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Lloren KKS, Sivasankar C, Lee JH. Comparative immunogenic and immunoprotective activities of PCV2d Cap and Rep antigens delivered by an efficient eukaryotic expression system engineered into a Salmonella vaccine vector. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110151. [PMID: 38870752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stands as a predominant etiological agent in porcine circovirus-associated diseases. To manage the spread of the disease, it is necessary to develop a next-generation vaccine expressing PCV2 antigens that target the prevailing genotype such as PCV2d. A bacterial-mediated vaccine delivery by live-attenuated Salmonella has attracted interest for its low-cost production and highly effective vaccine delivery. Thus, in this study, we utilized the advantages of the Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery by cloning PCV2d cap and rep into a eukaryotic expression plasmid pJHL204 and electroporation into an engineered live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium JOL2500 (Δlon, ΔcpxR, ΔsifA, Δasd). The eukaryotic antigen expression by JOL2995 (p204:cap) and JOL2996 (p204:rep) was confirmed in vitro and in vivo which showed efficient antigen delivery. Furthermore, vaccination of mice model with the vaccine candidates elicited humoral and cell-mediated immune responses as depicted by high levels of PCV2-specific antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and neutralizing antibodies, especially by JOL2995 (p204:cap) which correlated with the significant decrease in the viral load in PCV2d-challenged mice. Interestingly, JOL2996 (p204:rep) may not have elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and protective efficacy, but it elicited considerably higher cell-mediated immune responses. This study demonstrated Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery system coupled with the eukaryotic expression vector can efficiently deliver and express the target PCV2d antigens for strong induction of immune response and protective efficacy in mice model, further supporting the potential application of the Salmonella-mediated vaccine delivery system as an effective novel approach in vaccine strategies for PCV2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandran Sivasankar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Tang J, Gu Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Zhang F, Zheng J, Wang Y, Shen X, Xu L. Salmonella T3SS-elicited inflammatory innate immune response inhibits type I IFN response in macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109970. [PMID: 38154394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
As a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) invades different cell types including macrophages. Its infection in macrophages induces robust innate immune responses that are featured by proinflammatory and type I interferon (IFN) responses. The type III secretion systems (T3SSs) of S. Typhimurium play a crucial role in activating host inflammasome pathways. It has been recognized that the inflammasome pathways inhibit the type I IFN cascade. However, the potential role of T3SS in regulating the type I IFN response and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that S. Typhimurium infection activated strong proinflammatory, type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression in macrophages. Furthermore, we showed that T3SS-defective S. Typhimurium mutant ΔinvC elicited attenuated inflammatory response but enhanced type I IFN and ISGs expression. Additionally, the inhibition of caspase-1 by a specific inhibitor VX-765 resulted in increased type I IFN response. Moreover, cell-permeable pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK also enhanced the type I IFN response upon S. Typhimurium infection. Intriguingly, compared with exponential phase S. Typhimurium infection, stationary phase bacteria triggered higher levels of type I IFN responses. Finally, the inhibition of caspase-1 by VX-765 substantially increased the intracellular S. Typhimurium burden. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the proinflammatory response induced by S. Typhimurium T3SS can inhibit the type I IFN response, which provides insight into the role of T3SS in orchestrating innate immunity during S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanchao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingcai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Patterson LL, Byerly CD, Solomon R, Pittner N, Bui DC, Patel J, McBride JW. Ehrlichia Notch signaling induction promotes XIAP stability and inhibits apoptosis. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0000223. [PMID: 37594275 PMCID: PMC10501217 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis has evolved multiple strategies to evade innate defenses of the mononuclear phagocyte. Recently, we reported the E. chaffeensis tandem repeat protein (TRP)120 effector functions as a Notch ligand mimetic and a ubiquitin ligase that degrades the nuclear tumor suppressor, F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7, a negative regulator of Notch. The Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is known to inhibit apoptosis primarily by interacting with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to prevent degradation. In this study, we determined that E. chaffeensis activation of Notch signaling increases XIAP levels, thereby inhibiting apoptosis through both the intrinsic and executioner pathways. Increased NICD and XIAP levels were detected during E. chaffeensis infection and after TRP120 Notch ligand mimetic peptide treatment. Conversely, XIAP levels were reduced in the presence of Notch inhibitor DAPT. Cytoplasmic and nuclear colocalization of NICD and XIAP was observed during infection and a direct interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Procaspase levels increased temporally during infection, consistent with increased XIAP levels; however, knockdown (KD) of XIAP during infection significantly increased apoptosis and Caspase-3, -7, and -9 levels. Furthermore, treatment with SM-164, a second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) antagonist, resulted in decreased procaspase levels and increased caspase activation, induced apoptosis, and significantly decreased infection. In addition, RNAi KD of XIAP also decreased infection and significantly increased apoptosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytically defective mutant in HeLa cells decreased NICD and XIAP levels and increased caspase activation compared to HeLa cells with functional HECT Ub ligase catalytic activity (TRP120-WT). This investigation reveals a mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis modulates Notch signaling to stabilize XIAP and inhibit apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaNisha L. Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlan D. Byerly
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Regina Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Pittner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Duc Cuong Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jignesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Xiong D, Song L, Chen Y, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis activates inflammatory storm via SPI-1 and SPI-2 to promote intracellular proliferation and bacterial virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1158888. [PMID: 37325511 PMCID: PMC10266283 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1158888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is an important intracellular pathogen, which can cause gastroenteritis in humans and animals and threaten life and health. S. Enteritidis proliferates in host macrophages to establish systemic infection. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 to S. Enteritidis virulence in vitro and in vivo, as well as the host inflammatory pathways affected by SPI-1 and SPI-2. Our results show that S. Enteritidis SPI-1 and SPI-2 contributed to bacterial invasion and proliferation in RAW264.7 macrophages, and induced cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis of these cells. S. Enteritidis infection induced multiple inflammatory responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-mediated) and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcript (STAT) (STAT2-mediated) pathways. Both SPI-1 and SPI-2 were necessary to induce robust inflammatory responses and ERK/STAT2 phosphorylation in macrophages. In a mouse infection model, both SPIs, especially SPI-2, resulted in significant production of inflammatory cytokines and various interferon-stimulated genes in the liver and spleen. Activation of the ERK- and STAT2-mediated cytokine storm was largely affected by SPI-2. S. Enteritidis ΔSPI-1-infected mice displayed moderate histopathological damage and drastically reduced bacterial loads in tissues, whereas only slight damage and no bacteria were observed in ΔSPI-2- and ΔSPI-1/SPI-2-infected mice. A survival assay showed that ΔSPI-1 mutant mice maintained a medium level of virulence, while SPI-2 plays a decisive role in bacterial virulence. Collectively, our findings indicate that both SPIs, especially SPI-2, profoundly contributed to S. Enteritidis intracellular localization and virulence by activating multiple inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Patterson LL, Byerly CD, Solomon R, Pittner N, Bui DC, Patel J, McBride JW. Ehrlichia Notch signaling induction promotes XIAP stability and inhibits apoptosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.523066. [PMID: 36711597 PMCID: PMC9881962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.523066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis has evolved multiple strategies to evade innate defenses of the mononuclear phagocyte. Recently, we reported the E. chaffeensis TRP120 effector functions as a Notch ligand mimetic and a ubiquitin ligase that degrades the nuclear tumor suppressor, F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBW7), a negative regulator of Notch. The Notch receptor intracellular domain (NICD) is known to inhibit apoptosis primarily by interacting with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to prevent degradation. In this study, we determined E. chaffeensis activation of Notch signaling increases XIAP levels, thereby inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis. Increased NICD and XIAP levels were detected during E. chaffeensis infection and after TRP120 Notch ligand mimetic peptide treatment. Conversely, XIAP levels were reduced in the presence of Notch inhibitor DAPT. Cytoplasmic colocalization of NICD and XIAP was observed during infection and a direct interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Procaspase levels increased temporally during infection, consistent with increased XIAP levels; however, knockdown of XIAP during infection significantly increased apoptosis and Caspase-3, -7 and -9 levels. Further, treatment with SM-164, a second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) antagonist, resulted in decreased procaspase levels and increased caspase activation, induced apoptosis, and significantly decreased infection. In addition, iRNA knockdown of XIAP also decreased infection and significantly increased apoptosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytically defective mutant in HeLa cells decreased NICD and XIAP levels and increased caspase activation compared to WT. This investigation reveals a mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis repurposes Notch signaling to stabilize XIAP and inhibit apoptosis. Author Summary Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-borne, obligately intracellular bacterium that exhibits tropism for mononuclear phagocytes. E. chaffeensis survives by mobilizing various molecular strategies to promote cell survival, including modulation of apoptosis. This investigation reveals an E. chaffeensis initiated, Notch signaling regulated, antiapoptotic mechanism involving inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Herein, we demonstrate that E. chaffeensis induced Notch activation results in Notch intracellular domain stabilization of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to inhibit intrinsic apoptosis. This study highlights a novel mechanistic strategy whereby intracellular pathogens repurpose evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic signaling pathways to engage an antiapoptotic program for intracellular survival.
