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Bastien S, Meyers S, Salgado-Pabón W, Giulieri SG, Rasigade JP, Liesenborghs L, Kinney KJ, Couzon F, Martins-Simoes P, Moing VL, Duval X, Holmes NE, Bruun NE, Skov R, Howden BP, Fowler VG, Verhamme P, Andersen PS, Bouchiat C, Moreau K, Vandenesch F. All Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia-inducing strains can cause infective endocarditis: Results of GWAS and experimental animal studies. J Infect 2023; 86:123-133. [PMID: 36603774 PMCID: PMC10399548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed at determining whether specific S. aureus strains cause infective endocarditis (IE) in the course of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). METHODS A genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 924 S. aureus genomes from IE (274) and non-IE (650) SAB patients from international cohorts was conducted, and a subset of strains was tested with two experimental animal models of IE, one investigating the early step of bacterial adhesion to inflamed mice valves, the second evaluating the local and systemic developmental process of IE on mechanically-damaged rabbit valves. RESULTS The genetic profile of S. aureus IE and non-IE SAB strains did not differ when considering single nucleotide polymorphisms, coding sequences, and k-mers analysed in GWAS. In the murine inflammation-induced IE model, no difference was observed between IE and non-IE SAB strains both in terms of adhesion to the cardiac valves and in the propensity to cause IE; in the mechanical IE-induced rabbit model, there was no difference between IE and non-IE SAB strains regarding the vegetation size and CFU. CONCLUSION All strains of S. aureus isolated from SAB patients must be considered as capable of causing this common and lethal infection once they have accessed the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvère Bastien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Severien Meyers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Stefano G Giulieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Victorian Infectious Disease Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Jean-Phillipe Rasigade
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kyle J Kinney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Florence Couzon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Martins-Simoes
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | | | - Xavier Duval
- Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France; Inserm CIC 1425, Inserm UMR-1137 IAME, Cité Paris University, UFR de Médecine-Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Natasha E Holmes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Niels Eske Bruun
- Clinical Institute, Copenhagen and Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Zealand, Denmark
| | - Robert Skov
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Victorian Infectious Disease Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC USA
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Coralie Bouchiat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon, France.
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2
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Meyers S, Lox M, Kraisin S, Liesenborghs L, Martens CP, Frederix L, Van Bruggen S, Crescente M, Missiakas D, Baatsen P, Vanassche T, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Neutrophils Protect Against Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Progression Independent of Extracellular Trap Release. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:267-285. [PMID: 36453281 PMCID: PMC9869964 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is characterized by an infected thrombus at the heart valves. How bacteria bypass the immune system and cause these thrombi remains unclear. Neutrophils releasing NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) lie at this interface between host defense and coagulation. We aimed to determine the role of NETs in IE immunothrombosis. METHODS We used a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in which IE is provoked on inflamed heart valves and characterized IE thrombus content by immunostaining identifying NETs. Antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion and neutrophil-selective PAD4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4)-knockout mice were used to clarify the role of neutrophils and NETs, respectively. S. aureus mutants deficient in key virulence factors related to immunothrombosis (nucleases or staphylocoagulases) were investigated. RESULTS Neutrophils releasing NETs were present in infected thrombi and within cellular infiltrates in the surrounding vasculature. Neutrophil depletion increased occurrence of IE, whereas neutrophil-selective impairment of NET formation did not alter IE occurrence. Absence of S. aureus nuclease, which degrades NETs, did not affect endocarditis outcome. In contrast, absence of staphylocoagulases (coagulase and von Willebrand factor binding protein) led to improved survival, decreased bacteremia, smaller infiltrates, and decreased tissue destruction. Significantly more NETs were present in these vegetations, which correlated with decreased bacteria and cell death in the adjacent vascular wall. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils protect against IE independent of NET release. Absence of S. aureus coagulases, but not nucleases, reduced IE severity and increased NET levels. Staphylocoagulase-induced fibrin likely hampers NETs from constraining infection and the resultant tissue damage, a hallmark of valve destruction in IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severien Meyers
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Lox
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sirima Kraisin
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline P. Martens
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Frederix
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Bruggen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | | | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy-Platform of the VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research (P.B.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
