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Gómez AP, Mazzucchelli S, Smith K, de Lacerda RP. Long-term treatment outcomes and risk factors for recurrence in feline corneal sequestrum: 72 cases (2009-2017). Vet Rec 2023; 193:e2783. [PMID: 36912180 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate long-term treatment outcomes in feline corneal sequestrum (FCS), compare the recurrence rates between different surgical techniques, identify possible recurrence risk factors and monitor the development of FCS in the contralateral eye. METHODS The medical records of 72 cats (79 eyes) with FCS treated between 2009 and 2017 were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS The most commonly affected breeds were Persian, domestic shorthaired and Burmesecats. The mean age was 6.9 years. Sixty-five cats (90%) were affected unilaterally. Sixty-six eyes (83%) underwent surgery: keratectomy in 34 eyes (52%) and keratectomy followed by a graft procedure in 32 eyes (48%). Recurrence occurred in 13 out of 66 eyes (19%) at a median of 245 days after surgery. Skull conformation, location of the FCS, type of surgical procedure and concurrent ocular surgery did not significantly affect the recurrence rate. Eighteen cats (27%) developed FCS in the contralateral eye at a median of 635 days after surgery. LIMITATIONS Limitations are related to the retrospective nature of the study, the use of telephone follow-up for assessment of recurrence in some cats and the small number of cases. CONCLUSIONS Surgical excision had a successful outcome in most cases. The type of surgical procedure and skull conformation did not affect the recurrence rate. One-quarter of the cats developed FCS in the contralateral eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kinley Smith
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull, UK
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2
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Labelle A, Labelle P. Diagnosing Corneal Pigmentation in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:339-352. [PMID: 36813389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea is critical to its role in transmitting light. Loss of corneal transparency results in visual impairment. Corneal pigmentation results from melanin accumulation in the epithelial cells of the cornea. Differential diagnosis for corneal pigmentation include corneal sequestrum, corneal foreign body, limbal melanocytoma, iris prolapse, and dermoid. These conditions must be excluded to reach a diagnosis of corneal pigmentation. A myriad of ocular surface conditions are associated with corneal pigmentation, including qualitative and quantitative tear film deficiency, adnexal disease, corneal ulceration, and breed-related corneal pigmentation syndromes. Accurate etiologic diagnosis is critical to determining effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Labelle
- Practice Owner, Bright Light Veterinary Eye Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Philippe Labelle
- Antech Diagnostics, 7555 Danbro Crescent, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 6P9, Canada
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3
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Pinard CL. Diagnostic Tests Used During the Ocular Examination. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:279-298. [PMID: 36813386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the required ocular tests during the ophthalmologic examinations of canine and feline patients. Knowledge of medications affecting ocular parameters and awareness of available instrumentation and test materials is essential for accurate diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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4
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Oksa‐Minaļto J, Maggs DJ, Akimova J, Ilgaža A, Sebbag L. Ocular surface physiology and aqueous tear secretion in cats of diverse cephalic conformations. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:109-118. [PMID: 36519689 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe normative ocular surface and aqueous tear testing data for cats of various cephalic conformation. ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty-three healthy adult cats (11 British Shorthair, 11 Burmese, 10 Devon Rex, 10 Scottish Fold, and 11 Sphynx). PROCEDURES Blink rate, corneal tactile sensation (CTS), and Schirmer tear test with or without topical anesthesia (STT-1, STT-2) and with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1, NL-STT2) were assessed. Palpebral fissure length (PFL) and skull morphology were measured, and cephalic index (CI) and craniofacial ratio (CFR) calculated. RESULTS Mean ± SD test results were as follows: blink rate (5.0 ± 2.3 blinks/min), CTS (3.2 ± 0.7 cm), STT-1 (11.2 ± 4.3 mm/min), STT-2 (6.7 ± 3.6 mm/min), NL-STT1 (13.4 ± 5.7 mm/min), NL-STT2 (13.5 ± 5.2 mm/min), and PFL (2.0 ± 0.2 cm). Corneal sensitivity did not differ significantly among breeds (p = .152) but was negatively correlated with body weight (r = -.32, p = .019). STT-1 significantly differed among breeds (p < .001) and was lowest in Sphynx cats (8.7 ± 4.3 mm/min). A positive correlation was detected between STT-1 values at 30 and 60 s (r = .98; p < .001). The nasolacrimal reflex significantly increased STT in anesthetized and unanesthetized eyes (approximately +100% and +20%, respectively; p ≤ .002). STT-1 tended to be higher in intact versus neutered cats (p = .062). Age did not impact any test result (p ≥ .085). CONCLUSIONS Normative data described here serve as a baseline for future studies assessing ocular surface disease in multiple feline breeds. Unlike dogs, brachycephalic cats did not have lower CTS or STT-1 than non-brachycephalic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | | | - Aija Ilgaža
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies Jelgava Latvia
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
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Arnold HK, Hanselmann R, Duke SM, Sharpton TJ, Beechler BR. Chronic clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associate with gut and respiratory microbiomes in a cohort of domestic felines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268730. [PMID: 36454958 PMCID: PMC9714858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD), often caused by infections etiologies, is a multifactorial syndrome affecting feline populations worldwide. Because of its highly transmissible nature, infectious FURTD is most prevalent anywhere cats are housed in groups such as animal shelters, and is associated with negative consequences such as decreasing adoption rates, intensifying care costs, and increasing euthanasia rates. Understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of FURTD is thus essential to best mitigate the negative consequences of this disease. Clinical signs of FURTD include acute respiratory disease, with a small fraction of cats developing chronic sequelae. It is thought that nasal mucosal microbiome changes play an active role in the development of acute clinical signs, but it remains unknown if the microbiome may play a role in the development and progression of chronic clinical disease. To address the knowledge gap surrounding how microbiomes link to chronic FURTD, we asked if microbial community structure of upper respiratory and gut microbiomes differed between cats with chronic FURTD signs and clinically normal cats. We selected 8 households with at least one cat exhibiting chronic clinical FURTD, and simultaneously collected samples from cohabitating clinically normal cats. Microbial community structure was assessed via 16S rDNA sequencing of both gut and nasal microbiome communities. Using a previously described ecophylogenetic method, we identified 136 and 89 microbial features within gut and nasal microbiomes respectively that significantly associated with presence of active FURTD clinical signs in cats with a history of chronic signs. Overall, we find that nasal and gut microbial community members associate with the presence of chronic clinical course, but more research is needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kristin Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rhea Hanselmann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Duke
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brianna R. Beechler
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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6
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Faghihi H, Rajaei SM. Tear film breakup time and Schirmer tear test in normal dogs: Effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct patency. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:72-80. [PMID: 36039507 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine the effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct (NLD) patency on tear production and tear film breakup time (TBUT) in normal dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED The ophthalmic data of 82 healthy adult dogs were evaluated in this study. PROCEDURES Age, sex, breed, and reproductive status were recorded. Schirmer tear test (STT) and TBUT were assessed in all dogs, and interferometry was available for the selected dogs. The Jones test was used to evaluate NLD patency. The cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each dog (skull width/skull