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Gao R, Zhang J, Geng H, Wang Y, Kang X, Geng S, Jiao X, Barrow P. The Loss of focA Gene Increases the Ability of Salmonella Enteritidis to Exit from Macrophages and Boosts Early Extraintestinal Spread for Systemic Infection in a Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081557. [PMID: 36013975 PMCID: PMC9414335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) can spread from the intestines to cause systemic infection, mainly involving macrophages. Intramacrophage Salmonella exits and reinfects neighboring cells, leading to severe disease. Salmonella genes involved in exiting from macrophages are not well understood or fully identified. A focA::Tn5 mutant was identified by an in vitro assay, with increased ability to exit from macrophages. A defined SEΔfocA mutant and its complemented derivative strain, SEΔfocA::focA, were constructed to confirm this phenotype. Although the lethal ability of focA mutants was similar to that of the parental SE in mice, it was isolated earlier from the liver and spleen than the parental SE. focA mutants induced higher levels of proinflammatory IL-12 and TNF-α compared with the parental SE and SEΔfocA::focA. focA mutants showed higher cytotoxicity and lower formate concentrations than SE and SEΔfocA::focA, whereas there was no change in pyroptosis, apoptosis and flagella formation ability. These current data suggest that the focA gene plays an important role in regulating intramacrophage Salmonella exiting and extraintestinal spread in mice, although the specific mechanism requires further in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haoyu Geng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yaonan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(514)-87971136; Fax: +86-(514)-87991747
| | - Xin’an Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (J.Z.); (H.G.); (Y.W.); (X.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella's intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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Marmion M, Macori G, Whyte P, Scannell AGM. Stress response modulation: the key to survival of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria during poultry processing. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35451951 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The control of bacterial contaminants on meat is a key area of interest in the food industry. Bacteria are exposed to a variety of stresses during broiler processing which challenge bacterial structures and metabolic pathways causing death or sublethal injury. To counter these stresses, bacteria possess robust response systems that can induce shifts in the transcriptome and proteome to enable survival. Effective adaptive responses, such as biofilm formation, shock protein production and metabolic flexibility, require rapid induction and implementation at a cellular and community level to facilitate bacterial survival in adverse conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature pertaining to the regulation of complex adaptive processes used by bacteria to survive the processing environment, with particular focus on species that impact the quality and safety of poultry products like Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitiú Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Guerrino Macori
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
| | - Amalia G M Scannell
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04V4W8, Ireland
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Li Q, Ye C, Zhao F, Li W, Zhu S, Lv Y, Park CG, Zhang Y, Jiang LY, Yang K, He Y, Cai H, Zhang S, Ding HH, Njiri OA, Tembo JM, Alkraiem AA, Li AY, Sun ZY, Li W, Yan MY, Kan B, Huo X, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Anisimov AP, Gao X, Han Y, Yang RF, Xiamu X, Wang Y, Chen H, Chai B, Sun Y, Yuan J, Chen T. PgtE Enzyme of Salmonella enterica Shares the Similar Biological Roles to Plasminogen Activator (Pla) in Interacting With DEC-205 (CD205), and Enhancing Host Dissemination and Infectivity by Yersinia pestis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791799. [PMID: 35401532 PMCID: PMC8986990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a newly evolved Gram-negative bacterium. Through the acquisition of the plasminogen activator (Pla), Y. pestis gained the means to rapidly disseminate throughout its mammalian hosts. It was suggested that Y. pestis utilizes Pla to interact with the DEC-205 (CD205) receptor on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate host dissemination and infection. However, the evolutionary origin of Pla has not been fully elucidated. The PgtE enzyme of Salmonella enterica, involved in host dissemination, shows sequence similarity with the Y. pestis Pla. In this study, we demonstrated that both Escherichia coli K-12 and Y. pestis bacteria expressing the PgtE-protein were able to interact with primary alveolar macrophages and DEC-205-transfected CHO cells. The interaction between PgtE-expressing bacteria and DEC-205-expressing transfectants could be inhibited by the application of an anti-DEC-205 antibody. Moreover, PgtE-expressing Y. pestis partially re-gained the ability to promote host dissemination and infection. In conclusion, the DEC-205-PgtE interaction plays a role in promoting the dissemination and infection of Y. pestis, suggesting that Pla and the PgtE of S. enterica might share a common evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenglin Ye
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sizhe Zhu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Lv
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Genuv Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yingmiao Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling-Yu Jiang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxia He
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Hui Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Olivia Adhiambo Njiri
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - John Mambwe Tembo
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ayman Ahmad Alkraiem
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - An-Yi Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Ying Yan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Hubei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, China
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrey P. Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Fu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiding Xiamu
- Division of Disease Control and Prevention for Endemic Diseases , Wenquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenquan, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao Chai
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yicheng Sun
- Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tie Chen,, ; Jingping Yuan,; Yicheng Sun,
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tie Chen,, ; Jingping Yuan,; Yicheng Sun,
| | - Tie Chen
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tie Chen,, ; Jingping Yuan,; Yicheng Sun,
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A parasitoid wasp of Drosophila employs preemptive and reactive strategies to deplete its host's blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009615. [PMID: 34048506 PMCID: PMC8191917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wasps Leptopilina heterotoma parasitize and ingest their Drosophila hosts. They produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the venom that are packed with proteins, some of which perform immune suppressive functions. EV interactions with blood cells of host larvae are linked to hematopoietic depletion, immune suppression, and parasite success. But how EVs disperse within the host, enter and kill hematopoietic cells is not well understood. Using an antibody marker for L. heterotoma EVs, we show that these parasite-derived structures are readily distributed within the hosts’ hemolymphatic system. EVs converge around the tightly clustered cells of the posterior signaling center (PSC) of the larval lymph gland, a small hematopoietic organ in Drosophila. The PSC serves as a source of developmental signals in naïve animals. In wasp-infected animals, the PSC directs the differentiation of lymph gland progenitors into lamellocytes. These lamellocytes are needed to encapsulate the wasp egg and block parasite development. We found that L. heterotoma infection disassembles the PSC and PSC cells disperse into the disintegrating lymph gland lobes. Genetically manipulated PSC-less lymph glands remain non-responsive and largely intact in the face of L. heterotoma infection. We also show that the larval lymph gland progenitors use the endocytic machinery to internalize EVs. Once inside, L. heterotoma EVs damage the Rab7- and LAMP-positive late endocytic and phagolysosomal compartments. Rab5 maintains hematopoietic and immune quiescence as Rab5 knockdown results in hematopoietic over-proliferation and ectopic lamellocyte differentiation. Thus, both aspects of anti-parasite immunity, i.e., (a) phagocytosis of the wasp’s immune-suppressive EVs, and (b) progenitor differentiation for wasp egg encapsulation reside in the lymph gland. These results help explain why the lymph gland is specifically and precisely targeted for destruction. The parasite’s simultaneous and multipronged approach to block cellular immunity not only eliminates blood cells, but also tactically blocks the genetic programming needed for supplementary hematopoietic differentiation necessary for host success. In addition to its known functions in hematopoiesis, our results highlight a previously unrecognized phagocytic role of the lymph gland in cellular immunity. EV-mediated virulence strategies described for L. heterotoma are likely to be shared by other parasitoid wasps; their understanding can improve the design and development of novel therapeutics and biopesticides as well as help protect biodiversity. Parasitoid wasps serve as biological control agents of agricultural insect pests and are worthy of study. Many parasitic wasps develop inside their hosts to emerge as free-living adults. To overcome the resistance of their hosts, parasitic wasps use varied and ingenious strategies such as mimicry, evasion, bioactive venom, virus-like particles, viruses, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We describe the effects of a unique class of EVs containing virulence proteins and produced in the venom of wasps that parasitize fruit flies of Drosophila species. EVs from Leptopilina heterotoma are widely distributed throughout the Drosophila hosts’ circulatory system after infection. They enter and kill macrophages by destroying the very same subcellular machinery that facilitates their uptake. An important protein in this process, Rab5, is needed to maintain the identity of the macrophage; when Rab5 function is reduced, macrophages turn into a different cell type called lamellocytes. Activities in the EVs can eliminate lamellocytes as well. EVs also interfere with the hosts’ genetic program that promotes lamellocyte differentiation needed to block parasite development. Thus, wasps combine specific preemptive and reactive strategies to deplete their hosts of the very cells that would otherwise sequester and kill them. These findings have applied value in agricultural pest control and medical therapeutics.
