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Oliveira IV, Oliveira LVSX, Santos VMB, Souza JLT, Costa MLL, Borges PF, Campos DB, Talieri IC. Determination of intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test and the comparison between the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen AVIA®) and the rebound tonometer (TonoVet Plus®) in mini lionhead rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:53-60. [PMID: 37747053 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production, as well as to compare the IOP obtained with the TonoVet Plus® (rebound) with the Tono-Pen Avia® (applanation) tonometers. ANIMALS Twenty-five Mini Lionhead rabbits (n = 50 eyes). PROCEDURE Tear production was measured at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. by using the STT. The IOP reading was performed with the rebound tonometer, followed by the applanation tonometer, at 6:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. Regression analysis, analysis of variance (anova) and Bland-Altman statistics were used. RESULTS Daily tear production was 10.25 ± 3.75 mm/min, with no differences among the moments evaluated. Average daily IOP was 17.7 ± 3.08 mmHg with the TonoVet Plus® and 11.5 ± 4.56 mmHg with the Tono-Pen Avia®. IOP values were higher at the beginning and end of the day with both tonometers. CONCLUSION The IOP values are higher with the TonoVet Plus® tonometer. The reference values of IOP and tear production obtained in this work may support the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ocular disorders in pet Mini Lionhead rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael V Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Lídia V S X Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Victória M B Santos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - João L T Souza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Maria Lindomárcia L Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Péricles F Borges
- Department of Social Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Danila B Campos
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Ivia C Talieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
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2
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Kiland JA, Terhaar HM, Walleck HE, Chen N, McDaniel K, McLellan GJ. Comparison of the TONOVET Plus®, TonoVet®, and Tono-Pen Vet™ tonometers in normal cats and cats with glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:414-421. [PMID: 37339127 PMCID: PMC10527474 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy, precision, and clinical applicability of the ICare® TONOVET Plus (TVP) in cats. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES IOP readings obtained with the TVP were compared to values obtained concurrently with the original TONOVET (TV01) and Tono-Pen Vet™ (TP) in 12 normal cats (24 eyes) and 8 glaucomatous LTBP2-mutant cats (13 eyes) in vivo. Reproducibility of TVP readings was also assessed for three observers in the above cats. The anterior chambers of five different normal cat eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TVP, TV01, and TP at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mmHg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. ANOVA was used to assess reproducibility of TVP readings obtained by different observers and an ANCOVA model controlled for variation of individual cats. p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS TVP values strongly correlated with TV01 values (y = 1.045x + 1.443, R2 = .9667). The TP significantly underestimated IOP relative to the TVP and TV01, particularly at high IOP. IOP values obtained by 1 observer were significantly higher (~1 mmHg average) compared to the other 2 observers via ANCOVA analysis (p = .0006479 and p = .0203). Relative to manometry, the TVP and TV01 were significantly more accurate (p < .0001) and precise (p < .0070) than the TP in ex vivo eyes. CONCLUSIONS IOP readings obtained with the TVP and TV01 are broadly interchangeable between models and between observers, but subtle differences may be important in a research context. TP readings vastly underestimate high IOP in feline glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah M Terhaar
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah E Walleck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kyle McDaniel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Pinard CL. Diagnostic Tests Used During the Ocular Examination. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:279-298. [PMID: 36813386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the required ocular tests during the ophthalmologic examinations of canine and feline patients. Knowledge of medications affecting ocular parameters and awareness of available instrumentation and test materials is essential for accurate diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Wolfran L, Debiage RR, Lopes DM, Fukushima FB. Ophthalmic effects of dexmedetomidine, methadone and dexmedetomidine-methadone in healthy cats and their reversal with atipamezole. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1253-1259. [PMID: 35616047 PMCID: PMC10812348 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221077023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the effects that dexmedetomidine and methadone, either alone or in combination, have on the ocular variables of healthy adult cats when administered intramuscularly, as well as their reversal with atipamezole. METHODS A randomized crossover blinded study of 10 healthy cats was used to assess the effect of 0.2 mg/kg methadone (MET), 7.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (D7), 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (D10), 7.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM7) and 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM10) on intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production and pupil diameter (PD). The animals were evaluated for 30 mins. Afterwards, atipamezole was administered and ocular variables were evaluated for 30 mins. RESULTS D10, DM7 and DM10 significantly decreased mean IOP but MET or D7 did not. Tear production decreased significantly in all treatments, corresponding to 18%, 59%, 63%, 86% and 98% in MET, D7, D10, DM7 and DM10, respectively. PD increased in all treatments, but MET showed the highest PD. Thirty minutes after atipamezole (RT30), IOP returned to baseline with no difference between groups, and there was a significant increase in tear production, but the means were still different from baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine decreases IOP and tear production but increases PD in healthy cats. Atipamezole can partly reverse those alterations. Low-dose dexmedetomidine (7.5 µg/kg) promotes sedation without changing the IOP. All protocols significantly decrease tear production, and Schirmer tear test after sedation is not representative of non-sedated values. Methadone induces quick onset mydriasis without changing the IOP.