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Gao P, Wei Y, Wan RE, Wong KW, Iu HTV, Tai SSC, Li Y, Yam HCB, Halebeedu Prakash P, Chen JHK, Ho PL, Yuen KY, Davies J, Kao RYT. Subinhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics Exacerbate Staphylococcal Infection by Inducing Bacterial Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0064022. [PMID: 35758685 PMCID: PMC9431598 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00640-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections. However, injudicious use of antibiotics based on an empirical method may lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Despite appropriate administration of antibiotics, their concentrations may remain subinhibitory in the body, due to individual variations in tissue distribution and metabolism rates. This may promote bacterial virulence and complicate the treatment strategies. To investigate whether the administration of certain classes of antibiotics will induce bacterial virulence and worsen the infection under in vivo conditions. Different classes of antibiotics were tested in vitro for their ability to induce virulence in a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain Mu3 and clinical isolates. Antibiotic-induced pathogenicity was assessed in vivo using mouse peritonitis and bacteremia models. In vitro, β-lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines induced the expression of multiple surface-associated virulence factors as well as the secretion of toxins. In peritonitis and bacteremia models, mice infected with MRSA and treated with ampicillin, ceftazidime, or tetracycline showed enhanced bacterial pathogenicity. The release of induced virulence factors in vivo was confirmed in a histological examination. Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics belonging to β-lactam and tetracycline aggravated infection by inducing staphylococcal virulence in vivo. Thus, when antibiotics are required, it is preferable to employ combination therapy and to initiate the appropriate treatment plan, following diagnosis. Our findings emphasize the risks associated with antibiotic-based therapy and underline the need for alternative therapeutic options. IMPORTANCE Antibiotics are widely applied to treat infectious diseases. Empirically treatment with incorrect antibiotics, or even correct antibiotics always falls into subinhibitory concentrations, due to dosing, distribution, or secretion. In this study, we have systematically evaluated in vitro virulence induction effect of antibiotics and in vivo exacerbated infection. The major highlight of this work is to prove the β-lactam and tetracyclines antibiotics exacerbated disease is due to their induction effect on staphylococcal virulence. This phenomenon is common and suggests that if β-lactam antibiotics remain the first line of defense during empirical therapy, we either need to increase patient reliability or the treatment approach may improve in the future when paired with anti-virulence drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanxin Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Evelyn Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wing Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Ting Venice Iu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Sherlock Shing Chiu Tai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yongli Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hin Cheung Bill Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Pradeep Halebeedu Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan Hon Kwan Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Pak Leung Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Julian Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard Yi Tsun Kao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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4
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Xiao X, Li Y, Li L, Xiong YQ. Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Genetic Factors Involved in Human Endothelial Cells Damage, an Important Phenotype Correlated with Persistent Endovascular Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030316. [PMID: 35326779 PMCID: PMC8944730 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of life-threatening endovascular infections. Endothelial cell (EC) damage is a key factor in the pathogenesis of these syndromes. However, genetic factors related to the EC damage have not been well studied. This study aims to identify genetic determinants that impact human EC damage by screening the genome-wide Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library (NTML). A well-established MTT assay was used to test the in vitro damage of human EC cell line (HMEC-1) caused by each mutant strain in the NTML. We first confirmed some global regulators and genes positively impact the EC damage, which is consistent with published results. These data support the utility of the high-throughput approach. Importantly, we demonstrated 317 mutants significantly decreased the EC damage, while only 6 mutants enhanced the EC damage vs. parental JE2 strain. The majority of these genes have not been previously defined to affect human EC damage. Interestingly, many of these newly identified genes are involved in metabolism, genetic and environmental information processing, and cellular processes. These results advance our knowledge of staphylococcal genetic factors related to human EC damage which may provide novel targets for the development of effective agents against MRSA endovascular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Li
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Li
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Q. Xiong
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-222-3545
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5
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Li L, Bayer AS, Cheung A, Lu L, Abdelhady W, Donegan NP, Hong JI, Yeaman MR, Xiong YQ. The Stringent Response Contributes to Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endovascular Infection Through the Purine Biosynthetic Pathway. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1188-1198. [PMID: 32333768 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endovascular infections represent a significant clinical-therapeutic challenge. Of particular concern is antibiotic treatment failure in infections caused by MRSA that are "susceptible" to antibiotic in vitro. In the current study, we investigate specific purine biosynthetic pathways and stringent response mechanism(s) related to this life-threatening syndrome using genetic matched persistent and resolving MRSA clinical bacteremia isolates (PB and RB, respectively), and isogenic MRSA strain sets. We demonstrate that PB isolates (vs RB isolates) have significantly higher (p)ppGpp production, phenol-soluble-modulin expression, polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysis and survival, fibronectin/endothelial cell (EC) adherence, and EC damage. Importantly, an isogenic strain set, including JE2 parental, relP-mutant and relP-complemented strains, translated the above findings into significant outcome differences in an experimental endocarditis model. These observations indicate a significant regulation of purine biosynthesis on stringent response, and suggest the existence of a previously unknown adaptive genetic mechanism in persistent MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ambrose Cheung
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Lou Lu
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Wessam Abdelhady