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Bao H, Wang S, Zhao JH, Liu SL. Salmonella secretion systems: Differential roles in pathogen-host interactions. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126591. [PMID: 32932132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes a large group of food-borne pathogens that cause a variety of gastrointestinal or systemic diseases in hosts. Salmonella use several secretion devices to inject various effectors targeting eukaryotic hosts, or bacteria. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the structural features and molecular mechanisms of the secretion systems of Salmonella, particularly regarding their roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current advances about the main characteristics of the Salmonella secretion systems. Clarifying the roles of the secretion systems in the process of infecting various hosts will broaden our understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in maintaining human health and will provide information for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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12
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Lin HH, Chen HL, Weng CC, Janapatla RP, Chen CL, Chiu CH. Activation of apoptosis by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 effectors through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in Salmonella-infected macrophages. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:616-626. [PMID: 32127288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a non-typhoidal food-borne pathogen, causes acute enterocolitis, bacteremia, extraintestinal focal infections in humans. Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) contribute to invading into host cellular cytosol, residing in Salmonella-containing vacuoles for intracellular survival, and inducing cellular apoptosis. This study aimed to better understand the mechanism underlying apoptosis in Salmonella-infected macrophages. METHODS S. Typhimurium SL1344 was used to evaluate extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages in response to Salmonella infection. RESULTS Activated caspase-3-induced apoptosis pathways, including extrinsic (caspase-8-mediated) and intrinsic (caspase-9-mediated) pathways, in Salmonella-infected macrophages were verified. THP-1 cells with dysfunction of TLR-4 and TLR-5 and Salmonella SPI-1 and SPI-2 mutants were constructed to identify the roles of the genes associated with programmed cell death in the macrophages. Caspase-3 activation in THP-1 macrophages was induced by Salmonella through TLR-4 and TLR-5 signaling pathways. We also identified that SPI-1 structure protein PrgH and effectors SipB and SipD, but not SPI-2 structure protein SsaV, could induce apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and reduce the secretion of inflammation marker TNF-α in the Salmonella-infected cells. The two effectors also reduced the translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB into the nucleus and the expression of TNF-α, and then inflammation was diminished. CONCLUSION Non-typhoid Salmonella induced apoptosis of macrophages and thereby reduced inflammatory cytokine production through the expression of SPI-1. This mechanism in host-pathogen interaction may explain why Salmonella usually manifests as occult bacteremia with less systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the bloodstream infection of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Gogoi M, Shreenivas MM, Chakravortty D. Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The Salmonella-Macrophage Paradigm. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:289-299. [PMID: 30041182 DOI: 10.1159/000490953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing and underdeveloped nations. Being a foodborne disease, Salmonella infection is primarily contracted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or due to close contact with infected/carrier individuals. It is an intracellular pathogen, which can survive and replicate in various cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and other white blood cells. Once Salmonella crosses the intestinal barrier, it disseminates to various systemic sites by circulation via immune cells. One of the major cell types which are involved in Salmonella infection are host macrophages. They are the niche for intracellular survival and proliferation of Salmonella and a mode of dissemination to distal systemic sites. These cells are very crucial as they mediate the mounting of an appropriate innate and adaptive anti-Salmonella immune response. In this review, we have tried to concise the current knowledge of complex interactions that occur between Salmonella and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Meghanashree M Shreenivas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Undergraduate Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, .,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, .,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India,
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Casanova JE. Bacterial Autophagy: Offense and Defense at the Host-Pathogen Interface. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:237-243. [PMID: 28660242 PMCID: PMC5480303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process used for the turnover and recycling of cytosolic components and damaged organelles. Originally characterized as a response to cellular stress, it now is well established that autophagy also is used as a defensive mechanism to combat the infection of host cells by intracellular pathogens. However, although this defensive strategy does limit the proliferation of most pathogens within their host cells, successful pathogens have evolved countermeasures that subvert or circumvent the autophagic response. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms used by a number of these pathogens to escape autophagy, with a particular focus on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which has been the most extensively studied example. We also discuss the consequences of bacterial autophagy for the broader innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Casanova
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: James E. Casanova, PhD, University of Virginia Health System, 3014 Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.University of Virginia Health System3014 Pinn HallCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908
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15
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Duncan DI, Kim THM, Temaat R. A prospective study analyzing the application of radiofrequency energy and high-voltage, ultrashort pulse duration electrical fields on the quantitative reduction of adipose tissue. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 18:257-67. [PMID: 26962636 PMCID: PMC4950457 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2016.1157368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive fat reduction is claimed by many device manufacturers, but proof of efficacy has been difficult to establish. This prospective study was designed to measure the reduction of fat thickness and actual volume reduction in 20 female patients treated with an external radiofrequency (RF) device. This device combines RF heat, suction coupled vacuum, and oscillating electrical pulses that induce adipocyte death over time. Patients underwent pre- and post-treatment and intercurrent measurements of weight, body mass index, ultrasonic transcutaneous fat thickness, and 2D and 3D Vectra photography with independent calculation of circumferential and volumetric change. Mean transcutaneous ultrasound thickness at reproducible points was 2.78 cm; at 1-month post-treatment, the mean fat thickness was 1.71 cm. At 3-month post-treatment, the mean fat thickness reduction was 39.6%. Vectra circumference measurements were taken at 10-mm intervals, with postural and breathing cycle control. Independent analysis of serial measurements from + 60 to - 70 mm showed mean abdominal circumference measurement of 2.3 cm. Mean abdominal volume loss was 202.4 and 428.5 cc at 1- and 3-month post-treatment, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that permanent cell destruction was caused by irreversible electroporation. Pyroptosis appears to be the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Irvine Duncan
- Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgical Associates of Fort Collins, P.C., Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Theresa H. M. Kim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robbin Temaat
- Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgical Associates of Fort Collins, P.C., Fort Collins, CO, USA
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16
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Brown NA, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. The trans-kingdom identification of negative regulators of pathogen hypervirulence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:19-40. [PMID: 26468211 PMCID: PMC4703069 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern society and global ecosystems are increasingly under threat from pathogens, which cause a plethora of human, animal, invertebrate and plant diseases. Of increasing concern is the trans-kingdom tendency for increased pathogen virulence that is beginning to emerge in natural, clinical and agricultural settings. The study of pathogenicity has revealed multiple examples of convergently evolved virulence mechanisms. Originally described as rare, but increasingly common, are interactions where a single gene deletion in a pathogenic species causes hypervirulence. This review utilised the pathogen-host interaction database (www.PHI-base.org) to identify 112 hypervirulent mutations from 37 pathogen species, and subsequently interrogates the trans-kingdom, conserved, molecular, biochemical and cellular themes that cause hypervirulence. This study investigates 22 animal and 15 plant pathogens including 17 bacterial and 17 fungal species. Finally, the evolutionary significance and trans-kingdom requirement for negative regulators of hypervirulence and the implication of pathogen hypervirulence and emerging infectious diseases on society are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Brown
