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A trans-kingdom T6SS effector induces the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and activates innate immune receptor NLRX1 to promote infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:871. [PMID: 36797302 PMCID: PMC9935632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can inhibit the growth of other bacteria by injecting effectors using a type VI secretion system (T6SS). T6SS effectors can also be injected into eukaryotic cells to facilitate bacterial survival, often by targeting the cytoskeleton. Here, we show that the trans-kingdom antimicrobial T6SS effector VgrG4 from Klebsiella pneumoniae triggers the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. VgrG4 colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein mitofusin 2. VgrG4 induces the transfer of Ca2+ from the ER to the mitochondria, activating Drp1 (a regulator of mitochondrial fission) thus leading to mitochondrial network fragmentation. Ca2+ elevation also induces the activation of the innate immunity receptor NLRX1 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). NLRX1-induced ROS limits NF-κB activation by modulating the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. The degradation of IκBα is triggered by the ubiquitin ligase SCFβ-TrCP, which requires the modification of the cullin-1 subunit by NEDD8. VgrG4 abrogates the NEDDylation of cullin-1 by inactivation of Ubc12, the NEDD8-conjugating enzyme. Our work provides an example of T6SS manipulation of eukaryotic cells via alteration of the mitochondria.
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Li D, Wang H, Zhang P, Zhang Y, He X, Zhong H, Guan K, Min M, Gao Q, Wei C. Yersinia YopT inhibits RLH-mediated NF-κB and IRF3 signal transduction. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:768-777. [PMID: 32902897 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Yersinia delivers six effector proteins into the host cells to block the host innate immune response. One of the effectors, YopT, is a potent cysteine protease that causes the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to inhibit phagocytosis of the pathogen; however, its molecular mechanism and relevance to pathogenesis need further investigation. In this report, we show that RIG-I is a novel target of the YopT protein. Remarkably, YopT interacts with RIG-I and inhibits rat liver homogenate-mediated nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor-3 activation. Further studies revealed a YopT-dependent increase in the K48-polymerized ubiquitination of RIG-I. These findings suggest that YopT negatively regulates RIG-I-mediated cellular antibacterial response by targeting RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Li
- Bioengineering, College of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Wang
- Bioengineering, College of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiang He
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Min
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing, China.,Beijing Hotgen Biotechnology Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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3
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Bozhokina ES, Tsaplina OA, Khaitlina SY. The Opposite Effects of ROCK and Src Kinase Inhibitors on Susceptibility of Eukaryotic Cells to Invasion by Bacteria Serratia grimesii. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:663-671. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Habenstein B, El Mammeri N, Tolchard J, Lamon G, Tawani A, Berbon M, Loquet A. Structures of Type III Secretion System Needle Filaments. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 427:109-131. [PMID: 31974760 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the Gram-negative bacterial secretion systems, type III secretion systems (T3SS) possess a unique extracellular molecular apparatus called the needle. This macromolecular protein assembly is a nanometre-size filament formed by the helical arrangement of hundreds of copies of a single, small protein, which is highly conserved between T3SSs from animal to plant bacterial pathogens. The needle filament forms a hollow tube with a channel ~20 Å in diameter that serves as a conduit for proteins secreted into the targeted host cell. In the past ten years, technical breakthroughs in biophysical techniques such as cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy have uncovered atomic resolution details about the T3SS needle assembly. Several high-resolution structures of Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri T3SS needles have been reported demonstrating a common structural fold. These structural models have been used to explain the active role of the needle in transmitting the host-cell contact signal from the tip to the base of the T3SS through conformational changes as well as during the injection of effector proteins. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the structure and the role of the T3SS needle during T3SS assembly and effector secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Habenstein
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France.
| | - Nadia El Mammeri
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - James Tolchard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Gaëlle Lamon
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Arpita Tawani
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Mélanie Berbon
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Antoine Loquet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5248, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, 33607, France.