length ×100). RESULTS Mean (SD) values for the STT results for the right (OD) and left (OS) eyes were 20.6 (2.7) and 20.2 (2.7) mm/min, respectively. Mean (SD) TBUT values for OD and OS were 6.5 (2.5) and 6.1 (2.3) mm/min in all dogs, respectively. Sex and reproductive status had no significant effect on STT and TBUT (P[OU] > 0.05). Skull type significantly affected TBUT in both eyes (P(OD) = 0.01, P(OS) = 0.003), but had no effect on STT (P[OU] > 0.3). Age had no correlation with STT and TBUT in either eye (P[OU] > 0.05). STT and TBUT had no correlation in either eye (P[OU] > 0.2). NLD patency had no significant effect on STT or TBUT (P[OU] > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed lower TBUT values in brachycephalic breeds than in non-brachycephalic breeds. A compensatory increase in STT values was observed in dogs with low TBUT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Faghihi
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Sarfaty H, Ezra-Elia R, Sebbag L. Prevalence and characteristics of ocular diseases in Sphynx cats: A retrospective assessment (2012-2021) and comparison with non-Sphynx cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:367-375. [PMID: 35598106 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the prevalence of ocular diseases in Sphynx cats, and compare disease characteristics with other feline breeds. METHODS Medical records of Sphynx cats presented to an ophthalmology referral center between 1/2012 and 4/2021 were examined. Cats of other breeds examined during the same period served as controls. RESULTS One hundred ten Sphynx cats were examined during the study period, diagnosed with corneal sequestrum (n = 42 cats), lower eyelid entropion (n = 25), presumed herpetic keratoconjunctivitis (n = 19), conjunctivitis (n = 7), corneal ulcers (n = 6), nasolacrimal duct atresia/obstruction (n = 6), corneal dystrophy (n = 3), eosinophilic keratitis (n = 2), uveitis (n = 2), non-ulcerative keratitis (n = 1), and cataract (n = 1). Corneal sequestrum was significantly more common in Sphynx versus non-Sphynx cats (odds ratio = 8.0, 95% CI = 5.3-12.2, p < .001), and age of diagnosis was significantly younger in Sphynx cats (2.0 ± 1.5 years vs. 5.9 ± 4.0 years, p < .001). Corneal sequestrum recurrence was noted in 19.4% Sphynx eyes and 6.4% non-Sphynx eyes undergoing surgery (p = .015). Lower eyelid entropion-most often bilateral (80%)-was significantly more common in Sphynx versus non-Sphynx cats (odds ratio = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.3-7.1, p < .001), and age of diagnosis was significantly younger in Sphynx cats (0.9 ± 1.4 years vs. 3.5 ± 3.3 years, p < .005). CONCLUSIONS Corneal sequestrum and entropion were overrepresented and diagnosed at an earlier age in Sphynx cats when compared with the general feline population. Given the high prevalence, early age of onset, and relatively high recurrence of corneal sequestrum in Sphynx cats, further studies are warranted to better understand etiopathogenesis and preferred therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Magouz A, Lokman MS, Albrakati A, Elmahallawy EK. First Report of Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Felid Herpesvirus-1 from Symptomatic Domestic Cats in Egypt. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020081. [PMID: 35202334 PMCID: PMC8874770 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infection in cats. Despite its veterinary importance, no previous studies investigated the occurrence of this virus in Egypt. In the present work, a total number of one hundred forty (N = 140) conjunctival and/or oropharyngeal swabs were collected from symptomatic cats during veterinary clinic visits located in two Egyptian provinces. Virus isolation was performed in the Chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 12-days-old SPF eggs. Interestingly, the embryos showed stunting growth and abnormal feathering and infected CAMs showed edematous thickening and cloudiness with characteristic white opaque pock lesions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the thymidine kinase gene (TK) was successful in 16/140 (11.4%) of the suspected cases. Two of the amplified genes were sequenced and the TK gene sequences of the FHV-1 isolates were highly similar to other reference strains in the GenBank database. Given the above information, the present study represents the first report of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in domestic cats in Egypt. Further studies on the causes of upper respiratory tract infections in cats as well as vaccine efficacy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (E.K.E.)
| | - Maha S. Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (E.K.E.)
