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Durrani Z, Kinnaird J, Cheng CW, Brühlmann F, Capewell P, Jackson A, Larcombe S, Olias P, Weir W, Shiels B. A parasite DNA binding protein with potential to influence disease susceptibility acts as an analogue of mammalian HMGA transcription factors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286526. [PMID: 37276213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens construct their environmental niche, and influence disease susceptibility, by deploying factors that manipulate infected host cell gene expression. Theileria annulata is an important tick-borne parasite of cattle that causes tropical theileriosis. Excellent candidates for modulating host cell gene expression are DNA binding proteins bearing AT-hook motifs encoded within the TashAT gene cluster of the parasite genome. In this study, TashAT2 was transfected into bovine BoMac cells to generate three expressing and three non-expressing (opposite orientation) cell lines. RNA-Seq was conducted and differentially expressed (DE) genes identified. The resulting dataset was compared with genes differentially expressed between infected cells and non-infected cells, and DE genes between infected cell lines from susceptible Holstein vs tolerant Sahiwal cattle. Over 800 bovine genes displayed differential expression associated with TashAT2, 209 of which were also modulated by parasite infection. Network analysis showed enrichment of DE genes in pathways associated with cellular adhesion, oncogenesis and developmental regulation by mammalian AT-hook bearing high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins. Overlap of TashAT2 DE genes with Sahiwal vs Holstein DE genes revealed that a significant number of shared genes were associated with disease susceptibility. Altered protein levels encoded by one of these genes (GULP1) was strongly linked to expression of TashAT2 in BoMac cells and was demonstrated to be higher in infected Holstein leucocytes compared to Sahiwal. We conclude that TashAT2 operates as an HMGA analogue to differentially mould the epigenome of the infected cell and influence disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Kinnaird
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chew Weng Cheng
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Brühlmann
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Larcombe
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Shiels
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Zhao S, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Guan G, Yin H, Luo J. Activation of telomerase activity and telomere elongation of host cells by Theileria annulata infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128433. [PMID: 36910209 PMCID: PMC9997645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata-transformed cells share many phenotypes with cancer cells, including uncontrolled proliferation, immortalization, and dissemination. Telomeres are DNA-protein complex at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes that function to maintain genome stability and cell replicative capacity. Telomere length maintenance is primarily dependent on telomerase activity. In up to 90% of human cancer cells, telomerase is reactivated through expression of its catalytic subunit TERT. However, the effect of T. annulata infection on telomere and telomerase activity in bovine cells has not yet been described. In the present study, we confirmed that telomere length and telomerase activity are upregulated after T. annulata infection in three types of cell lines. This change depends on the presence of parasites. After eliminating Theileria from cells with antitheilerial drug buparvaquone, telomerase activity and the expression level of bTERT were decreased. In addition, inhibition of bHSP90 by novobiocin led to decreased AKT phosphorylation levels and telomerase activity, indicating that the bHSP90-AKT complex is a potent factor modulates telomerase activity in T. annulata-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baocai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Li Z, Liu J, Zhao S, Ma Q, Guo Z, Liu A, Li Y, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H. Theileria annulata SVSP455 interacts with host HSP60. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:308. [PMID: 36042502 PMCID: PMC9426020 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theileria annulata, a transforming parasite, invades bovine B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, promoting the uncontrolled proliferation of these cells. This protozoan evolved intricate strategies to subvert host cell signaling pathways related to antiapoptotic signaling to enable survival and proliferation within the host cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of the cell transformation induced by T. annulata remain largely unclear. Although some studies have predicted that the subtelomere-encoded variable secreted protein (SVSP) family plays roles in host-parasite interactions, the evidence for this is limited. Methods In the present study, the SVSP455 (TA05545) gene, a member of the SVSP gene family, was used as the target molecule. The expression pattern of SVSP455 in different life-cycle stages of T. annulata infection was explored using a quantitative real-time PCR assay, and the subcellular distribution of SVSP455 was observed using confocal microscopy. The host cell proteins interacting with SVSP455 were screened using the Y2H system, and their interactions were verified in vivo and in vitro using both bimolecular fluorescence complementation and confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The