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Crowe YC, Groth BVSc AD, Billson FM, White J, Coall SM, Yates KL, Premont JE. Gabapentin reduces stress and does not affect ocular parameters in clinically normal cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:493-498. [PMID: 36006034 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effects of gabapentin on ocular and behavioral parameters following oral administration in healthy cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Masked, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover-design study. Ten young, healthy cats were scheduled for two veterinary visits 7 days apart and randomly assigned to receive a compounded capsule containing 100 mg of gabapentin or placebo (100 mg lactose powder) at the first visit and the opposite treatment at the second visit. Respiratory rate, heart rate, stress score, sedation score, compliance score, horizontal pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, and Schirmer tear test-1 were measured prior to and 1.5, 3, and 6 h following capsule administration. Stress score, sedation score, and compliance score were assigned based on established behavioral scales. Results of the two treatments were statistically compared with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Respiratory rate was significantly reduced at 1.5 (p = 0.049) and 3 (p = 0.03) hours following gabapentin administration. Stress score was significantly reduced at 1.5 (p = 0.01) hours following gabapentin administration. Sedation score was significantly increased at 1.5 (p = 0.015) and 3 (p = 0.03) hours following gabapentin administration. Gabapentin had no significant effect on heart rate, compliance score, or ocular values measured in this study. CONCLUSIONS Gabapentin reduces stress and increases sedation at 1.5 h after treatment, with no significant effect on horizontal pupil diameter, intraocular pressure or Schirmer tear test-1 results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Crowe
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Francis M Billson
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna White
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah M Coall
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelly L Yates
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johana E Premont
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Barbosa SF, Raposo ACS, Dórea Neto FDA, Araujo NLLC, Oliveira MMS, Oriá AP. TonoVet Plus®: Higher reliability and repeatability compared with Tono-Pen XL™ and TonoVet® in rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:272-281. [PMID: 35247282 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the Tono-Pen XL™, TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® tonometers by manometric evaluation, and to establish adjustment equations for intraocular pressure (IOP) estimates in rabbits. ANIMAL STUDIED Rabbits. PROCEDURES A postmortem study was conducted on seven rabbit eyes to verify the correlation between manometry and tonometry with an artificial incremental increase in IOP from 5 and 60 mmHg. A clinical study was conducted to evaluate accuracy and to establish reference values for the species, with measurement of IOP in 17 animals, for 2 consecutive days, with the same tonometers and calibrations used in the postmortem evaluations. RESULTS There were strong linear trends for all evaluated tonometers. In the in-vivo evaluation, the mean IOP values were: 14.23 ± 1.75 (Tono-Pen XL™); 13.89 ± 2.07 (TonoVet® calibration mode 'd'); 8.88 ± 1.24 (TonoVet calibration mode 'p'); 18.59 ± 1.94 (Tonovet Plus®). There was a significant difference in the two evaluation times for the two TonoVet® calibration modes. The adjustment equations generated from the manometry for the evaluated tonometers were: Y = 0.2570X + 2.219 (Tono-Pen XL™), Y = 0.2289X + 2.389 (TonoVet® 'd'), Y = 0.4043X + 4.062 (TonoVet® 'p'), Y = 0.1233X + 0.3644 (TonoVet Plus®) (X is device-estimated IOP). CONCLUSIONS All evaluated tonometers were well correlated with the manometry, with an underestimation of IOP by all devices. Applying adjustment formulas may compensate for systematic errors. TonoVet Plus® was well tolerated, and showed better repeatability and reliability in successive evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlene F Barbosa
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia S Raposo
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Nayone L L C Araujo
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Arianne P Oriá