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5
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Bai F, Li Z, Umezawa A, Terada N, Jin S. Bacterial type III secretion system as a protein delivery tool for a broad range of biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:482-493. [PMID: 29409784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A protein delivery tool based on bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) has been broadly applied in biomedical researches. In this review, we summarize various applications of the T3SS-mediate protein delivery which enables translocation of proteins directly into mammalian cells without protein purification. Some of the remarkable advancements include delivery of antigens for therapeutic vaccines, nucleases for genome editing, transcription factors for cellular reprogramming and stem cells differentiation, and signaling molecules for post-translational proteomics studies. With continued improvement of the T3SS-mediated protein delivery tools, even wider application of the technology is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Shouguang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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6
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Schroeder GN. The Toolbox for Uncovering the Functions of Legionella Dot/Icm Type IVb Secretion System Effectors: Current State and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:528. [PMID: 29354599 PMCID: PMC5760550 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) Type IVb secretion system (T4SS) is the essential virulence factor for the intracellular life style and pathogenicity of Legionella species. Screens demonstrated that an individual L. pneumophila strain can use the Dot/Icm T4SS to translocate an unprecedented number of more than 300 proteins into host cells, where these, so called Icm/Dot-translocated substrates (IDTS) or effectors, manipulate host cell functions to the benefit of the bacteria. Bioinformatic analysis of the pan-genus genome predicts at least 608 orthologous groups of putative effectors. Deciphering the function of these effectors is key to understanding Legionella pathogenesis; however, the analysis is challenging. Substantial functional redundancy renders classical, phenotypic screening of single gene deletion mutants mostly ineffective. Here, I review experimental approaches that were successfully used to identify, validate and functionally characterize T4SS effectors and highlight new methods, which promise to facilitate unlocking the secrets of Legionella's extraordinary weapons arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar N Schroeder
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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7
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Arrieumerlou C. [Cell biology applications for a type III secretion-based protein delivery tool]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:797-799. [PMID: 27758733 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163210002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Arrieumerlou
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin ; CNRS, UMR8104 ; université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22, rue Méchain 75014 Paris, France
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Trypanosoma cruzi Differentiates and Multiplies within Chimeric Parasitophorous Vacuoles in Macrophages Coinfected with Leishmania amazonensis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1603-1614. [PMID: 26975994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01470-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanosomatids Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi are excellent models for the study of the cell biology of intracellular protozoan infections. After their uptake by mammalian cells, the parasitic protozoan flagellates L. amazonensis and T. cruzi lodge within acidified parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). However, whereas L. amazonensis develops in spacious, phagolysosome-like PVs that may enclose numerous parasites, T. cruzi is transiently hosted within smaller vacuoles from which it soon escapes to the host cell cytosol. To investigate if parasite-specific vacuoles are required for the survival and differentiation of T. cruzi, we constructed chimeric vacuoles by infection of L. amazonensis amastigote-infected macrophages with T. cruzi epimastigotes (EPIs) or metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTs). These chimeric vacuoles, easily observed by microscopy, allowed the entry and fate of T. cruzi in L. amazonensis PVs to be dynamically recorded by multidimensional imaging of coinfected cells. We found that although T. cruzi EPIs remained motile and conserved their morphology in chimeric vacuoles, T. cruzi MTs differentiated into amastigote-like forms capable of multiplying. These results demonstrate that the large adaptive vacuoles of L. amazonensis are permissive to T. cruzi survival and differentiation and that noninfective EPIs are spared from destruction within the chimeric PVs. We conclude that T. cruzi differentiation can take place in Leishmania-containing vacuoles, suggesting this occurs prior to their escape into the host cell cytosol.
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9
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Stow JL, Condon ND. The cell surface environment for pathogen recognition and entry. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e71. [PMID: 27195114 PMCID: PMC4855265 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of mammalian cells offers an interface between the cell interior and its surrounding milieu. As part of the innate immune system, macrophages have cell surface features optimised for probing and sampling as they patrol our tissues for pathogens, debris or dead cells. Their highly dynamic and constantly moving cell surface has extensions such as lamellipodia, filopodia and dorsal ruffles that help detect pathogens. Dorsal ruffles give rise to macropinosomes for rapid, high volume non-selective fluid sampling, receptor internalisation and plasma membrane turnover. Ruffles can also generate phagocytic cups for the receptor-mediated uptake of pathogens or particles. The membrane lipids, actin cytoskeleton, receptors and signalling proteins that constitute these cell surface domains are discussed. Although the cell surface is designed to counteract pathogens, many bacteria, viruses and other pathogens have evolved to circumvent or hijack these cell structures and their underlying machinery for entry and survival. Nevertheless, these features offer important potential for developing vaccines, drugs and preventative measures to help fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Condon
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Ittig SJ, Schmutz C, Kasper CA, Amstutz M, Schmidt A, Sauteur L, Vigano MA, Low SH, Affolter M, Cornelis GR, Nigg EA, Arrieumerlou C. A bacterial type III secretion-based protein delivery tool for broad applications in cell biology. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:913-31. [PMID: 26598622 PMCID: PMC4657163 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods enabling the delivery of proteins into eukaryotic cells are essential to address protein functions. Here we propose broad applications to cell biology for a protein delivery tool based on bacterial type III secretion (T3S). We show that bacterial, viral, and human proteins, fused to the N-terminal fragment of the Yersinia enterocolitica T3S substrate YopE, are effectively delivered into target cells in a fast and controllable manner via the injectisome of extracellular bacteria. This method enables functional interaction studies by the simultaneous injection of multiple proteins and allows the targeting of proteins to different subcellular locations by use of nanobody-fusion proteins. After delivery, proteins can be freed from the YopE fragment by a T3S-translocated viral protease or fusion to ubiquitin and cleavage by endogenous ubiquitin proteases. Finally, we show that this delivery tool is suitable to inject proteins in living animals and combine it with phosphoproteomics to characterize the systems-level impact of proapoptotic human truncated BID on the cellular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Ittig