role played by SVSP455 in cell transformation was further explored by using overexpression, RNA interference and drug treatment experiments. Results The highest level of the SVSP455 transcript was detected in the schizont stage of T. annulata, and the protein was located both on the surface of schizonts and in the host cell cytoplasm. In addition, the interaction between SVSP455 and heat shock protein 60 was shown in vitro, and their link may regulate host cell apoptosis in T. annulata-infected cells. Conclusion Our findings are the first to reveal that T. annulata-secreted SVSP455 molecule directly interacts with both exogenous and endogenous bovine HSP60 protein, and that the interaction of SVSP455-HSP60 may manipulate the host cell apoptosis signaling pathway. These results provide insights into cancer-like phenotypes underlying Theilera transformation and therapeutics for protection against other pathogens. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05427-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Susceptibility to disease (tropical theileriosis) is associated with differential expression of host genes that possess motifs recognised by a pathogen DNA binding protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262051. [PMID: 35061738 PMCID: PMC8782480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of factors that influence the outcome of infection are crucial for determining the risk of severe disease and requires the characterisation of pathogen-host interactions that have evolved to confer variable susceptibility to infection. Cattle infected by Theileria annulata show a wide range in disease severity. Native (Bos indicus) Sahiwal cattle are tolerant to infection, whereas exotic (Bos taurus) Holstein cattle are susceptible to acute disease. Methodology/Principal findings We used RNA-seq to assess whether Theileria infected cell lines from Sahiwal cattle display a different transcriptome profile compared to Holstein and screened for altered expression of parasite factors that could generate differences in host cell gene expression. Significant differences (<0.1 FDR) in the expression level of a large number (2211) of bovine genes were identified, with enrichment of genes associated with Type I IFN, cholesterol biosynthesis, oncogenesis and parasite infection. A screen for parasite factors found limited evidence for differential expression. However, the number and location of DNA motifs bound by the TashAT2 factor (TA20095) were found to differ between the genomes of B. indicus vs. B. taurus, and divergent motif patterns were identified in infection-associated genes differentially expressed between Sahiwal and Holstein infected cells. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that divergent pathogen-host molecular interactions that influence chromatin architecture of the infected cell are a major determinant in the generation of gene expression differences linked to disease susceptibility.
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Paulino P, Vitari G, Rezende A, Couto J, Antunes S, Domingos A, Peckle M, Massard C, Araújo F, Santos H. Characterization of the Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus Sialotranscriptome Profile in Response to Theileria equi Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020167. [PMID: 33557100 PMCID: PMC7913801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study intends to characterize the sialotranscriptome profile of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in response to Theileria equi and identify genes of interest with differential genomic expression, indicating relevant targets in the tick–protozoan interactions. The experimental design consisted of RNA sequencing from uninfected and T. equi-infected R. microplus salivary glands (SGs) to obtain transcriptomic profiles for characterization and comparison. A total of 288,952 transcripts were obtained from both tick profiles, 3456 transcripts (p < 0.05) differentially expressed in response to T. equi infection. The uninfected SGs’ registered 231,179 transcripts, of which 155,359 were annotated. The most transcribed sequences were female-specific histamine binding protein and lipocalins. Regarding the T. equi-infected SGs, from the 238,964 assembled transcripts, 163,564 were annotated. The most transcribed sequences were histone demethylase JARID1 and Y-box-binding protein. Five transcripts (cystatin, arginase, nuclear factor κB kinase inhibitor subunit β (IκB), IκB delta, lysosomal-trafficking regulator, and reeler protein) presented the gene ontology (GO) category “response to protozoan” and were exclusively displayed in the T. equi-infected profile. The transcriptome of T. equi was also analyzed, registering 4728 hits. The study’s genetic and molecular information would be of great value for future studies and biotechnological applications envisaging disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Paulino
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil; (P.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriela Vitari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil; (P.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Antonio Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Institute Aggeu Magalhães—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil;
| | - Joana Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Sandra Antunes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Ana Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Maristela Peckle
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Massard
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Flávio Araújo