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Schlesener BN, Leonard BC, Miller PE, Kass PH, Hollingsworth SR, Cooper AE, Maggs DJ. Comparison of intraocular pressures estimated by rebound and applanation tonometry in dogs with lens instability: 66 cases (2012-2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1025-1031. [PMID: 34647480 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.9.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intraocular pressures (IOPs) estimated by rebound and applanation tonometry for dogs with lens instability. ANIMALS 66 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs examined between September 2012 and July 2018 were reviewed for diagnoses of anterior (ALL) or posterior (PLL) lens luxation or lens subluxation. RESULTS Estimates of IOP obtained with rebound and applanation tonometry significantly differed from each other for all types of lens instability considered collectively (mean ± SE difference between tonometric readings, 8.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg) and specific types of lens instability considered individually (mean ± SE difference between tonometric readings: ALL, 12.8 ± 2.5 mm Hg; PLL, 5.9 ± 1.7 mm Hg; subluxation, 2.8 ± 0.8 mm Hg). Median (range) differences between rebound and applanation tonometer readings for dogs with ALL was 5 mm Hg (-9 to 76 mm Hg), with PLL was 3 mm Hg (-1 to 19 mm Hg), and with lens subluxation was 3 mm Hg (-9 to 18 mm Hg). In eyes with ALL, rebound tonometer readings exceeded applanation tonometer readings on 44 of 60 (73%) occasions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rebound tonometry yielded higher estimates of IOP than did applanation tonometry in eyes with ALL and with all types of lens luxation considered collectively. Estimates of IOP in eyes with lens instability should ideally be obtained with both rebound and applanation tonometers. Veterinarians with only one type of tonometer should interpret results for dogs with lens instability concurrent with physical examination findings.
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Kerdchuchuen K, Samathayanon K, Phientong P, Chattraphirat S, Jaturakan O, Tuntivanich N. Comparison of intraocular pressure in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:484-490. [PMID: 34487613 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intraocular pressure using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Both eyes of 78 healthy cats were investigated in this study. Cats were divided into two groups: brachycephalic (n = 39) and nonbrachycephalic (n = 39). PROCEDURES Nose position and muzzle ratio were photographically recorded and analyzed. Physical and ophthalmic examinations were performed. Intraocular pressure was measured using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometry instrument. Quantitative mean values were statistically compared using an unpaired t-test at a significance level of p < .05. RESULTS Mean values of the nose position and muzzle ratio were significantly lower in the brachycephalic group (20.14 ± 5.43%, 9.61 ± 3.29%) compared with the nonbrachycephalic group (29.21 ± 4.30%, 13.97 ± 6.01%). The mean intraocular pressure for brachycephalic cats (15.76 ± 0.50 mmHg) was significantly lower (p < .001) than for nonbrachycephalic cats (18.77 ± 0.49 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Intraocular pressure was significantly lower in brachycephalic cats using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer. Intraocular pressure values obtained in this study could be used as a guideline for measurements obtained using this tonometry device in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pitchapa Phientong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Jaturakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Effective elastic modulus of an intact cornea related to indentation behavior: A comparison between the Hertz model and Johnson-Kendall-Roberts model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108670. [PMID: 34129848 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a macro-indentation test on the submillimeter scale was performed to analyze the indentation behavior of an intact cornea under physiological pressures. The Hertz and Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) models were employed to solve the elastic modulus (E) of the intact cornea. The relevant detailed analysis showed that the JKR model, which accounted for the contribution from the adhesion energy, could be used to obtain the E values that were more than two-folds of those obtained from the Hertz model, which only considered the external force. Compared with the uniaxial tension test in vitro, unlike the elastic Hertz-model, the E values under physiological pressures that were obtained with the JKR model were between the lower and upper limits of corneal material. This phenomenon indicated that the JKR model could be used to obtain reasonably effective E values of an intact cornea under physiological pressures.