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Loïc Sauteur
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Shyan Huey Low
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Guy R Cornelis
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Arrieumerlou
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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11
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Simon S, Wagner MA, Rothmeier E, Müller-Taubenberger A, Hilbi H. Icm/Dot-dependent inhibition of phagocyte migration by Legionella is antagonized by a translocated Ran GTPase activator. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:977-92. [PMID: 24397557 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The environmental bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes a severe pneumonia termed Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila employs a conserved mechanism to replicate within a specific vacuole in macrophages or protozoa such as the social soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Pathogen-host interactions depend on the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS), which translocates approximately 300 different effector proteins into host cells. Here we analyse the effects of L. pneumophila on migration and chemotaxis of amoebae, macrophages or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Using under-agarose assays, L. pneumophila inhibited in a dose- and T4SS-dependent manner the migration of D. discoideum towards folate as well as starvation-induced aggregation of the social amoebae. Similarly, L. pneumophila impaired migration of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages towards the cytokines CCL5 and TNFα, or of primary human PMN towards the peptide fMLP respectively. L. pneumophila lacking the T4SS-translocated activator of the small eukaryotic GTPase Ran, Lpg1976/LegG1, hyper-inhibited the migration of D. discoideum, macrophages or PMN. The phenotype was reverted by plasmid-encoded LegG1 to an extent observed for mutant bacteria lacking a functional Icm/Dot T4SS.Similarly, LegG1 promoted random migration of L. pneumophila-infected macrophages and A549 epithelial cells in a Ran-dependent manner, or upon 'microbial microinjection' into HeLa cells by a Yersinia strain lacking endogenous effectors. Single-cell tracking and real-time analysis of L. pneumophila-infected phagocytes revealed that the velocity and directionality of the cells were decreased, and cell motility as well as microtubule dynamics was impaired. Taken together, these findings indicate that the L. pneumophila Ran activator LegG1 and consequent microtubule polymerization are implicated in Icm/Dot-dependent inhibition of phagocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Simon
- Department of Medicine, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany
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12
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Rothmeier E, Pfaffinger G, Hoffmann C, Harrison CF, Grabmayr H, Repnik U, Hannemann M, Wölke S, Bausch A, Griffiths G, Müller-Taubenberger A, Itzen A, Hilbi H. Activation of Ran GTPase by a Legionella effector promotes microtubule polymerization, pathogen vacuole motility and infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003598. [PMID: 24068924 PMCID: PMC3777869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, Legionella pneumophila, uses the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS) to form in phagocytes a distinct "Legionella-containing vacuole" (LCV), which intercepts endosomal and secretory vesicle trafficking. Proteomics revealed the presence of the small GTPase Ran and its effector RanBP1 on purified LCVs. Here we validate that Ran and RanBP1 localize to LCVs and promote intracellular growth of L. pneumophila. Moreover, the L. pneumophila protein LegG1, which contains putative RCC1 Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains, accumulates on LCVs in an Icm/Dot-dependent manner. L. pneumophila wild-type bacteria, but not strains lacking LegG1 or a functional Icm/Dot T4SS, activate Ran on LCVs, while purified LegG1 produces active Ran(GTP) in cell lysates. L. pneumophila lacking legG1 is compromised for intracellular growth in macrophages and amoebae, yet is as cytotoxic as the wild-type strain. A downstream effect of LegG1 is to stabilize microtubules, as revealed by conventional and stimulated emission depletion (STED) fluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation and Western blot, or by microbial microinjection through the T3SS of a Yersinia strain lacking endogenous effectors. Real-time fluorescence imaging indicates that LCVs harboring wild-type L. pneumophila rapidly move along microtubules, while LCVs harboring ΔlegG1 mutant bacteria are stalled. Together, our results demonstrate that Ran activation and RanBP1 promote LCV formation, and the Icm/Dot substrate LegG1 functions as a bacterial Ran activator, which localizes to LCVs and promotes microtubule stabilization, LCV motility as well as intracellular replication of L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rothmeier
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Gudrun Pfaffinger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christine Hoffmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christopher F. Harrison
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Heinrich Grabmayr
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mandy Hannemann
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölke
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Bausch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Müller-Taubenberger
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wölke S, Heesemann J. Probing the cellular effects of bacterial effector proteins with the Yersinia toolbox. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:449-56. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is a powerful bacterial nanomachine that is able to modify the host cellular immune defense in favor of the pathogen by injection of effector proteins. In this regard, cellular Rho GTPases such as Rac1, RhoA or Cdc42 are targeted by a large group of T3SS effectors by mimicking cellular guanine exchange factors or GTPase-activating proteins. However, functional analysis of one type of T3SS effector that is translocated by bacterial pathogens is challenging because the T3SS effector repertoire can comprise a large number of proteins with redundant or interfering functions. Therefore, we developed the Yersinia toolbox to either analyze singular effector proteins of Yersinia spp. or different bacterial species in the context of bacterial T3SS injection into cells. Here, we focus on the WxxxE guanine exchange factor mimetic proteins IpgB1, IpgB2 and Map, which activate Rac1, RhoA or Cdc42, respectively, as well as the Rho GTPase inactivators YopE (a GTPase-activating mimetic protein) and YopT (cysteine protease), to generate a toolbox module for Rho GTPase manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wölke
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer Strasse 9A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer Strasse 9A, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Peters KN, Anderson DM. Modulation of host cell death pathways by Yersinia species and the type III effector YopK. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:229-36. [PMID: 22782768 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Peters
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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