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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17
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Chen S, Zhang C, Liao C, Li J, Yu C, Cheng X, Yu Z, Zhang M, Wang Y. Deletion of Invasion Protein B in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Influences Bacterial Invasion and Virulence. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:687-92. [PMID: 26341924 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has a wide host range and causes infections ranging from severe gastroenteritis to systemic infections in human, as well as causing typhoid-like disease in murine models of infection. S. Typhimurium translocates its effector proteins through the Salmonella pathogenicity island-I (SPI-I)-encoded T3SS-I needle complex. This study focuses on invasion protein B (SipB) of S. Typhimurium, which plays an active role in SPI-I invasion efficiency. To test our hypothesis, a sipB deletion mutant was constructed through double-crossover allelic using the suicide vector pRE112ΔsipB, and its biological characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the SipB does not affect the growth of Salmonella, but the adherence, invasion, and virulence of the mutant were significantly decreased compared with wild-type S. Typhimurium (SL1344). This research indicates that SipB is an important virulence factor in the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province. The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Orzechowska BU, Kukowska-Latallo JF, Coulter AD, Szabo Z, Gamian A, Myc A. Nanoemulsion-based mucosal adjuvant induces apoptosis in human epithelial cells. Vaccine 2015; 33:2289-2296. [PMID: 25817825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) are adjuvants that enhance antigen penetration of the nasal mucosa, increase cellular uptake of antigens by both epithelial and dendritic cells, and promote the migration of antigen-loaded dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes within 24-h of vaccine administration. The objective of this study was to elucidate cell death caused by W805EC NE and identify caspases and genes associated with death pathways. Consistent with this aim, we show that exposure of human epithelial cells (EC), both RPMI 2650 and FaDu, to NE results in the activation of caspases (1, 3/7, 6, 8, and 9) and the expression of genes involved in apoptotic as well as authophagy and necrosis pathways. Interestingly, the NE activates caspase 8 which promotes "immunogenic apoptosis". The rescue assay was employed to investigate the fate of RPMI 2650 cells treated with W805EC NE. After four-hour treatment with as little as 0.03% of NE no cells were rescued at 72h. Remarkably, immediately after four-hour treatment, the cells morphologically resembled untreated cells and most of the cells were alive. Altogether, these results suggest that NE induces death of human ECs through multiple pathways. Epithelial cell death caused by W805EC may have further implications on antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by DC's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata U Orzechowska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta F Kukowska-Latallo
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexa D Coulter
- The University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Szabo
- The University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Center EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Myc
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
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19
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Type 1 interferon-associated necroptosis: a novel mechanism for Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to induce macrophage death. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:10-2. [PMID: 23147719 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica infections result in diverse clinical manifestations. Typhoid fever, caused by S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi A, is a bacteremic illness but whose clinical features differ from other Gram-negative bacteremias. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause self-limiting diarrhea with occasional secondary bacteremia. Primary NTS bacteremia can occur in the immunocompromised host and infants in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent studies on host-pathogen interactions in Salmonellosis using genome sequencing, murine models, and patient studies have provided new insights. The full genome sequences of numerous S. enterica serovars have been determined. The S. Typhi genome, compared to that of S. Typhimurium, harbors many inactivated or disrupted genes. This can partly explain the different immune responses both serovars induce upon entering their host. Similar genome degradation is also observed in the ST313 S. Typhimurium strain implicated in invasive infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Virulence factors, most notably, type III secretion systems, Vi antigen, lipopolysaccharide and other surface polysaccharides, flagella, and various factors essential for the intracellular life cycle of S. enterica have been characterized. Genes for these factors are commonly carried on Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs). Plasmids also carry putative virulence-associated genes as well as those responsible for antimicrobial resistance. The interaction of Salmonella pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) leads to inflammasome formation, activation, and recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ. The gut microbiome may be an important modulator of this immune response. S. Typhimurium usually causes a local intestinal immune response, whereas S. Typhi, by preventing neutrophil attraction resulting from activation of TLRs, evades the local response and causes systemic infection. Potential new therapeutic strategies may lead from an increased understanding of infection pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K. de Jong
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris M. Parry
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Gog JR, Murcia A, Osterman N, Restif O, McKinley TJ, Sheppard M, Achouri S, Wei B, Mastroeni P, Wood JLN, Maskell DJ, Cicuta P, Bryant CE. Dynamics of Salmonella infection of macrophages at the single cell level. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2696-707. [PMID: 22552918 PMCID: PMC3427505 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes a range of diseases. Salmonellae are intracellular parasites of macrophages, and the control of bacteria within these cells is critical to surviving an infection. The dynamics of the bacteria invading, surviving, proliferating in and killing macrophages are central to disease pathogenesis. Fundamentally important parameters, however, such as the cellular infection rate, have not previously been calculated. We used two independent approaches to calculate the macrophage infection rate: mathematical modelling of Salmonella infection experiments, and analysis of real-time video microscopy of infection events. Cells repeatedly encounter salmonellae, with the bacteria often remain associated with the macrophage for more than ten seconds. Once Salmonella encounters a macrophage, the probability of that bacterium infecting the cell is remarkably low: less than 5%. The macrophage population is heterogeneous in terms of its susceptibility to the first infection event. Once infected, a macrophage can undergo further infection events, but these reinfection events occur at a lower rate than that of the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Gog
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
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22
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López FE, de las Mercedes Pescaretti M, Morero R, Delgado MA. Salmonella Typhimurium general virulence factors: A battle of David against Goliath? Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Fan YG, Hu CW, Chu C, Chiu KC, Weng BBC. Effect of barley β-glucan on murine RAW264.7 macrophages against virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Chen GY, Núñez G. Inflammasomes in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1986-99. [PMID: 22005480 PMCID: PMC3442608 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that mediate activation of caspase-1, which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and pyroptosis, a form of phagocyte cell death induced by bacterial pathogens. Members of the Nod-like receptor family (including Nlrp1, Nlrp3, and Nlrc4), the DNA sensor Aim2, the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 are important components of inflammasomes. Stimulation with specific microbial and endogenous molecules leads to inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Inflammasomes are believed to mediate host defense against microbial pathogens and tissue homeostasis within the intestine, and their dysregulation might contribute to inflammatory diseases and intestinal cancer. Improving our understanding of inflammasome signaling pathways could provide insights into the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal disorders and the development of therapeutic targets and approaches to treat diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, MI 48109
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25