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Niles P Donegan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Schwarz C, Hoerr V, Töre Y, Hösker V, Hansen U, Van de Vyver H, Niemann S, Kuhlmann MT, Jeibmann A, Wildgruber M, Faber C. Isolating Crucial Steps in Induction of Infective Endocarditis With Preclinical Modeling of Host Pathogen Interaction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1325. [PMID: 32625192 PMCID: PMC7314968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE), especially in rodents, are commonly used to investigate the underlying pathogenesis, disease progression, potential diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic treatment. All these models are based on surgical interventions, and imply valve trauma by placing a polyurethane catheter at the aortic root. While the influence of endothelial damage and inflammation on the induction of IE has been studied intensively, the role of the catheter, as permanent source of bacteremia, and the interplay with bacterial virulence factors during the formation of IE is poorly understood. In our study, we aimed at identifying which set of preconditions is required for induction and formation of IE: (1) tissue injury, (2) permanent presence of bacteria, and (3) presence of the full bacterial repertoire of adhesion proteins. We investigated the manifestation of the disease in different modifications of the animal model, considering different degrees of endothelial damage and the presence or absence of the catheter. In four infection models the induction of IE was assessed by using two bacterial strains with different expression patterns of virulence factors – S. aureus 6850 and Newman. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging showed conspicuous morphological structures on the aortic valves, when an endothelial damage and a continuous bacterial source were present simultaneously. Cellular and inflammatory pathophysiology were characterized additionally by histology, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and bacterial counts, revealing strain-specific pathogenesis and manifestation of IE, crucially influenced by bacterial adherence and toxicity. The severity of IE was dependent on the degree of endothelial irritation. However, even severe endothelial damage in the absence of a permanent bacterial source resulted in reduced valve infection. The spread of bacteria to other organs was also dependent on the pathogenic profile of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarz
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yasemin Töre
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hösker
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hélène Van de Vyver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael T Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Astrid Jeibmann
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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7
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Li L, Wang G, Cheung A, Abdelhady W, Seidl K, Xiong YQ. MgrA Governs Adherence, Host Cell Interaction, and Virulence in a Murine Model of Bacteremia Due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1019-1028. [PMID: 31177268 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MgrA is an important global virulence gene regulator in Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, the role of mgrA in host-pathogen interactions related to virulence was explored in both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. METHODS In vitro susceptibilities to human defense peptides (HDPs), adherence to fibronectin (Fn) and endothelial cells (ECs), EC damage, α-toxin production, expression of global regulator (eg, agr RNAIII) and its downstream effectors (eg, α-toxin [hla] and Fn binding protein A [fnbA]), MgrA binding to fnbA promoter, and the effect on HDP-induced mprF and dltA expression were analyzed. The impact of mgrA on virulence was evaluated using a mouse bacteremia model. RESULTS mgrA mutants displayed significantly higher susceptibility to HDPs, which might be related to the decreased HDP-induced mprF and dltA expression but decreased Fn and EC adherence, EC damage, α-toxin production, agr RNAIII, hla and fnbA expression, and attenuated virulence in the bacteremia model as compared to their respective parental and mgrA-complemented strains. Importantly, direct binding of MgrA to the fnbA promoter was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mgrA mediates host-pathogen interactions and virulence and may provide a novel therapeutic target for invasive S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
| | - Genzhu Wang
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
| | | | - Wessam Abdelhady
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
| | - Kati Seidl
- University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Zhou YF, Li L, Tao MT, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Xiong YQ. Linezolid and Rifampicin Combination to Combat cfr-Positive Multidrug-Resistant MRSA in Murine Models of Bacteremia and Skin and Skin Structure Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3080. [PMID: 31993042 PMCID: PMC6971047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene in MRSA represents a global concern. We investigated relevant phenotype differences between cfr-positive and -negative MRSA that contribute to pathogenesis, and the efficacy of linezolid-based combination therapies in murine models of bacteremia and skin and skin structure infection (SSSI). As a group, cfr-positive MRSA exhibited significantly reduced susceptibilities to the host defense peptides tPMPs, human neutrophil peptide-1 (hNP-1), and cathelicidin LL-37 (P < 0.01). In addition, increased binding to fibronectin (FN) and endothelial cells paralleled robust biofilm formation in cfr-positive vs. -negative MRSA. In vitro phenotypes of cfr-positive MRSA translated into poor outcomes of linezolid monotherapy in vivo in murine bacteremia and SSSI models. Importantly, rifampicin showed synergistic activity as a combinatorial partner with linezolid, and the EC50 of linezolid decreased 6-fold in the presence of rifampicin. Furthermore, this combination therapy displayed efficacy against cfr-positive MRSA at clinically relevant doses. Altogether, these data suggest that the use of linezolid in combination with rifampicin poses a viable therapeutic alternative for bacteremia and SSSI caused by cfr-positive multidrug resistant MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Meng-Ting Tao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Related to Persistent Endovascular Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020071. [PMID: 31146412 PMCID: PMC6627527 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia (PB) represents an important subset of S. aureus infection and correlates with poor clinical outcomes. MRSA isolates from patients with PB differ significantly from those of resolving bacteremia (RB) with regard to several in vitro phenotypic and genotypic profiles. For instance, PB strains exhibit less susceptibility to cationic host defense peptides and vancomycin (VAN) killing under in vivo-like conditions, greater damage to endothelial cells, thicker biofilm formation, altered growth rates, early activation of many global virulence regulons (e.g., sigB, sarA, sae and agr) and higher expression of purine biosynthesis genes (e.g., purF) than RB strains. Importantly, PB strains are significantly more resistant to VAN treatment in experimental infective endocarditis as compared to RB strains, despite similar VAN minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in vitro. Here, we review relevant phenotypic and genotypic characteristics related to the PB outcome. These and future insights may improve our understanding of the specific mechanism(s) contributing to the PB outcome, and aid in the development of novel therapeutic and preventative measures against this life-threatening infection.