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Seyer LD, Wills RW, Betbeze CM. Investigation of fluorescein stain-based tear film breakup time test reliability in dogs in a clinical setting. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:1019-1025. [PMID: 34727069 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.01.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intra- and interobserver reliability of a fluorescein stain-based tear film breakup time (TFBUT) test as performed in a clinical environment with and without administration of a topical anesthetic. ANIMALS 21 privately owned dogs. PROCEDURES A randomized study design was used. Two independent observers that commonly perform the TFBUT test in clinical practice read the same description of TFBUT. Observers performed TFBUT testing for each dog before and after topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine solution in 4 testing periods with a 1-hour interval between periods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis was used to assess inter- and intraobserver test reliability. Linear mixed models were used to assess the main effects of testing period, observer, eye, and presence of ophthalmic disorders and their interactions on TFBUT. RESULTS Mean TFBUT measurements performed by observer 1 and observer 2 were 5.9 seconds and 8.6 seconds, respectively, when adjusted for other effects in the model. Intraobserver ICC was poor for one observer and moderate for the other. Interobserver ICC was poor without use of topical anesthetic and slightly lower when anesthetic was used. Observer and testing period were each significantly associated with TFBUT; the measurements decreased and were more variable after multiple applications of fluorescein stain and proparacaine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested tear film stability is negatively affected by topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine solution and repeated applications of fluorescein stain. The TFBUT test as performed in this study had poor to moderate reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Seyer
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
| | - Robert W Wills
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
| | - Caroline M Betbeze
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
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10
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Welss J, Punchago N, Feldt J, Paulsen F. The distribution of conjunctival goblet cells in mice. Ann Anat 2021; 234:151664. [PMID: 33400978 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the density and distribution of conjunctival goblet cells in mice without clinical evidence of ocular surface diseases. METHODS Immediately after euthanasia of C57BL/6 wild-type mice, the eyes including eyelids were removed and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Entire eyeballs and eyelids were cut in series along the sagittal axis from nasal to temporal on a microtome and then stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff acid to visualize the goblet cells. At each section stained in this way, the conjunctival goblet cells of the entire upper and lower lid conjunctiva were counted by light microscopy. Additional (transmission electron microscopy) (TEM)-Analysis on ultrathin sections was performed to evaluate morphological differences. RESULTS The total number of conjunctival goblet cells differs markedly between individual animals. Categorisation into upper eyelid (UL) and lower eyelid (LL) and into regions (nasal, middle, temporal) revealed a significant increase of goblet cells from nasal to temporal in the UL and a significant decrease in the LL. CONCLUSION The distribution of conjunctival goblet cells in mice differs considerably from humans and between individual animals. Therefore, precise selection of sampling and methods are needed to obtain comparable data. We recommend to use the middle region of the conjunctiva of UL/LL for goblet cell studies in mice. These findings are of particular interest for dry eye mouse models as well as pharmacological studies on mice with influence on their goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Welss
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Nichapa Punchago
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Anatomy, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Jessica Feldt
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Sechenov University Moscow, Russia
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Uhl LK, Saito A, Iwashita H, Maggs DJ, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Clinical features of cats with aqueous tear deficiency: a retrospective case series of 10 patients (17 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:944-950. [PMID: 30417738 PMCID: PMC11132248 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic test results and response to therapy of cats with Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) values below the reference interval. METHODS The medical records of three institutions were searched for cats with ocular surface disease and STT-1 values <9 mm/min, confirmed at two or more separate visits. RESULTS Ten cats (17 eyes) were included. The mean ± SD (range) age and STT-1 values in affected eye(s) were 6.1 ± 5.7 (0.2-16) years and 2.4 ± 3.1 (0-8) mm/min, respectively. Concurrent ocular surface disease was bilateral in 5/10 cats. Clinical signs included conjunctivitis (14/17 eyes), corneal ulceration (6/17 eyes), non-ulcerative keratitis (4/17 eyes), symblepharon (4/17 eyes), eosinophilic keratitis (3/17 eyes), corneal sequestrum (3/17 eyes), corneal fibrosis (2/17 eyes) and meibomitis (2/17 eyes). Management included: topically applied lacrimomimetics, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs; orally administered famciclovir; or