity of orientation tuning in VI. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:147. [PMID: 20003453 PMCID: PMC2801505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensory neurons display transient changes of their response properties following prolonged exposure to an appropriate stimulus (adaptation). In adult cat primary visual cortex, orientation-selective neurons shift their preferred orientation after being adapted to a non-preferred orientation. The direction of those shifts, towards (attractive) or away (repulsive) from the adapter depends mostly on adaptation duration. How the adaptive behavior of a neuron is related to that of its neighbors remains unclear. Results Here we show that in most cases (75%), cells shift their preferred orientation in the same direction as their neighbors. We also found that cells shifting preferred orientation differently from their neighbors (25%) display three interesting properties: (i) larger variance of absolute shift amplitude, (ii) wider tuning bandwidth and (iii) larger range of preferred orientations among the cluster of cells. Several response properties of V1 neurons depend on their location within the cortical orientation map. Our results suggest that recording sites with both attractive and repulsive shifts following adaptation may be located in close proximity to iso-orientation domain boundaries or pinwheel centers. Indeed, those regions have a more diverse orientation distribution of local inputs that could account for the three properties above. On the other hand, sites with all cells shifting their preferred orientation in the same direction could be located within iso-orientation domains. Conclusions Our results suggest that the direction and amplitude of orientation preference shifts in V1 depend on location within the orientation map. This anisotropy of adaptation-induced plasticity, comparable to that of the visual cortex itself, could have important implications for our understanding of visual adaptation at the psychophysical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Nemri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ghisovan N, Nemri A, Shumikhina S, Molotchnikoff S. Long adaptation reveals mostly attractive shifts of orientation tuning in cat primary visual cortex. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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