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10
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Tuchscherr L, Pöllath C, Siegmund A, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Hoerr V, Svensson CM, Thilo Figge M, Monecke S, Löffler B. Clinical S. aureus Isolates Vary in Their Virulence to Promote Adaptation to the Host. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030135. [PMID: 30823631 PMCID: PMC6468552 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes epithelial surfaces, but it can also cause severe infections. The aim of this work was to investigate whether bacterial virulence correlates with defined types of tissue infections. For this, we collected 10–12 clinical S. aureus strains each from nasal colonization, and from patients with endoprosthesis infection, hematogenous osteomyelitis, and sepsis. All strains were characterized by genotypic analysis, and by the expression of virulence factors. The host–pathogen interaction was studied through several functional assays in osteoblast cultures. Additionally, selected strains were tested in a murine sepsis/osteomyelitis model. We did not find characteristic bacterial features for the defined infection types; rather, a wide range in all strain collections regarding cytotoxicity and invasiveness was observed. Interestingly, all strains were able to persist and to form small colony variants (SCVs). However, the low-cytotoxicity strains survived in higher numbers, and were less efficiently cleared by the host than the highly cytotoxic strains. In summary, our results indicate that not only destructive, but also low-cytotoxicity strains are able to induce infections. The low-cytotoxicity strains can successfully survive, and are less efficiently cleared from the host than the highly cytotoxic strains, which represent a source for chronic infections. The understanding of this interplay/evolution between the host and the pathogen during infection, with specific attention towards low-cytotoxicity isolates, will help to optimize treatment strategies for invasive and therapy-refractory infection courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christine Pöllath
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Anke Siegmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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11
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Li L, Abdelhady W, Donegan NP, Seidl K, Cheung A, Zhou YF, Yeaman MR, Bayer AS, Xiong YQ. Role of Purine Biosynthesis in Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1367-1377. [PMID: 29868791 PMCID: PMC6151072 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia (PB) represents an important subset of S. aureus endovascular infections. In this study, we investigated potential genetic mechanisms underlying the persistent outcomes. Compared with resolving bacteremia (RB) isolates (defined as isolates associated with negative results of blood cultures 2-4 days after initiation of therapy), PB strains (defined as isolates associated with positive results of blood cultures ≥7 days after initiation of therapy) had significantly earlier onset activation of key virulence regulons and structural genes (eg, sigB, sarA, sae, and cap5), higher expression of purine biosynthesis genes (eg, purF), and faster growth rates, with earlier entrance into stationary phase. Importantly, an isogenic strain set featuring a wild-type MRSA isolate, a purF mutant strain, and a purF-complemented strain and use of strategic purine biosynthesis inhibitors implicated a causal relationship between purine biosynthesis and the in vivo persistent outcomes. These observations suggest that purine biosynthesis plays a key role in the outcome of PB and may represent a new target for enhanced efficacy in treating life-threatening MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
| | - Wessam Abdelhady
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
| | | | - Kati Seidl
- University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Seidl K, Leemann M, Zinkernagel AS. The ArlRS two-component system is a regulator of Staphylococcus aureus-induced endothelial cell damage. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:289-292. [PMID: 29177635 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus endovascular infections retain a high morbidity and mortality despite antibiotics and supportive care. The destruction of endothelial cells (ECs) is a critical step in the pathogenesis of S. aureus endovascular infections. In order to better understand S. aureus-induced EC damage, we systematically screened a collection of two-component regulatory system mutants of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) USA300 strain JE2 for damage induction in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). This screen revealed that the two-component regulatory system ArlRS is required for maximum damage: arlRS inactivation leads to a > 70% reduction in damage. In a different genetic S. aureus background (RN6390, MSSA strain) arlRS inactivation had a smaller but also significant effect on EC damage. In both strains, the reduction in EC damage was accompanied by a significant reduction in internalization. In conclusion, we determined a novel role of ArlRS in S. aureus-induced EC damage, which will help to better understand the pathogenesis of S. aureus endovascular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Seidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistr. 100, RAE U, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michèle Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistr. 100, RAE U, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistr. 100, RAE U, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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San-Juan R, Pérez-Montarelo D, Viedma E, Lalueza A, Fortún J, Loza E, Pujol M, Ardanuy C, Morales I, de Cueto M, Resino-Foz E, Morales-Cartagena MA, Fernández-Ruiz M, Rico A, Romero MP, Fernández de Mera M, López-Medrano F, Orellana MÁ, Aguado JM, Chaves F. Pathogen-related factors affecting outcome of catheter-related bacteremia due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a Spanish multicenter study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1757-1765. [PMID: 28477236 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Even with appropriate clinical management, complicated methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) is frequent. We investigated the influence of molecular characteristics of MSSA strains on the risk of complicated bacteremia (CB) in MSSA-CRB. A multicenter prospective study was conducted in Spain between 2011 and 2014 on MSSA-CRB. Optimized protocol-guided clinical management was required. CB included endocarditis, septic thrombophlebitis, persistent bacteremia and/or end-organ hematogenous spread. Molecular typing, agr functionality and DNA microarray analysis of virulence factors were performed in all MSSA isolates. Out of 83 MSSA-CRB episodes included, 26 (31.3%) developed CB. MSSA isolates belonged to 16 clonal complexes (CCs), with CC30 (32.5%), CC5 (15.7%) and CC45 (13.3) being the most common. Comparison between MSSA isolates in episodes with or without CB revealed no differences regarding agr type and functionality. However, our results showed that CC15 and the presence of genes like cna, chp and cap8 were associated with the development of CB. The multivariate analysis highlighted that the presence of cna (Hazard ratio 2.9; 95% CI 1.14-7.6) was associated with the development of CB. Our results suggest that particular CCs and specific genes may influence the outcome of MSSA-CRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- R San-Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Pérez-Montarelo