surgical procedures, in various combinations. Response to therapy (defined as an increase in STT-1 value of ⩾5 mm/min) was transient (seen at a single reassessment) in 65% of eyes and sustained (seen at ⩾2 consecutive reassessments) in 18% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features seen in cats with low STT-1 values are described, although the association between aqueous deficiency and the reported ocular changes is unknown at this time. We encourage clinicians to assess the tear film in cats with ocular surface disease, and initiate therapy with lacrimomimetics if STT-1 values are repeatedly below normal. Such information will further define aqueous tear deficiency in cats, providing a better understanding of disease prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Uhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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12
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Eördögh R, Jakab C, Papp R, Tichy A, Nell B. Density and distribution of feline conjunctival goblet cells. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1048-1054. [PMID: 27765834 PMCID: PMC11110988 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16673000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the density and distribution of goblet cells (GCs) in the feline conjunctiva and to investigate a potential effect of age and sex on GC density (GCD). Methods Thirty-nine eyes of 21 cats euthanased for reasons unrelated to this study were used. Fixed upper and lower eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva were divided into nasal and temporal regions. The third eyelid was excised and investigated separately. Samples were embedded in paraffin wax; sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction and analysed with light microscopy. To determine the topographic distribution of GCs, each region was subdivided into the marginal, palpebral and bulbar zone. In each zone 200 epithelial cells, including GCs, were counted. Goblet cell index was defined as a percentage of the epithelial cells. Results The palpebral zone of both eyelids contained significantly ( P <0.001) more GCs (27.5-32.0%) than the marginal or bulbar areas. The highest GCD was found in the nasal palpebral zone of the upper eyelid (32.0%). Marginal and bulbar sites contained fewer numbers of GCs (2.6-10.0%). The lowest GCD was detected in the nasal bulbar zone of the lower eyelid (2.6%). Overall the nasal region contained significantly ( P = 0.036) more GCs than the temporal region, but there was no significant difference in GCD between the upper and lower eyelids. Correlation analysis did not show any effect of age or sex on GC counts. Conclusions and relevance GCD in the palpebral zones and on the anterior surface of the third eyelid was highest; the lowest density was found in the bulbar zones of the lower eyelid and in the marginal zones of both eyelids. Overall, higher GCD was found in the cat than in other species. Age and sex have no effect on GCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Eördögh
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csaba Jakab
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Papp
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Nell
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Graham KL, White JD, Billson FM. Feline corneal sequestra: outcome of corneoconjunctival transposition in 97 cats (109 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:710-716. [PMID: 27107040 PMCID: PMC11128799 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16645144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Case series summary A retrospective study was undertaken to review outcomes of keratectomy and corneoconjunctival transposition in cats with superficial and deep corneal sequestra. Information including pertinent history, signalment, ophthalmological findings and postoperative outcome was collected from medical records. Follow-up was obtained by clinical examination, contact with the referring veterinarians and review of medical records or telephone contact with owners. Ninety-seven cats (109 eyes) were included from 2005-2015. The most commonly affected breeds included Persian, Burmese and Himalayan. The mean age at the time of surgery was 6.8 years (median 6.5 years; range 8.0 months-18.0 years). A corneal sequestrum in the contralateral eye was diagnosed in 28 cats (28.9%). Recurrent corneal sequestration was diagnosed in eight cats (nine eyes), with recurrence occurring a mean of 703 days after surgery (range 29-1750 days). Age, sex, breed, depth of sequestration and concurrent ocular disease in the contralateral eye were compared between cats with and without recurrence, with no risk factors for recurrence identified. Relevance and novel information Excellent surgical outcomes have previously been described in a series of 17 cats with superficial and mid-stromal corneal sequestra. This paper adds further information to the literature by describing a larger series of cats, with corneal sequestra affecting the full range of corneal thickness, and good long-term postoperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Ophthalmology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Joanna D White
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Francis M Billson
- Ophthalmology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