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10
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Yang VY, Seth Eaton J, Hetzel SJ, Miller PE. Evaluation of the effect of disposable tonometer cover brand on performance of Tono-Pen Vet in canine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24 Suppl 1:194-198. [PMID: 33638927 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of latex tip cover manufacturer on accuracy and repeatability of Tono-Pen Vet™ in canine eyes. ANIMAL STUDIED Twelve enucleated globes from six dogs. PROCEDURES The anterior chamber was cannulated and connected to a calibrated manometer. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were obtained using the Tono-Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus at manometric IOP ranging from 5 to 80 mmHg. At each IOP, the Tono-Pen Vet was used with a new Ocu-Film™ latex tip cover (the only manufacturer-approved brand of cover) followed by a new Softips™ latex tip cover. For comparison, the TONOVET Plus was also used at each IOP with a new disposable rebound probe. Measured IOP values were analyzed by linear regression and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Tono-Pen Vet accuracy was unaffected by tip cover manufacturer or by frequent change in cover. Using ICC analysis, repeatability of measurements using either tonometer was good to excellent at physiologic IOP levels but variably decreased with both devices at supraphysiologic IOP. CONCLUSIONS Neither tip cover manufacturer nor frequent changes in tip cover adversely affect Tono-Pen Vet accuracy. Measurement repeatability with Tono-Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus is widely variable at supraphysiologic IOP. Therefore, minor changes in IOP >25 mmHg should not be used to make clinical decisions without considering this variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y Yang
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Seth Eaton
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott J Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul E Miller
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Rodrigues BD, Montiani-Ferreira F, Bortolini M, Somma AT, Komáromy AM, Dornbusch PT. Intraocular pressure measurements using the TONOVET ® rebound tonometer: Influence of the probe-cornea distance. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:175-185. [PMID: 33070466 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the effect of different probe-cornea distances during intraocular pressure (IOP) data acquisition in dogs and rats. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-four conscious dogs and 15 anesthetized Wistar rats. METHODS Three interchangeable three-dimensional printed polylactide plastic spacer collars were used in place of the original Icare TonoVet® collar piece, which provided different distances (4, 6, and 8 mm) between the instrument's probe and the corneal surface. IOP values were obtained in sequence by a single observer, with the tonometer probe at a 4-, 6-, and 8-mm distance from the corneal surface. The dogs were gently restrained, and the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. RESULTS Intraocular pressure values obtained at 4, 6, and 8 mm from the TonoVet® probe to corneal surface distance in both dogs and rats were significantly different (P < .01). There was a small positive correlation between IOP (mm Hg) and probe-cornea distance (mm) (rs = 0.39 for dogs and rs = 0.51 for rats). In dogs, the mean IOP (± SD mm Hg) obtained at different distances were 16.2 ± 3.0 at 4 mm; 17.6 ± 3.4 at 6 mm; and 19.8 ± 3.8 at 8 mm. In rats, IOP values were 8.2 ± 1.5 at 4-mm; 9.4 ± 1.8 at 6-mm; and 10.5 ± 1.5 mm Hg at 8-mm distance. CONCLUSIONS Probe-cornea distance of the Icare TonoVet® significantly affects IOP readings, even within the 4- to 8-mm range recommended by the manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche D Rodrigues
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Integrated Center of Veterinary Specialties (CIEV), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariza Bortolini
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - André T Somma
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Integrated Center of Veterinary Specialties (CIEV), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peterson Triches Dornbusch
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Mustikka MP, Pietilä EM, Mykkänen AK, Grönthal TSC. Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:892-898. [PMID: 32888242 PMCID: PMC7540552 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To obtain a reference range for evaluation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses using Tonovet Plus®, to compare the IOP readings obtained with Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, and to evaluate the repeatability of readings. Animals studied and Procedures Intraocular pressure of 30 client‐owned horses (60 eyes) with no signs of illness or ocular disease was evaluated using Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus® rebound tonometers. Horses’ mean age was 10.7 (range 6‐17) years. Triplicate measurements were performed without using sedatives or local anesthetics, with minimal restraint. Results Calculated reference intervals (the CLSI robust