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Viedma
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Lalueza
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Fortún
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Loza
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pujol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Ardanuy
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - M de Cueto
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - E Resino-Foz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Morales-Cartagena
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rico
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Romero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernández de Mera
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - F López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Á Orellana
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Córsoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Chaves
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Seidl K, Leemann M, Palheiros Marques M, Rachmühl C, Leimer N, Andreoni F, Achermann Y, Zinkernagel AS. High level methicillin resistance correlates with reduced Staphylococcus aureus endothelial cell damage. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 307:11-20. [PMID: 27955998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been controversy about the intrinsic virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as compared to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). To address this discrepancy, the intrinsic virulence of 42 MRSA and 40 MSSA clinical isolates was assessed by testing endothelial cell (EC) damage, a surrogate marker for virulence in blood stream infections. Since these clinical isolates represent a heterogeneous group, well characterized S. aureus laboratory strains with SCCmec loss- and gain-of-function mutations were used in addition. The clinical MRSA isolates carrying typical hospital acquired SCCmec types (I, II or III) induced significantly less damage (47.8%) as compared to isolates with other SCCmec types (62.3%, p=0.03) and MSSA isolates (64.2%, p<0.01). There was a strong inverse correlation between high-level oxacillin resistance and low EC damage induction (R2=0.4464, p<0.001). High-level oxacillin resistant strains (MIC >32μ/ml) grew significantly slower as compared to isolates with low-level resistance (p=0.047). The level of EC damage positively correlated with α- and δ-toxin production (p<0.0001 and p<0.05, respectively) but not with β-toxin production. Invasive MRSA isolates (n=21, 56.3%) were significantly less cytotoxic as compared to invasive MSSA isolates (n=20, 68.0%, p<0.05). There was no difference between EC damage induced by superficial versus invasive isolates in either MRSA or MSSA strains. Our data suggest that the intrinsic virulence of MRSA is similar or even reduced as compared to MSSA strains but is linked to the level of methicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Seidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michèle Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Palheiros Marques
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carole Rachmühl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Leimer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Andreoni
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are linked to clonal complex-specific alterations in binding and invasion domains of fibronectin-binding protein A as well as the occurrence of fnbB. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4772-80. [PMID: 26416903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01074-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endovascular infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus involve interactions with fibronectin present as extracellular matrix or surface ligand on host cells. We examined the expression, structure, and binding activity of the two major S. aureus fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPA, FnBPB) in 10 distinct, methicillin-resistant clinical isolates from patients with either persistent or resolving bacteremia. The persistent bacteremia isolates (n = 5) formed significantly stronger bonds with immobilized fibronectin as determined by dynamic binding measurements performed with atomic force microscopy. Several notable differences were also observed when the results were grouped by clonal complex 5 (CC5) strains (n = 5) versus CC45 strains (n = 5). Fibronectin-binding receptors on CC5 formed stronger bonds with immobilized fibronectin (P < 0.001). The fnbA gene was expressed at higher levels in CC45, whereas fnbB was found in only CC5 isolates. The fnbB gene was not sequenced because all CC45 isolates lacked this gene. Instead, comparisons were made for fnbA, which was present in all 10 isolates. Sequencing of fnbA revealed discrete differences within high-affinity, fibronectin-binding repeats (FnBRs) of FnBPA that included (i) 5-amino-acid polymorphisms in FnBR-9, FnBR-10, and FnBR-11 involving charged or polar side chains, (ii) an extra, 38-amino-acid repeat inserted between FnBR-9 and FnBR-10 exclusively seen in CC45 isolates, and (iii) CC5 isolates had the SVDFEED epitope in FnBR-11 (a sequence shown to be essential for fibronectin binding), while this sequence was replaced in all CC45 isolates with GIDFVED (a motif known to favor host cell invasion at the cost of reduced fibronectin binding). These complementary sequence and binding data suggest that differences in fnbA and fnbB, particularly polymorphisms and duplications in FnBPA, give S. aureus two distinct advantages in human endovascular infections: (i) FnBPs similar to that of CC5 enhance ligand binding and foster initiation of disease, and (ii) CC45-like FnBPs promote cell invasion, a key attribute in persistent endovascular infections.