- Rene Rachou Research Center (CPqRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil;
| | - Huarrisson Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil; (P.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Theileria annulata transformation altered cell surface molecules expression and endocytic function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101365. [PMID: 31899129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks to cattle. The most important processes of T. annulata are the infection and transformation of host monocytes, which promote cell division and generate a neoplastic phenotype. Dendritic cells play an important role in the development of adaptive immune responses against parasites and are traditionally classified into four types. One type of dendritic cell derived from afferent lymph was successfully transformed by T. annulata in vitro in a previous report. However, whether the monocyte-derived dendritic cells could be transformed and how the endocytic function is affected by T. annulata infection were not yet known. Bovine dendritic cells (DCs) derived from blood CD14+ monocytes were cocultured with T. annulata sporozoites in vitro. On day 15 post infection, rounded and continuously proliferating cells were observed. The effect of this transformation on cell phenotype was studied using immunostaining and flow cytometry. After transformation, the cells maintained the expression of the DC-specific marker CD11c, but it was downregulated as were the expression of CD11b, CD14 and CD86. In contrast, CD205, CD45 and MHC class Ⅱ molecules were upregulated in transformed cells. The levels of CD172a, CD21, CD40 and CD80 expression were very low in the transformed cells (<1 %). However, the transformed cells maintained high expression levels of MHC Ⅰ (>99 %). In addition, the normal and transformed DCs were cocultured with OVA-FITC antigen to compare the differences of the endocytic functions between these two types of cells. The results revealed that the endocytic functions of MoDCs were significantly inhibited after transformation by T. annulata.
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Rashid M, Guan G, Luo J, Zhao S, Wang X, Rashid MI, Hassan MA, Mukhtar MU, Liu J, Yin H. Establishment and Expression of Cytokines in a Theileria annulata-Infected Bovine B Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050329. [PMID: 31052316 PMCID: PMC6562936 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a pure single-cell Theileria annulata-infected B cell line for the assessment of cytokine production in transformed and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Several studies have aimed to identify cell surface markers in T. annulata-transformed cells; however, no information on cytokine production in these cells is available. To investigate the potential of the transformed cells to produce cytokines and their potential responses to antigen-stimulation, we purified mature B cells (CD21) from the whole blood of cattle experimentally infected with the T. annulata Kashi strain by magnetic separation. The purity and specificity of the established cell line was assessed by the identification of specific cell surface markers (CD21, IgM, and WC4) by flow cytometry analysis. The transcript levels of the cytokines IL1A, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL16, LTA, TGFB1, TNFA, IFNA, and IFNB in transformed, buparvaquone (BW720c)-treated cells, and antigen-stimulated cells were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using cDNA from these cells. A T. annulata-infected bovine B cell line was successfully established with a purity of ~98.8% (CD21). IL4 and IL12A were significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated in the transformed cells. In BW720c-treated transformed cells, IL12B, TGFB1, and IFNB were significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated. Notably, no significant (p > 0.05) upregulation of cytokines was observed in LPS-stimulated transformed cells. Moreover, IL1A, IL1B, IL8, and IL16 were significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated in LPS-stimulated B cells. Our data signify the potential use of this cell line for cytokine production, observance of immunoglobulins, and production of an attenuated vaccine against tropical theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54200, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Uzair Mukhtar
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Gillan V, Simpson DM, Kinnaird J, Maitland K, Shiels B, Devaney E. Characterisation of infection associated microRNA and protein cargo in extracellular vesicles of Theileria annulata infected leukocytes. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12969. [PMID: 30370674 PMCID: PMC6492283 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Theileria annulata and Theileria parva are unique amongst intracellular eukaryotic pathogens as they induce a transformation-like phenotype in their bovine host cell. T. annulata causes tropical theileriosis, which is frequently fatal, with infected leukocytes becoming metastatic and forming foci in multiple organs resulting in destruction of the lymphoid system. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EV), are critical in metastatic progression in many cancers. Here, we characterised the cargo of EV from a control bovine lymphosarcoma cell line (BL20) and BL20 infected with T. annulata (TBL20) by comparative mass spectrometry and microRNA (miRNA) profiling (data available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD010713 and NCBI GEO, accession number GSE118456, respectively). Ingenuity pathway analysis that many infection-associated proteins essential to migration and extracellular matrix digestion were upregulated in EV from TBL20 cells compared with BL20 controls. An altered repertoire of host miRNA, many with known roles in tumour and/or infection biology, was also observed. Focusing on the tumour suppressor miRNA, bta-miR-181a and bta-miR-181b, we identified putative messenger RNA targets and confirmed the interaction of bta-miR181a with ICAM-1. We propose that EV and their miRNA cargo play an important role in the manipulation of the host cell phenotype and the pathobiology of Theileria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gillan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Deborah M Simpson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jane Kinnaird