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Brereton CF, Blander JM. The unexpected link between infection-induced apoptosis and a TH17 immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:565-76. [PMID: 21248151 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0710421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens can initiate MOMP in host cells and as such, initiate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Innate immune recognition of cells dying in this way by infection-induced apoptosis would involve recognition of ligands derived from the apoptotic host cell simultaneously with those derived from the infecting pathogen. The resultant signal transduction pathways engaged direct DCs to concomitantly synthesize TGF-β and IL-6, two cytokines that subsequently favor the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into T(h)17 cells. Citrobacter rodentium is one rodent pathogen that targets mitochondria and induces apoptosis, and blockade of apoptosis during enteric Citrobacter infection impairs the characteristic T(h)17 response in the intestinal LP. Here, we review these original findings. We discuss microbial infections other than Citrobacter that have been shown to induce T(h)17 responses, and we examine what is known about the ability of those pathogens to induce apoptosis. We also consider types of cell death other than apoptosis that can be triggered by microbial infection, and we highlight how little we know about the impact of various forms of cell death on the ensuing adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna F Brereton
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave., 12-20D, New York, NY 10029, USA
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26
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Scientific Opinion on monitoring and assessment of the public health risk of “SalmonellaTyphimurium-like” strains. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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27
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Miki T, Iguchi M, Akiba K, Hosono M, Sobue T, Danbara H, Okada N. Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system is a major virulence determinant for Chromobacterium violaceum-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:855-72. [PMID: 20545857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes fatal septicaemia in humans and animals. C. violaceum ATCC 12472 possesses genes associated with two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SSs). One of these systems is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity islands 1 and 1a (Cpi-1/-1a), another is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 2 (Cpi-2). Here we show that C. violaceum causes fulminant hepatitis in a mouse infection model, and Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is required for its virulence. In addition, using C. violaceum strains with defined mutations in the genes that encode the Cpi-1/-1a or Cpi-2 locus in combination with cultured mammalian cell lines, we found that C. violaceum is able to induce cytotoxicity in a Cpi-1/-1a-dependent manner. Characterization of Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity revealed that cell lysis by C. violaceum infection involves the formation of pore structures on the host cell membrane, as demonstrated by protection by cytotoxicity in the presence of osmoprotectants. Finally, we demonstrated that CipB, a Cpi-1/-1a effector, is implicated in translocator-mediated pore formation and the ability of CipB to form a pore is essential for Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. These results strongly suggest that Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is a virulence determinant that causes fatal infection by the induction of cell death in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mirei Iguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kinari Akiba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Hosono
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sobue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Danbara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Autophagy is an innate immune defense mechanism against various intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri. S. typhimurium uses type three secretion systems (T3SSs) to invade mammalian cells and replicate in Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). A small population of intracellular S. typhimurium is targeted by autophagy shortly after infection. Evidence suggests that these bacteria are present within SCVs that have been damaged by high levels of T3SS activity. Autophagy limits the growth of S. typhimurium in host cells. Therefore, autophagy can be considered to protect the cytosol of eukaryotic cells from bacterial colonization. L. monocytogenes secretes the pore-forming cytolysin listeriolysin O (LLO) to disrupt the phagosome and escape into the cytosol, where it acquires actin-based motility. Autophagy can target L. monocytogenes in the cytosol under specific experimental conditions. However, L. monocytogenes utilizes several virulence factors to evade being killed by the autophagy system. A newly appreciated population of L. monocytogenes undergoes slow growth in specialized vacuoles termed spacious Listeria-containing phagosomes (SLAPs), the formation of which requires bacterial LLO and host autophagy. In the cytosol, S. flexneri can also be a target for autophagy in the absence of a T3SS effector, IcsB, that normally impairs the interaction between Atg5 and wild-type bacteria. Therefore, autophagy can recognize intracellular bacteria in a variety of ways, leading to different fates for these bacteria in host cells. The inefficient autophagy of enteric bacteria in genetically compromised individuals may contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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29
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Ren Z, Gay R, Thomas A, Pae M, Wu D, Logsdon L, Mecsas J, Meydani SN. Effect of age on susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 mice. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1559-1567. [PMID: 19729455 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.013250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a decline in immune function, which predisposes the elderly to a higher incidence of infections. Information on the mechanism of the age-related increase in susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is limited. In particular, little is known regarding the involvement of the immune response in this age-related change. We employed streptomycin (Sm)-pretreated C57BL/6 mice to develop a mouse model that would demonstrate age-related differences in susceptibility and immune response to S. Typhimurium. In this model, old mice inoculated orally with doses of 3 x 10(8) or 1 x 10(6) c.f.u. S. Typhimurium had significantly greater S. Typhimurium colonization in the ileum, colon, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver than young mice. Old mice had significantly higher weight loss than young mice on days 1 and 2 post-infection. In response to S. Typhimurium infection, old mice failed to increase ex vivo production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells to the same degree as observed in young mice; this was associated with their inability to maintain the presence of neutrophils and macrophages at a 'youthful' level. These results indicate that Sm-pretreated C57BL/6 old mice are more susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection than young mice, which might be due to impaired IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production as well as a corresponding change in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in response to S. Typhimurium infection compared to young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Ren
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Raina Gay
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Adam Thomas
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Munkyong Pae
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lauren Logsdon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Simin Nikbin Meydani
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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30
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Apoptosis-like cell death induced by Salmonella in Acanthamoeba rhysodes. Genomics 2009; 94:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Simon R, Samuel CE. Interleukin-1 beta secretion is activated comparably by FliC and FljB flagellins but differentially by wild-type and DNA adenine methylase-deficient salmonella. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:661-6. [PMID: 18844581 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cytoplasmic bacterial flagellin by the Nod-like receptor ICE protease-activating factor (Ipaf) in macrophages leads to activation of caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Salmonella possess two genes, fliC and fljB, that encode flagellin proteins. We examined the ability of purified FliC and FljB proteins to activate IL-1beta secretion in the mouse macrophage-like J774 cell line and in mouse primary peritoneal cells. We found that purified FliC and FljB flagellins possessed a comparable ability to activate IL-1beta secretion following introduction into the cytoplasm of J774 or primary cells. We also examined the ability of an attenuated Salmonella mutant strain (dam) deficient in DNA adenine methylase to activate IL-1beta secretion. Compared to infection of primary cells with wild-type Salmonella, IL-1beta secretion was reduced in cells infected with the dam mutant even though the two strains expressed similar levels of flagellin. As a control, cells infected with a flagellin-deficient (flhC) Salmonella strain did not show enhanced IL-1beta secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Simon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The gram-negative rod Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease which is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. The bacterium multiplies intracellularly within the cytosol, induces the formation of actin tails, and can spread directly from cell to cell. Recently, it has been shown that B. pseudomallei can induce caspase-1-dependent cell death in macrophages. The aim of the present study was to further elucidate the role of caspase-1 during B. pseudomallei infection. In vivo experiments with caspase-1(-/-) mice revealed a high susceptibility to B. pseudomallei challenge. This phenotype was associated with a significantly higher bacterial burden 2 days after infection and decreased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-18 cytokine levels 24 h after infection compared to control animals. caspase-1(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) exhibited strong caspase-3 expression and reduced cell damage compared to wild-type (WT) cells during early B. pseudomallei infection, indicating "classical" apoptosis, whereas WT BMM showed signs of rapid caspase-1-dependent cell death. Moreover, we found that caspase-1(-/-) BMM had a strongly increased bacterial burden compared to WT cells 3 h after infection under conditions where no difference in cell death could be observed between both cell populations at this time point. We therefore suggest that caspase-1-dependent rapid cell death might contribute to resistance by reducing the intracellular niche for B. pseudomallei, but, in addition, caspase-1 might also have a role in controlling intracellular replication of B. pseudomallei in macrophages. Moreover, caspase-1-dependent IFN-gamma production is likely to contribute to resistance in murine melioidosis.