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16
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Abdelhady W, Chen L, Bayer AS, Seidl K, Yeaman MR, Kreiswirth BN, Xiong YQ. Early agr activation correlates with vancomycin treatment failure in multi-clonotype MRSA endovascular infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1443-52. [PMID: 25564565 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persistent MRSA infections are especially relevant to endovascular infections and correlate with suboptimal outcomes. However, the virulence signatures of Staphylococcus aureus that drive such persistence outcomes are not well defined. In the current study, we investigated correlations between accessory gene regulator (agr) activation and the outcome of vancomycin treatment in an experimental model of infective endocarditis (IE) due to MRSA strains with different agr and clonal complex (CC) types. METHODS Twelve isolates with the four most common MRSA CC and agr types (CC5-agr II, CC8-agr I, CC30-agr III and CC45-agr I) were evaluated for heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), agr function, agrA and RNAIII transcription, agr locus sequences, virulence and response to vancomycin in the IE model. RESULTS Early agr RNAIII activation (beginning at 2 h of growth) in parallel with strong δ-haemolysin production correlated with persistent outcomes in the IE model following vancomycin therapy. Importantly, such treatment failures occurred across the range of CC/agr types studied. In addition, these MRSA strains: (i) were vancomycin susceptible in vitro; (ii) were not hVISA or vancomycin tolerant; and (iii) did not evolve hVISA phenotypes or perturbed δ-haemolysin activity in vivo following vancomycin therapy. Moreover, agr locus sequence analyses revealed no common point mutations that correlated with either temporal RNAIII transcription or vancomycin treatment outcomes, encompassing different CC and agr types. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that temporal agr RNAIII activation and agr functional profiles may be useful biomarkers to predict the in vivo persistence of endovascular MRSA infections despite vancomycin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Abdelhady
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, NJMS-Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kati Seidl
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute, NJMS-Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Oosthuysen WF, Orth H, Lombard C, Sinha B, Wasserman E. In vitro characterization of representative clinical South African Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various clonal lineages. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:115-22. [PMID: 25356356 PMCID: PMC4184580 DOI: 10.1002/nmi2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Data concerning the virulence and pathogenesis of South African strains of Staphylococcus aureus are limited. We investigated host–pathogen interactions of randomly selected clinical S. aureus isolates representing various clones. We characterized the ability of isolates to adhere to fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagens IV and VI, to invade host cells and to induce cell death in vitro. We analysed the possible association of these results with characteristics such as methicillin resistance, Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) positivity and clonality. The S. aureus isolates displayed diversity in their abilities to adhere to various human ligands. All isolates were highly invasive except for ST121. PVL-negative isolates were significantly more invasive than the PVL-positive isolates (p 0.004). Isolates of CC5, CC30 and CC121 were non-cytotoxic, whereas isolates of CC22, CC8, CC15, CC45 and CC88 were very cytotoxic. No statistical association was identified between cell death and methicillin resistance, bacterial PVL status, clonality or patient HIV status. The vast majority of isolates were invasive and induced significant cell death. PVL-negative isolates were more invasive than PVL-positive isolates, while methicillin-resistant isolates were not found to be more invasive or cytotoxic than methicillin-susceptible isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Oosthuysen
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Orth
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town, South Africa ; National Health Laboratory Services, Microbiology Laboratory, Tygerberg Academic Complex Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Sinha
- University Medical Centre Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Wasserman
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town, South Africa ; Pathcare Laboratories Cape Town, South Africa
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Genome Sequences of Sequence Type 45 (ST45) Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Bacteremia Strain 300-169 and ST45 Resolving MRSA Bacteremia Strain 301-188. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00174-14. [PMID: 24625873 PMCID: PMC3953194 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00174-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia (positive blood cultures after ≥7 days) represents a challenging subset of invasive MRSA infections. The comparison of genome sequences of persistent (300-169) and resolving (301-188) MRSA bacteremia isolates with similar genetic background (sequence type 45 [ST45]) will help us to better understand underlying mechanisms of persistent MRSA bacteremia.