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
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John Von Freyend S, Kwok-Schuelein T, Netter HJ, Haqshenas G, Semblat JP, Doerig C. Subverting Host Cell P21-Activated Kinase: A Case of Convergent Evolution across Pathogens. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6020017. [PMID: 28430160 PMCID: PMC5488651 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to not only escape from the immune systems of their hosts, but also to directly exploit a variety of host factors to facilitate the infection process. One such strategy is to subvert host cell signalling pathways to the advantage of the pathogen. Recent research has highlighted that the human serine/threonine kinase PAK, or p21-activated kinase, is a central component of host-pathogen interactions in many infection systems involving viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic pathogens. PAK paralogues are found in most mammalian tissues, where they play vital roles in a wide range of functions. The role of PAKs in cell proliferation and survival, and their involvement in a number of cancers, is of great interest in the context of drug discovery. In this review we discuss the latest insights into the surprisingly central role human PAK1 plays for the infection by such different infectious disease agents as viruses, bacteria, and parasitic protists. It is our intention to open serious discussion on the applicability of PAK inhibitors for the treatment, not only of neoplastic diseases, which is currently the primary objective of drug discovery research targeting these enzymes, but also of a wide range of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona John Von Freyend
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Terry Kwok-Schuelein
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Hans J Netter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Gholamreza Haqshenas
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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11
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Haidar M, Lombès A, Bouillaud F, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. HK2 Recruitment to Phospho-BAD Prevents Its Degradation, Promoting Warburg Glycolysis by Theileria-Transformed Leukocytes. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:216-224. [PMID: 28086019 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata infects bovine leukocytes, transforming them into invasive, cancer-like cells that cause the widespread disease called tropical theileriosis. We report that in Theileria-transformed leukocytes hexokinase-2 (HK2) binds to B cell lymphoma-2-associated death promoter (BAD) only when serine (S) 155 in BAD is phosphorylated. We show that HK2 recruitment to BAD is abolished by a cell-penetrating peptide that acts as a nonphosphorylatable BAD substrate that inhibits endogenous S155 phosphorylation, leading to complex dissociation and ubiquitination and degradation of HK2 by the proteasome. As HK2 is a critical enzyme involved in Warburg glycolysis, its loss forces Theileria-transformed macrophages to switch back to HK1-dependent oxidative glycolysis that down-regulates macrophage proliferation only when they are growing on glucose. When growing on galactose, degradation of HK2 has no effect on Theileria-infected leukocyte proliferation, because metabolism of this sugar is independent of hexokinases. Thus, targeted disruption of the phosphorylation-dependent HK2/BAD complex may represent a novel approach to control Theileria-transformed leukocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Mitochondries, Bioénergétique,
Métabolisme et Signalisation, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS
UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014 France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative
des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes − Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
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12
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Kumar A, Gaur GK, Gandham RK, Panigrahi M, Ghosh S, Saravanan BC, Bhushan B, Tiwari AK, Sulabh S, Priya B, V N MA, Gupta JP, Wani SA, Sahu AR, Sahoo AP. Global gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with Theileria annulata in crossbred and indigenous cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:9-18. [PMID: 27840256 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tropical theileriosis is an important haemoprotozoan disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality particularly in exotic and crossbred cattle. It is one of the major constraints of the livestock development programmes in India and Southeast Asia. Indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) are reported to be comparatively less affected than exotic and crossbred cattle. However, genetic basis of resistance