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33
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Cheeseman JH, Levy NA, Kaiser P, Lillehoj HS, Lamont SJ. Salmonella Enteritidis–Induced Alteration of Inflammatory CXCL Chemokine Messenger-RNA Expression and Histologic Changes in the Ceca of Infected Chicks. Avian Dis 2008; 52:229-34. [DOI: 10.1637/8156-102307-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Induction of guanylate binding protein 5 by gamma interferon increases susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced pyroptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2304-15. [PMID: 18362138 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01437-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of caspase-1 activation in macrophages plays a central role in host defense against bacterial pathogens. The activation of caspase-1 by the detection of bacterial products through Nod-like receptors leads to the secretion of mature interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 and the induction of rapid host cell death (pyroptosis). Here, we report that pyroptosis induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can be positively regulated by prior gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells. This increase in cell death is dependent on both caspase-1 activation and, in part, Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) expression by Salmonella. Furthermore, the exogenous expression of the IFN-gamma-induced protein guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP-5) is sufficient to induce a heightened susceptibility of RAW 264.7 cells to Salmonella-induced pyroptosis, and the endogenous expression of GBP-5 is important for this phenomenon. RAW 264.7 cells with decreased expression of GBP-5 mRNA (inhibited by short hairpin RNA against GBP-5) release twofold less lactate dehydrogenase (a marker of membrane permeability) upon infection by invasive S. enterica serovar Typhimurium than do infected control cells. Importantly, 3x FLAG-tagged GBP-5 is localized to membrane ruffles, which contact invasive Salmonella, and is found on the membranes of spacious phagosomes containing Salmonella (although it is also found in the cytoplasm and on other cellular membranes), placing 3x FLAG GBP-5 at the interface of secreted SPI-1 effectors and host protein machinery. The regulation of pyroptosis by the IFN-gamma-induced protein GBP-5 may play an important role in the host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and perhaps other invasive bacterial pathogens.
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35
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Abstract
The exit of intracellular pathogens from host cells is an important step in the infectious cycle, but is poorly understood. It has recently emerged that microbial exit is a process that can be directed by organisms from within the cell, and is not simply a consequence of the physical or metabolic burden that is imposed on the host cell. This Review summarizes our current knowledge on the diverse mechanisms that are used by intracellular pathogens to exit cells. An integrated understanding of the diversity that exists for microbial exit pathways represents a new horizon in the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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36
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Villena SN, Pinheiro RO, Pinheiro CS, Nunes MP, Takiya CM, DosReis GA, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima CG. Capsular polysaccharides galactoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans induce macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1274-85. [PMID: 18284419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of capsular polysaccharides, galactoxylomannan (GalXM) and glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), from acapsular (GXM negative) and encapsulate strains of Cryptococcus neoformans were investigated in RAW 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that GalXM and GXM induced different cytokines profiles in RAW 264.7 macrophages. GalXM induced production of TNF-alpha, NO and iNOS expression, while GXM predominantly induced TGF-beta secretion. Both GalXM and GXM induced early morphological changes identified as autophagy and late macrophages apoptosis mediated by Fas/FasL interaction, a previously unidentified mechanism of virulence. GalXM was more potent than GXM at induction of Fas/FasL expression and apoptosis on macrophages in vitro and in vivo. These findings uncover a mechanism by which capsular polysaccharides from C. neoformans might compromise host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen N Villena
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21 944970, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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37
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Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, Van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis and control. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:1-19. [PMID: 18243591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated pork is an important source of Salmonella infections in humans. The increasing multiple antimicrobial resistance associated with pork-related serotypes such as Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby may become a serious human health hazard in the near future. Governments try to anticipate the issue of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pork by starting monitoring programmes and coordinating control measures worldwide. A thorough knowledge of how these serotypes interact with the porcine host should form the basis for the development and optimisation of these monitoring and control programmes. During recent years, many researchers have focussed on different aspects of the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs. The present manuscript reviews the importance of pigs and pork as a source for salmonellosis in humans and discusses commonly accepted and recent insights in the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs, with emphasis on Salmonella Typhimurium, and to relate this knowledge to possible control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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38
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Franchi L, Park JH, Shaw MH, Marina-Garcia N, Chen G, Kim YG, Núñez G. Intracellular NOD-like receptors in innate immunity, infection and disease. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:1-8. [PMID: 17944960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system comprises several classes of pattern-recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs). TLRs recognize microbes on the cell surface and in endosomes, whereas NLRs sense microbial molecules in the cytosol. In this review, we focus on the role of NLRs in host defence against bacterial pathogens. Nod1 and Nod2 sense the cytosolic presence of molecules containing meso-diaminopimelic acid and muramyl dipeptide respectively, and drive the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB. In contrast, Ipaf, Nalp1b and Cryopyrin/Nalp3 promote the assembly of inflammasomes that are required for the activation of caspase-1. Mutation in several NLR members, including NOD2 and Cryopyrin, is associated with the development of inflammatory disorders. Further understanding of NLRs should provide new insights into the mechanisms of host defence and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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39
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Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete, potentiates innate immune activation and induces apoptosis in human monocytes. Infect Immun 2007; 76:56-70. [PMID: 17938216 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01039-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that phagocytosed Borrelia burgdorferi induces activation programs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those evoked by equivalent lipoprotein-rich lysates. Here we report that ingested B. burgdorferi induces significantly greater transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes than do lysates and that live B. burgdorferi, but not B. burgdorferi lysate, is avidly internalized by monocytes, where the bacteria are completely degraded within phagolysosomes. In the course of these experiments, we discovered that live B. burgdorferi also induced a dose-dependent decrease in monocytes but not a decrease in dendritic cells or T cells and that the monocyte population displayed morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Particularly noteworthy was the finding that apoptotic changes occurred predominantly in monocytes that had internalized spirochetes. Abrogation of phagocytosis with cytochalasin D prevented the death response. Heat-killed B. burgdorferi, which was internalized as well as live organisms, induced a similar degree of apoptosis of monocytes but markedly less cytokine production. Surprisingly, opsonophagocytosis of Treponema pallidum did not elicit a discernible cell death response. Our combined results demonstrate that B. burgdorferi confined to phagolysosomes is a potent inducer of cytosolic signals that result in (i) production of NF-kappaB-dependent cytokines, (ii) assembly of the inflammasome and activation of caspase-1, and (iii) induction of programmed cell death. We propose that inflammation and apoptosis represent mutually reinforcing components of the immunologic arsenal that the host mobilizes to defend itself against infection with Lyme disease spirochetes.