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Abdelhady W, Bayer AS, Seidl K, Moormeier DE, Bayles KW, Cheung A, Yeaman MR, Xiong YQ. Impact of vancomycin on sarA-mediated biofilm formation: role in persistent endovascular infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1231-40. [PMID: 24403556 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of endovascular infections. The staphylococcal accessory regulator A locus (sarA) is a major virulence determinant that may potentially impact methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) persistence in such infections via its influence on biofilm formation. METHODS Two healthcare-associated MRSA isolates from patients with persistent bacteremia and 2 prototypical community-acquired MRSA strains, as well as their respective isogenic sarA mutants, were studied for in vitro biofilm formation, fibronectin-binding capacity, autolysis, and protease and nuclease activities. These assays were done in the presence or absence of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin. In addition, these strain pairs were compared for intrinsic virulence and responses to vancomycin therapy in experimental infective endocarditis, a prototypical biofilm model. RESULTS All sarA mutants displayed significantly reduced biofilm formation and binding to fibronectin but increased protease production in vitro, compared with their respective parental strains. Interestingly, exposure to sub-MICs of vancomycin significantly promoted biofilm formation and fibronectin-binding in parental strains but not in sarA mutants. In addition, all sarA mutants became exquisitely susceptible to vancomycin therapy, compared with their respective parental strains, in the infective endocarditis model. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that sarA activation is important in persistent MRSA endovascular infection, potentially in the setting of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Abdelhady
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
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20
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Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus 6850, a Highly Cytotoxic and Clinically Virulent Methicillin-Sensitive Strain with Distant Relatedness to Prototype Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/5/e00775-13. [PMID: 24072870 PMCID: PMC3784790 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00775-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent human commensal bacterium and pathogen. Here we report the complete genome sequence of strain 6850 (spa type t185; sequence type 50 [ST50]), a highly cytotoxic and clinically virulent methicillin-sensitive strain from a patient with complicated S. aureus bacteremia associated with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.
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21
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Soromou LW, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Wei M, Chen N, Yang X, Huo M, Baldé A, Guan S, Deng X, Wang D. Subinhibitory concentrations of pinocembrin exert anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity by reducing α-toxin expression. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:41-9. [PMID: 23594163 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Natural products have been used as potentially important sources of novel antibacterials in combating pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates, a major problem around the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of pinocembrin (PNCB) against Staph. aureus pneumonia in a murine model and its influence on the production of Staph. aureus α-haemolysin (Hla). METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro activities of PNCB on α-haemolysin production were determined using haemolysis, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR assays. The viability and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the influence of PNCB on α-toxin-mediated injury of human alveolar epithelial cells. Moreover, through histopathologic analysis, we further determined the in vivo effects of PNCB on Staph. aureus pneumonia in a mouse model. In vitro, PNCB at low concentrations exhibited inhibitory activity against α-haemolysin production and attenuated α-haemolysin-mediated cell injury. Furthermore, the in vivo findings demonstrated that PNCB protected mice from Staph. aureus pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS We have provided new evidence of the effects of PNCB, which suggest that PNCB attenuated α-haemolysin-mediated cell injury and protected mice from Staph. aureus pneumonia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings indicate that PNCB may be used as a basis for anti-Staphylococcus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Soromou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Quiblier C, Seidl K, Roschitzki B, Zinkernagel AS, Berger-Bächi B, Senn MM. Secretome analysis defines the major role of SecDF in Staphylococcus aureus virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63513. [PMID: 23658837 PMCID: PMC3643904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sec pathway plays a prominent role in protein export and membrane insertion, including the secretion of major bacterial virulence determinants. The accessory Sec constituent SecDF has been proposed to contribute to protein export. Deletion of Staphylococcus aureus secDF has previously been shown to reduce resistance, to alter cell separation, and to change the expression of certain virulence factors. To analyse the impact of the secDF deletion in S. aureus on protein secretion, a quantitative secretome analysis was performed. Numerous Sec signal containing proteins involved in virulence were found to be decreased in the supernatant of the secDF mutant. However, two Sec-dependent hydrolases were increased in comparison to the wild type, suggesting additional indirect, regulatory effects to occur upon deletion of secDF. Adhesion, invasion, and cytotoxicity of the secDF mutant were reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virulence was significantly reduced using a Galleria mellonella insect model. Altogether, SecDF is a promising therapeutic target for controlling S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Quiblier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kati Seidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria M. Senn
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Seidl K, Zinkernagel AS. The MTT assay is a rapid and reliable quantitative method to assess Staphylococcus aureus induced endothelial cell damage. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 92:307-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in an in vitro catheter-related biofilm model correlates with poor therapeutic outcomes in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1447-54. [PMID: 23295925 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02073-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of endovascular infections, including catheter sepsis and infective endocarditis (IE). Vancomycin (VAN) is the primary choice for treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. However, high rates of VAN treatment failure in MRSA infections caused by VAN-susceptible strains have been increasingly reported. Biofilm-associated MRSA infections are especially prone to clinical antibiotic failure. The present studies examined potential relationships between MRSA susceptibility to VAN in biofilms in vitro and nonsusceptibility to VAN in endovascular infection in vivo. Using 10 "VAN-susceptible" MRSA bloodstream isolates previously investigated for VAN responsiveness in experimental IE, we studied the mechanism(s) of such in vivo VAN resistance, including: (i) VAN binding to MRSA organisms; (ii) the impact of VAN on biofilm formation and biofilm composition; (iii) VAN efficacy in an in vitro catheter-related biofilm model; (iv) effects on cell wall thickness. As a group, the five strains previously categorized as VAN nonresponders (non-Rsp) in the experimental IE model differed from the five responders (Rsp) in terms of lower VAN binding, increased biofilm formation, higher survival in the presence of VAN within biofilms in the presence or absence of catheters, and greater biofilm reduction upon proteinase K treatment. Interestingly, sub-MICs of VAN significantly promoted biofilm formation only in the non-Rsp isolates. Cell wall thickness was similar among all MRSA strains. These results suggest that sublethal VAN levels that induce biofilm formation and reduce efficacy of VAN in the in vitro catheter-associated biofilms may contribute to suboptimal treatment outcomes for endovascular infections caused by "VAN-susceptible" MRSA strains.