to tropical theileriosis in indigenous cattle is not well documented. Recent studies incited an idea that differentially expressed genes in exotic and indigenous cattle play significant role in breed specific resistance to tropical theileriosis. The present study was designed to determine the global gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from indigenous (Tharparkar) and cross-bred cattle following in vitro infection of T. annulata (Parbhani strain). Two separate microarray experiments were carried out each for cross-bred and Tharparkar cattle. The cross-bred cattle showed 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Out of total DEGs, 597 genes were down-regulated and 485 were up-regulated. Their fold change varied from 2283.93 to -4816.02. Tharparkar cattle showed 875 differentially expressed genes including 451 down-regulated and 424 up-regulated. The fold change varied from 94.93 to -19.20. A subset of genes was validated by qRT-PCR and results were correlated well with microarray data indicating that microarray results provided an accurate report of transcript level. Functional annotation study of DEGs confirmed their involvement in various pathways including response to oxidative stress, immune system regulation, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal changes, kinases activity and apoptosis. Gene network analysis of these DEGs plays an important role to understand the interaction among genes. It is therefore, hypothesized that the different susceptibility to tropical theileriosis exhibited by indigenous and crossbred cattle is due to breed-specific differences in the dealing of infected cells with other immune cells, which ultimately influence the immune response responded against T. annulata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Shrikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - B C Saravanan
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Bhuvana Priya
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Muhasin Asaf V N
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Jay Prakash Gupta
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
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13
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Theileria-transformed bovine leukocytes have cancer hallmarks. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:306-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Silmon de Monerri NC, Kim K. Pathogens hijack the epigenome: a new twist on host-pathogen interactions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:897-911. [PMID: 24525150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their survival by dramatically modifying the transcriptional profile and protein content of the host cells they infect. Modifications of the host transcriptome and proteome are mediated by pathogen-encoded effector molecules that modulate host cells through a variety of different mechanisms. Recent studies highlight the importance of the host chromatin and other epigenetic regulators as targets of pathogens. Host gene regulatory mechanisms may be targeted through cytoplasmic signaling, directly by pathogen effector proteins, and possibly by pathogen RNA. Although many of these changes are short-lived and persist only during the course of infection, several studies indicate that pathogens are able to induce long-term, heritable changes that are essential to pathogenesis of infectious diseases and persistence of pathogens within their hosts. In this review, we discuss how pathogens modulate the epigenome of host cells, a new and flourishing avenue of host-pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Silmon de Monerri
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Kami Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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15
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Kinnaird JH, Weir W, Durrani Z, Pillai SS, Baird M, Shiels BR. A Bovine Lymphosarcoma Cell Line Infected with Theileria annulata Exhibits an Irreversible Reconfiguration of Host Cell Gene Expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66833. [PMID: 23840536 PMCID: PMC3694138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata, an intracellular parasite of bovine lymphoid cells, induces substantial phenotypic alterations to its host cell including continuous proliferation, cytoskeletal changes and resistance to apoptosis. While parasite induced modulation of host cell signal transduction pathways and NFκB activation are established, there remains considerable speculation on the complexities of the parasite directed control mechanisms that govern these radical changes to the host cell. Our objectives in this study were to provide a comprehensive analysis of the global changes to host cell gene expression with emphasis on those that result from direct intervention by the parasite. By using comparative microarray analysis of an uninfected bovine cell line and its Theileria infected counterpart, in conjunction with use of the specific parasitacidal agent, buparvaquone, we have identified a large number of host cell gene expression changes that result from parasite infection. Our results indicate that the viable parasite can irreversibly modify the transformed phenotype of a bovine cell line. Fifty percent of genes with altered expression failed to show a reversible response to parasite death, a possible contributing factor to initiation of host cell apoptosis. The genes that did show an early predicted response to loss of parasite viability highlighted a sub-group of genes that are likely to be under direct control by parasite infection. Network and pathway analysis demonstrated that this sub-group is significantly enriched for genes involved in regulation of chromatin modification and gene expression. The results provide evidence that the Theileria parasite has the regulatory capacity to generate widespread change to host cell gene expression in a complex and largely irreversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H. Kinnaird