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High-affinity Zn2+ uptake system ZnuABC is required for bacterial zinc homeostasis in intracellular environments and contributes to the virulence of Salmonella enterica. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5867-76. [PMID: 17923515 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relevance of zinc in host-pathogen interactions, we have constructed Salmonella enterica mutant strains in which the znuA gene, which encodes the periplasmic component of the ZnuABC high-affinity Zn2+ transporter, was deleted. This mutation does not alter the ability of Salmonella to grow in rich media but drastically reduces its ability to multiply in media deprived of zinc. In agreement with this phenotype, ZnuA accumulates only in bacteria cultivated in environments poor in zinc. In spite of the nearly millimolar intracellular concentration of zinc, we have found that znuA is highly expressed in intracellular salmonellae recovered either from cultivated cells or from the spleens of infected mice. We have also observed that znuA mutants are impaired in their ability to grow in Caco-2 epithelial cells and that bacteria starved for zinc display decreased ability to multiply in phagocytes. A dramatic reduction in the pathogenicity of the znuA mutants was observed in Salmonella-susceptible (BALB/c) or Salmonella-resistant (DBA-2) mice infected intraperitoneally or orally. This study shows that the amount of free metals available for bacterial growth within the infected animal is limited, despite the apparent elevated concentration of free metals within cells and in plasma and suggests that Salmonella exploits the ZnuABC zinc transporter to maximize zinc availability in such conditions. These results shed new light on the complex functions of zinc in vertebrate and bacterial physiology and pave the way for a better comprehension of pathogenic mechanisms in Salmonella infections.
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Wang Q, Zhao Y, McClelland M, Harshey RM. The RcsCDB signaling system and swarming motility in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: dual regulation of flagellar and SPI-2 virulence genes. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8447-57. [PMID: 17905992 PMCID: PMC2168921 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01198-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rcs phosphorelay is a multicomponent signaling system that positively regulates colanic acid synthesis and negatively regulates motility and virulence. We have exploited a spontaneously isolated mutant, IgaA(T191P), that is nearly maximally activated for the Rcs system to identify a vast set of genes that respond to the stimulation, and we report new regulatory properties of this signaling system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microarray data show that the Rcs system normally functions as a positive regulator of SPI-2 and other genes important for the growth of Salmonella in macrophages, although when highly activated the system completely represses the SPI-1/SPI-2 virulence, flagellar, and fimbrial biogenesis pathways. The auxiliary protein RcsA, which works with RcsB to positively regulate colanic acid and other target genes, not only stimulates but also antagonizes the positive regulation of many genes in the igaA mutant. We show that RcsB represses motility through the RcsB box in the promoter region of the master operon flhDC and that RcsA is not required for this regulation. Curiously, RcsB selectively stimulates expression of the flagellar type 3 secretion genes fliPQR; an RcsAB box located downstream of fliR influences this regulation. We show that excess colanic acid impairs swimming and inhibits swarming motility, consistent with the inverse regulation of the two pathways by the Rcs system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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42
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Ramu P, Lobo LA, Kukkonen M, Bjur E, Suomalainen M, Raukola H, Miettinen M, Julkunen I, Holst O, Rhen M, Korhonen TK, Lähteenmäki K. Activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 and degradation of gelatin by the surface protease PgtE of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:263-78. [PMID: 17888724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade collagen networks in extracellular matrices by cleaving collagen and its denatured form gelatin, and thus enhance migration of mammalian cells. The gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica survives and grows within host macrophages and dendritic cells, and can disseminate in the host by travelling within infected host cells. Here, we report that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium activates proMMP-9 (gelatinase B) secreted by human primary macrophages, and degrades gelatin after growth within J774A.1 murine macrophage-like cells. Both proMMP-9 activation and gelatin degradation were due to expression of the Salmonella surface protease PgtE. Following intraperitoneal infection in BALB/c mice, the amount of a pgtE deletion derivative was nearly ten-fold lower in the livers and spleens of mice than the amount of wild-type S. enterica, suggesting that PgtE contributes to dissemination of Salmonella in the host. PgtE belongs to the omptin family of bacterial beta-barrel transmembrane proteases. The ortholog of PgtE in Yersinia pestis, Pla, which is central for bacterial virulence in plague, was poor in proMMP-9 activation and in gelatin degradation. To model the evolution of these activities in the omptin barrel, we performed a substitution analysis in Pla and genetically modified it into a PgtE-like gelatinase. Our results indicate that PgtE and Pla have diverged in substrate specificity, and suggest that Salmonella PgtE has evolved to functionally mimic mammalian MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Ramu
- General Microbiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Sano GI, Takada Y, Goto S, Maruyama K, Shindo Y, Oka K, Matsui H, Matsuo K. Flagella facilitate escape of Salmonella from oncotic macrophages. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8224-32. [PMID: 17873035 PMCID: PMC2168665 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00898-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes a typhoid-like systemic disease in mice. Whereas the survival of Salmonella in phagocytes is well understood, little has been documented about the exit of intracellular Salmonella from host cells. Here we report that in a population of infected macrophages Salmonella induces "oncosis," an irreversible progression to eukaryotic cell death characterized by swelling of the entire cell body. Oncotic macrophages (OnMphis) are terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling negative and lack actin filaments (F-actin). The plasma membrane of OnMphis filled with bacilli remains impermeable, and intracellular Salmonella bacilli move vigorously using flagella. Eventually, intracellular Salmonella bacilli intermittently exit host cells in a flagellum-dependent manner. These results suggest that induction of macrophage oncosis and intracellular accumulation of flagellated bacilli constitute a strategy whereby Salmonella escapes from host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-ichiro Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Miao EA, Andersen-Nissen E, Warren SE, Aderem A. TLR5 and Ipaf: dual sensors of bacterial flagellin in the innate immune system. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:275-88. [PMID: 17690885 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system precisely modulates the intensity of immune activation in response to infection. Flagellin is a microbe-associated molecular pattern that is present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Macrophages and dendritic cells are able to determine the virulence of flagellated bacteria by sensing whether flagellin remains outside the mammalian cell, or if it gains access to the cytosol. Extracellular flagellin is detected by TLR5, which induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines, while flagellin within the cytosol of macrophages is detected through the Nod-like receptor (NLR) Ipaf, which activates caspase-1. In macrophages infected with Salmonella typhimurium or Legionella pneumophila, Ipaf becomes activated in response to flagellin that appears to be delivered to the cytosol via specific virulence factor transport systems (the SPI1 type III secretion system (T3SS) and the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), respectively). Thus, TLR5 responds more generally to flagellated bacteria, while Ipaf responds to bacteria that express both flagellin and virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Miao
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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45