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Seidl K, Solis NV, Bayer AS, Hady WA, Ellison S, Klashman MC, Xiong YQ, Filler SG. Divergent responses of different endothelial cell types to infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39633. [PMID: 22745797 PMCID: PMC3382135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are important in the pathogenesis of bloodstream infections caused by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Numerous investigations have used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to study microbial-endothelial cell interactions in vitro. However, the use of HUVECs requires a constant supply of umbilical cords, and there are significant donor-to-donor variations in these endothelial cells. The use of an immortalized endothelial cell line would obviate such difficulties. One candidate in this regard is HMEC-1, an immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line. To determine if HMEC-1 cells are suitable for studying the interactions of C. albicans and S. aureus with endothelial cells in vitro, we compared the interactions of these organisms with HMEC-1 cells and HUVECs. We found that wild-type C. albicans had significantly reduced adherence to and invasion of HMEC-1 cells as compared to HUVECs. Although wild-type S. aureus adhered to and invaded HMEC-1 cells similarly to HUVECs, an agr mutant strain had significantly reduced invasion of HMEC-1 cells, but not HUVECs. Furthermore, HMEC-1 cells were less susceptible to damage induced by C. albicans, but more susceptible to damage caused by S. aureus. In addition, HMEC-1 cells secreted very little IL-8 in response to infection with either organism, whereas infection of HUVECs induced substantial IL-8 secretion. This weak IL-8 response was likely due to the anatomic site from which HMEC-1 cells were obtained because infection of primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells with C. albicans and S. aureus also induced little increase in IL-8 production above basal levels. Thus, C. albicans and S. aureus interact with HMEC-1 cells in a substantially different manner than with HUVECs, and data obtained with one type of endothelial cell cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Seidl
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norma V. Solis
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold S. Bayer
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wessam Abdel Hady
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Ellison
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, California State University-Dominguez Hills, Carson, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith C. Klashman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Q. Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Filler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spaulding AR, Satterwhite EA, Lin YC, Chuang-Smith ON, Frank KL, Merriman JA, Schaefers MM, Yarwood JM, Peterson ML, Schlievert PM. Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus strains for ability to cause infective endocarditis and lethal sepsis in rabbits. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:18. [PMID: 22919610 PMCID: PMC3417574 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infective endocarditis (IE) and sepsis. Both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) strains cause these illnesses. Common S. aureus strains include pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types USA200, 300, and 400 types where we hypothesize that secreted virulence factors contribute to both IE and sepsis. Rabbit cardiac physiology is considered similar to humans, and rabbits exhibit susceptibility to S. aureus superantigens (SAgs) and cytolysins. As such, rabbits are an excellent model for studying IE and sepsis, which over the course of four days develop IE vegetations and/or fatal septicemia. We examined the ability of MRSA and MSSA strains (4 USA200, 2 USA300, 2 USA400, and three additional common strains, FRI1169, Newman, and COL) to cause vegetations and lethal sepsis in rabbits. USA200, TSST-1+ strains that produce only low amounts of α-toxin, exhibited modest LD50 in sepsis (1 × 108 – 5 × 108) colony-forming units (CFUs), and 3/4 caused significant IE. USA200 strain MNPE, which produces high-levels of α-toxin, was both highly lethal (LD50 5 × 106 CFUs) and effective in causing IE. In contrast, USA300 strains were highly effective in causing lethal sepsis (LD50s 1 × 106 and 5 × 107 CFUs) but were minimally capable of causing IE. Strain Newman, which is phylogenetically related to USA300 strains, was not highly lethal (LD50 of 2 × 109 CFUs) and was effective in causing IE. USA400 strains were both highly lethal (LD50s of 1 × 107 and 5 × 107 CFUs) and highly effective causes of IE. The menstrual TSS isolate FRI1169, that is TSST-1+, produces high-levels of α-toxin, but is not USA200, was both highly lethal and effective in causing IE. Additional studies showed that phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) produced by FRI1169 were important for sepsis but did not contribute to IE. Our studies show that these clonal groups of S. aureus differ in abilities to cause IE and lethal sepsis and suggest that secreted virulence factors, including SAgs and cytolysins, account for some of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Spaulding
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, USA
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