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Sebbag L, Reilly CM, Eid R, Maggs DJ. Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:38-43. [PMID: 26799820 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate goblet cell density (GCD) and distribution in cats without clinical evidence of ocular surface disease and without histologic evidence of conjunctival disease. ANIMALS STUDIED Fourteen Domestic Shorthair cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. PROCEDURES Before euthanasia, cats were verified using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining to be free of eyelid or ocular surface abnormalities. Immediately after euthanasia, bilateral conjunctival specimens including third eyelid (TEL) were collected, routinely processed, and stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin. Thirteen conjunctival regions were identified. For each region, GCD was expressed as the percentage of goblet cells/200 basal epithelial cells. RESULTS Mean GCD ranged widely by region: anterior surface of the TEL = 48.8%, fornicial regions = 47.0%, palpebral regions = 38.5%, bulbar regions = 19.6%, and posterior surface of the TEL = 12.6%. The anterior surface of the TEL had significantly higher GCD than did the bulbar and the palpebral regions, but not the fornicial regions. Bulbar conjunctiva had significantly lower GCD than did all other conjunctival regions except the posterior surface of the TEL. No significant difference was noted between GCD of male versus female cats, dorsal versus ventral regions, or lateral versus medial regions. CONCLUSIONS Although conjunctival GCD ranged widely by region, the anterior surface of the TEL appears to be an excellent location for assessing conjunctival goblet cells in cats because this area has high GCD and is more readily accessible than is the palpebral, fornicial, or bulbar conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Ramzi Eid
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
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15
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Chow DW, Westermeyer HD. Retrospective evaluation of corneal reconstruction using ACell Vet™alone in dogs and cats: 82 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:357-66. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek W.Y. Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Hong Kong; 1/F & 2/F 165 Wanchai Road Wan Chai, Hong Kong Island Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hans D. Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
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16
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Sebbag L, Kass PH, Maggs DJ. Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:426-35. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.4.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Laguna F, Leiva M, Costa D, Lacerda R, Peña Gimenez T. Corneal grafting for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum: a retrospective study of 18 eyes (13 cats). Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:291-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Laguna
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de; Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Costa
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rodrigo Lacerda
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Teresa Peña Gimenez
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de; Barcelona Spain
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18
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Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2014; 12:178-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Dubin AJ, Pizzirani S, Beamer GL. Corneal sequestrum in a dog with chronic unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1751-5. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.12.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Newkirk KM, Hendrix DVH, Keller RL. Porphyrins are not present in feline ocular tissues or corneal sequestra. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14 Suppl 1:2-4. [PMID: 21923817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if feline lacrimal glands, glands of the third eyelid, corneas, and corneal sequestra contain porphyrins, which could be responsible for the brown/amber discoloration of corneal sequestra and tears in affected cats. PROCEDURES Samples of grossly normal cornea, lacrimal gland, gland of the third eyelid, and sequestra obtained via keratectomy were collected. Porphyrin concentrations of the homogenate were determined by spectrofluorometry with protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin III dihydrochloride used as standards. A hamster harderian gland was used as a positive control. RESULTS Normal tissues were harvested from one eye each of 14 nonclient owned, adult, mixed-breed, short-hair cats euthanized for reasons not associated with this study. Eighteen sequestra were acquired from cats undergoing unilateral lamellar keratectomies. Breeds of the affected cats included eight Himalayan, five domestic shorthair, and one each of four other breeds. Only the positive control and standards contained levels of porphyrins above background. All feline samples examined were histologically normal with no evidence of porphyrins. CONCLUSIONS Porphyrins are absent in normal feline lacrimal glands, corneas, and corneal sequestra. Porphyrins do not appear to be the cause of the brown/amber color of feline corneal sequestra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Newkirk
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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21
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Conceição L, Ribeiro A, Torres M, Lourenço M, Laus J. Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M.L.M. Torres
- Centro Universitário da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos, Brazil
| | - M.L.G. Lourenço
- Centro Universitário da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos, Brazil