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Weir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zeeshan Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sreerekha S. Pillai
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Baird
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Shiels
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Regulation of Trypanosoma brucei Total and Polysomal mRNA during Development within Its Mammalian Host. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67069. [PMID: 23840587 PMCID: PMC3694164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene expression of Trypanosoma brucei has been examined extensively in the blood of mammalian hosts and in forms found in the midgut of its arthropod vector, the tsetse fly. However, trypanosomes also undergo development within the mammalian bloodstream as they progress from morphologically ‘slender forms’ to transmissible ‘stumpy forms’ through morphological intermediates. This transition is temporally progressive within the first wave of parasitaemia such that gene expression can be monitored in relatively pure slender and stumpy populations as well as during the progression between these extremes. The development also represents the progression of cells from translationally active forms adapted for proliferation in the host to translationally quiescent forms, adapted for transmission. We have used metabolic labelling to quantitate translational activity in slender forms, stumpy forms and in forms undergoing early differentiation to procyclic forms in vitro. Thereafter we have examined the cohort of total mRNAs that are enriched throughout development in the mammalian bloodstream (slender, intermediate and stumpy forms), irrespective of strain, revealing those that exhibit consistent developmental regulation rather than sample specific changes. Transcripts that cosediment with polysomes in stumpy forms and slender forms have also been enriched to identify transcripts that escape translational repression prior to transmission. Combined, the expression and polysomal association of transcripts as trypanosomes undergo development in the mammalian bloodstream have been defined, providing a resource for trypanosome researchers. This facilitates the identification of those that undergo developmental regulation in the bloodstream and therefore those likely to have a role in the survival and capacity for transmission of stumpy forms.
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17
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Witschi M, Xia D, Sanderson S, Baumgartner M, Wastling J, Dobbelaere D. Proteomic analysis of the Theileria annulata schizont. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:173-80. [PMID: 23178997 PMCID: PMC3572392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite, Theileria annulata, is the causative agent of tropical theileriosis, a devastating lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. The schizont stage transforms bovine leukocytes and provides an intriguing model to study host/pathogen interactions. The genome of T. annulata has been sequenced and transcriptomic data are rapidly accumulating. In contrast, little is known about the proteome of the schizont, the pathogenic, transforming life cycle stage of the parasite. Using one-dimensional (1-D) gel LC-MS/MS, a proteomic analysis of purified T. annulata schizonts was carried out. In whole parasite lysates, 645 proteins were identified. Proteins with transmembrane domains (TMDs) were under-represented and no proteins with more than four TMDs could be detected. To tackle this problem, Triton X-114 treatment was applied, which facilitates the extraction of membrane proteins, followed by 1-D gel LC-MS/MS. This resulted in the identification of an additional 153 proteins. Half of those had one or more TMD and 30 proteins with more than four TMDs were identified. This demonstrates that Triton X-114 treatment can provide a valuable additional tool for the identification of new membrane proteins in proteomic studies. With two exceptions, all proteins involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle were identified. For at least 29% of identified proteins, the corresponding transcripts were not present in the existing expressed sequence tag databases. The proteomics data were integrated into the publicly accessible database resource at EuPathDB (www.eupathdb.org) so that mass spectrometry-based protein expression evidence for T. annulata can be queried alongside transcriptional and other genomics data available for these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Witschi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D. Xia
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health & School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - S. Sanderson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health & School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - M. Baumgartner
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J.M. Wastling
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health & School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - D.A.E. Dobbelaere
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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