method) were 14.4‐27.2 mmHg for Tonovet® and 16.0‐26.1 mmHg for Tonovet Plus®. Mean values (± standard deviation, SD [± coefficient of variation, CV]) obtained with Tonovet Plus® (21.6 ± 2.45 mmHg [11.3%]) were on average 0.6 mmHg higher than with Tonovet® (21.0 ± 3.14 mmHg [15.0%]), and a negligible statistical difference between the devices was found using the paired sample t test (P = .049). The correlation coefficient for the averaged triplicate measurements was 0.73. The average CV was 4.6% and 4.4% for Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, respectively. Conclusions The repeatability of measurements was very good with both devices. The readings between the two devices differed statistically significantly, but the correlation was considered good and the variation was numerically small, and thus, the difference was considered clinically irrelevant. When monitoring disease process or treatment response in an individual patient, repeated readings are best performed using a similar device to avoid false interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna P Mustikka
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas S C Grönthal
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Shim J, Kang S, Park Y, Kim S, Go S, Lee E, Seo K. Comparative intraocular pressure measurements using three different rebound tonometers through in an ex vivo analysis and clinical trials in canine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:186-193. [PMID: 32501651 PMCID: PMC8048852 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the clinical relevance of intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with three different rebound tonometers in an ex vivo analysis and clinical trials in dogs. Animals and procedures Ex vivo analysis and clinical trials were performed separately. For the ex vivo analysis, eight enucleated eyes were obtained from four Beagle dogs. IOP values measured with TONOVET® (TV‐IOP), TONOVET‐Plus® (TVP‐IOP), and SW‐500® (SW‐IOP) were compared with manometric IOPs. For clinical trials, each tonometer was evaluated separately, depending on whether TVP‐IOP was higher or lower than 14 mm Hg. One‐way repeatedmeasures analysis of variance, simple linear regression analysis, and Bland‐Altman plots were used for statistical analyses. Results In ex vivo analysis, TV‐IOP and TVP‐IOP were not significantly different from manometric IOP. However, SW‐IOP underestimated IOP compared to manometry. Higher discrepancy was observed in TV‐IOP and SW‐IOP with an increase in manometric IOP. In clinical trials, no significant difference was observed between TV‐IOP (9.73 ± 2.92) and TVP‐IOP (11.36 ± 2.23) when TVP‐IOP was lower than 14 mm Hg, but SW‐IOP (8.70 ± 3.03) was significantly lower than TVP‐IOP. TV‐IOP (15.96 ± 6.47) and SW‐IOP (13.09 ± 3.72) were significantly lower than TVP‐IOP (20.08 ± 6.60) when the IOP was higher than 14 mm Hg of TVP‐IOP. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the TONOVET® and TONOVET‐Plus® provide a useful approach for ex vivo analysis. In clinical trials, results of TV‐IOP and SW‐IOP were significantly lower than of TVP‐IOP when IOP was higher than 14 mm Hg of TVP‐IOP. The characteristics of rebound tonometers should be considered in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Shim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonji Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokmin Go
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Minella AL, Kiland JA, Gloe S, McLellan GJ. Validation and comparison of four handheld tonometers in normal ex vivo canine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:162-170. [PMID: 32478941 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy and precision of the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer and the Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™ applanation tonometer for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in normal ex vivo canine eyes and comparison to earlier models of these tonometers. ANIMALS & PROCEDURES The anterior chambers of six normal dog eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TONOVET (TV01), TONOVET Plus, Tono-Pen Vet™, and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™ at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mm Hg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. A P value ≤ .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Intraocular pressure values obtained using the TONOVET Plus and TV01 were significantly more accurate than with the Tono-Pen VET and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, particularly at higher IOPs (30-70 mm Hg). Accuracy was not significantly different between any of the devices in the low to normal physiologic IOP range (5-25 mm Hg). Level of precision was high for all devices, though the TONOVET Plus was more precise than the Tono-Pen Vet in the 5-25 mmHg range and the TV01 was more precise than the Tono-Pen AVIA Vet over the whole IOP range. CONCLUSIONS All devices underestimated IOP, particularly at higher pressures. Rebound tonometers were more accurate over the full range of IOP tested and in the high IOP range; however, there were no significant differences in accuracy among devices in the physiologic IOP range. All tonometers can provide clinically useful IOP readings in dogs, but rebound and applanation tonometers should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Minella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shawna Gloe