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Thomasy SM, Lim CC, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Lappin MR, Maggs DJ. Evaluation of orally administered famciclovir in cats experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:85-95. [PMID: 21194340 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate orally administered famciclovir for treatment of cats with experimentally induced disease attributable to feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1). ANIMALS 16 nonvaccinated specific-pathogen-free cats. PROCEDURES Cats were treated orally with famciclovir (90 mg/kg; n = 10) or a similar volume of lactose (400 mg; 6) 3 times/d for 21 days. Cats were inoculated with FHV-1 and administered the first treatment dose on day 0. Disease score; weight; results of urinalysis, serum biochemical analysis, and CBC; histologic conjunctivitis score; herpetic DNA shedding; goblet cell density; anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration; and plasma penciclovir concentration were measured. RESULTS On days 4 to 18 following inoculation, disease scores were lower in famciclovir-treated cats than in lactose-treated cats. Lactose-treated cats decreased in weight during the first 7 days after inoculation, but famciclovir-treated cats increased in weight throughout the study. Percentage change in weight was greater in famciclovir-treated cats on days 7 and 14 than in lactose-treated cats. Serum globulin concentration was lower on days 3 through 9, conjunctivitis histologic score was lower on day 14, herpetic DNA was shed less frequently throughout the study, goblet cell density was greater on day 21, and circulating anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration at study end was lower in famciclovir-treated cats, compared with these measurements in lactose-treated cats. Approximate peak plasma penciclovir concentration was 2.0 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Famciclovir administration improved outcomes for systemic, ophthalmic, clinicopathologic, virologic, and histologic variables in cats experimentally infected with FHV-1. Adjunctive topical mucinomimetic and antimicrobial treatments may also be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lim CC, Reilly CM, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Maggs DJ. Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:394-403. [PMID: 19254153 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) and Schirmer tear test (STT) values in cats with primary experimental infection and to determine the relationship between TFBUT and STT values and conjunctival goblet cell density (GCD). SAMPLE POPULATION 9 specific-pathogen-free cats of approximately 6 months of age. PROCEDURES 6 cats were inoculated with FHV-1; 3 control cats were sham inoculated. Clinical and histologic evidence of conjunctivitis and TFBUT, GCD, and STT values were assessed at multiple times until postinoculation day (PID) 29. RESULTS In infected cats, mean clinical and histologic conjunctivitis scores peaked at PID 7 and remained above baseline at PID 29. In control cats, these 2 variables did not change from baseline throughout the study. Mean TFBUT declined rapidly in infected cats up to PID 15 and at PID 29 remained less than baseline, less than for control cats, and below reference range values. Mean STT value for infected cats at PID 29 was increased from baseline but was within the reference range and not different from the value for control cats. Mean GCD in infected cats declined precipitously by PID 7 and remained below reference range values at PID 29. Mean GCD in control cats remained unchanged for the duration of the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FHV-1 induced qualitative tear film abnormalities in experimentally infected cats, as measured by TFBUT and GCD. Assessment of TFBUT provided a reasonable clinical estimate of GCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Lim
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Sjödahl-Essén T, Tidholm A, Thorén P, Persson-Wadman A, Bölske G, Aspán A, Berndtsson LT. Evaluation of different sampling methods and results of real-time PCR for detection of feline herpes virus-1, Chlamydophila felis and Mycoplasma felis in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 11:375-80. [PMID: 19046278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how different sampling techniques affect detection of DNA from feline herpes virus Type 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydophila felis and Mycoplasma felis and to study the correlation between positive test results and clinical signs in cats. ANIMALS Fifty-one cats; 24 with ocular signs and 27 healthy control cats. PROCEDURES Samples were collected from all cats using cotton swabs, conjunctival and corneal biopsies, and corneal scrapings. Samples were analyzed for presence of FHV-1, C. felis, M. felis, and feline DNA, defined by 28S rDNA, by using real-time PCR. RESULTS In affected cats, FHV-1 was detected in only one cat; C. felis and M. felis were not detected in any affected cats. None of the three organisms was detected in any control cats. Feline DNA was demonstrated in all conjunctival samples, in 82% of corneal swabs, 92% of corneal scrapings, and 100% of keratectomy samples. CONCLUSIONS Because of the generally low detection rate for FHV-1, C. felis, and M. felis DNA in this study, differences regarding sampling technique could not be determined and correlation between positive test results and degree of clinical signs could not be made. Detection of feline DNA in most samples irrespective of sampling technique, suggests a low prevalence of FHV-1, C. felis and M. felis in this population of cats.
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Westermeyer HD, Kado-Fong H, Maggs DJ. Effects of sampling instrument and processing technique on DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 via polymerase chain reaction assay. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:811-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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