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Evans DJ, McNamara NA, Fleiszig SMJ. Life at the front: dissecting bacterial-host interactions at the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2007; 5:213-27. [PMID: 17660895 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface usually looks quiet, presenting a general impression of biological inactivity. Yet, the ability of the cornea to maintain health while continually exposed to environmental insults, and in the relative absence of immune strategies afforded by other body sites, reflects its complexity. Because it is critical for transparency and, therefore, our survival, the fine structure of the cornea has likely provided the driving force for the evolution of what appears to be a truly remarkable system. While several molecules are now known to participate, we are only beginning to obtain the knowledge to fully explain the mechanisms involved in corneal resistance to infection. Full explanation will require a better understanding of the interplay between microbes and various components of the ocular surface, and of the critical factors determining health as the usual outcome. To understand infectious disease, we need to consider how the scenario changes in conditions associated with susceptibility. What we learn in the process could yield a wealth of potential therapies for a wide variety of diseases of the eye and of other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2020, USA
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Cook P, Tötemeyer S, Stevenson C, Fitzgerald KA, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Maskell DJ, Bryant CE. Salmonella-induced SipB-independent cell death requires Toll-like receptor-4 signalling via the adapter proteins Tram and Trif. Immunology 2007; 122:222-9. [PMID: 17490432 PMCID: PMC2266008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is an intracellular pathogen that causes macrophage cell death by at least two different mechanisms. Rapid cell death is dependent on the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 protein SipB whereas delayed cell death is independent of SipB and occurs 18-24 hr post infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is essential for the delayed cell death. LPS is the main structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4, signalling via the adapter proteins Mal, MyD88, Tram and Trif. Here we show that S. typhimurium induces SipB-independent cell death through Toll-like receptor 4 signalling via the adapter proteins Tram and Trif. In contrast to wild type bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM), Tram(-/-) and Trif(-/-) BMDM proliferate in response to Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cook
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Schmid MC, Scheidegger F, Dehio M, Balmelle-Devaux N, Schulein R, Guye P, Chennakesava CS, Biedermann B, Dehio C. A translocated bacterial protein protects vascular endothelial cells from apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e115. [PMID: 17121462 PMCID: PMC1657063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of host cell apoptosis by bacterial pathogens is of critical importance for the outcome of the infection process. The capacity of Bartonella henselae and B. quintana to cause vascular tumor formation in immunocompromised patients is linked to the inhibition of vascular endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Here, we show that translocation of BepA, a type IV secretion (T4S) substrate, is necessary and sufficient to inhibit EC apoptosis. Ectopic expression in ECs allowed mapping of the anti-apoptotic activity of BepA to the Bep intracellular delivery domain, which, as part of the signal for T4S, is conserved in other T4S substrates. The anti-apoptotic activity appeared to be limited to BepA orthologs of B. henselae and B. quintana and correlated with (i) protein localization to the host cell plasma membrane, (ii) elevated levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and (iii) increased expression of cAMP-responsive genes. The pharmacological elevation of cAMP levels protected ECs from apoptosis, indicating that BepA mediates anti-apoptosis by heightening cAMP levels by a plasma membrane-associated mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate that BepA mediates protection of ECs against apoptosis triggered by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting a physiological context in which the anti-apoptotic activity of BepA contributes to tumor formation in the chronically infected vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Schmid
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florine Scheidegger
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Dehio
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralf Schulein
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Guye
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christoph Dehio
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Maruyama K, Sano GI, Ray N, Takada Y, Matsuo K. c-Fos-deficient mice are susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1520-3. [PMID: 17178788 PMCID: PMC1828558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01316-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Fos is a component of transcription factor AP-1. We show that macrophages lacking c-Fos exhibit enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, potentiated NF-kappaB phosphorylation, and increased cell death following Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Furthermore, mice lacking c-Fos are highly susceptible to infection, suggesting that c-Fos confers resistance to Salmonella infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
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Sutterwala FS, Ogura Y, Zamboni DS, Roy CR, Flavell RA. NALP3: a key player in caspase-1 activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:251-6. [PMID: 16953978 DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The NLR (NACHT-LRR) family of proteins have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses and cell death pathways. Some NLR family members can form multiprotein complexes, called inflammasomes, involved in the activation of pro-inflammatory caspases. Mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/cryopyrin gene, a member of the NLR family, are linked to three auto-inflammatory disorders: Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease. NALP3 along with the adaptor molecule ASC activates caspase-1 in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Here we review recent findings on the biology of NALP3 suggesting that it has functions beyond that of pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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50
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Kubota K. A novel functional T cell hybridoma recognizes macrophage cell death induced by bacteria: a possible role for innate lymphocytes in bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7576-88. [PMID: 16751404 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have established a novel TCRalphabeta (TCRVbeta6)(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cell hybridoma designated B6HO3. When the B6HO3 cells were cocultured with bacterial-infected J774 macrophage-like cells, IFN-gamma production by B6HO3 cells was triggered through direct cell-cell contact with dying J774 cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes (LM), Shigella flexneri, or Salmonella typhimurium that expressed the type III secretion system, but not with intact J774 cells infected with heat-killed LM, nonhemolytic lysteriolysin O-deficient (Hly(-)) LM, plasmid-cured Shigella, or stationary-phase Salmonella. However, the triggering of B6HO3 cells for IFN-gamma production involved neither dying hepatoma cells infected with LM nor dying J774 cells caused by gliotoxin treatment or freeze thawing. Cycloheximide and Abs to H-2K(d), H-2D(d), Ia(d), CD1d, TCRVbeta6, and IL-12 did not inhibit the contact-dependent IFN-gamma response, indicating that this IFN-gamma response did not require de novo protein synthesis in bacterial-infected J774 cells and was TCR and IL-12 independent. Thus, in an as yet undefined way, B6HO3 hybridoma recognizes a specialized form of macrophage cell death resulting from bacterial infection and consequently produces IFN-gamma. Moreover, contact-dependent interaction of minor subsets of splenic alphabeta T cells, including NKT cells with dying LM-infected J774 and bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) cells, proved to provide an IFN-gamma-productive stimulus for these minor T cell populations, to which the parental T cell of the B6HO3 hybridoma appeared to belong. Unexpectedly, subsets of gammadelta T and NK cells similarly responded to dying LM-infected macrophage cells. These results propose that innate lymphocytes may possess a recognition system sensing macrophage cell "danger" resulting from bacterial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/microbiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Freezing
- Gliotoxin/immunology
- Hybridomas
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/microbiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/microbiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan. shinubo@soley
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