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Schenk AP, McGrath AM, Beatty CA, Ottney JL, Gratch EK, Robertson SA, Komáromy AM. Feline post-sterilization hyphema. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:588-591. [PMID: 32216041 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Retrospective medical record review of 1204 cats and prospective screening of 195 cats. PROCEDURES The study consisted of three parts: (a) Survey responses were collected from 20 veterinarians, who perform high-quality high-volume spay-neuter (HQHVSN) in both shelter and public clinic settings; (b) medical records of 1204 cats were analyzed retrospectively over a 14-month time period; and (c) ophthalmic examinations, including tonometry, were performed prospectively on 195 cats before and after sterilization surgery over 8 weeks. RESULTS Nine of 20 surveyed veterinarians reported having witnessed hyphema in cats following sterilization surgery. Retrospective review of 1204 medical record and prospective screening of 195 cats showed that three juvenile (<1 year of age) male cats (<2 kg) developed hyphema within 1 hour following surgery (0.2% incidence). In all three affected cats, anesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (3 of 523 cats induced with this drug combination; 0.6% incidence), and hyphema resolved within 20 hours. Mean intraocular pressures as measured by Icare® TonoVet were (mean ± standard deviation) 11.5 ± 3.8 mm Hg and 21.7 ± 4.6 mm Hg for juvenile (<1 year of age) and adult (>1 year of age) cats, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Survey responses and three observed cases confirm the existence of feline post-sterilization hyphema with an estimated incidence of 0.2%. The underlying mechanism for this occurrence remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Schenk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheilah A Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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16
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Carvalho CM, Rodarte-Almeida ACV, Beanes AS, Machado MTS, Galera PD. Ophthalmic contributions to assessing eyes of two neotropical canids: Cerdocyon thous and Chrysocyon brachyurus. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:460-471. [PMID: 31961037 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe selected ophthalmic tests and anatomical features of eyes of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus). ANIMALS STUDIED Six crab-eating foxes (12 eyes), eight maned wolves (16 eyes). PROCEDURES Intramuscular and/or inhalatory anesthesia, ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit-lamp biomicroscope, Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure measurement with rebound and applanation (crab-eating fox only) tonometers, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), gonioscopy, and fundoscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS Both species presented upper and lower eyelids, both with eyelashes and Meibomian glands openings. A third eyelid was also present. In partial miosis, pigmented projections were observed along the edge of the pupil. The draining angle was open, with thin pectinate ligaments. The retina was holangiotic. For crab-eating foxes, mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 4.33 ± 2.96 mm/min; PFL: 17.45 ± 1.55 mm; rebound tonometry: 10.70 ± 3.43 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D),5.66 ± 3.44 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), 17.00 ± 4.64 mm Hg (TonoVet® Plus calibration dog); and applanation tonometry: 11.70 ± 5.70 mm Hg(TonoPen® XL). For maned wolves, the mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 9.31 ± 7.40 mm/min; PFL: 22.79 ± 1.63 mm; rebound tonometry: 11.00 ± 2.77 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D), 6.78 ± 2.58 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), and 18.29 ± 3.47 mm Hg(TonoVet® Plus calibration dog). CONCLUSIONS This study contributes with knowledge that can help the clinical assessment regarding eyes of crab-eating foxes and maned wolves. The data herein presented for rebound tonometry are new for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Carvalho
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Alan S Beanes
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marilia T S Machado
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paula D Galera
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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17
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Lim J, Kang S, Park S, Park E, Nam T, Jeong S, Seo K. Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Rebound Tonometry (TonoVet) in Normal Pigeons ( Columba livia). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:46-52. [PMID: 31124611 DOI: 10.1647/2017-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the applicability of a rebound tonometer (TonoVet) in pigeon eyes and established normal reference intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy pigeons; 20 eyes of euthanized pigeons were used for calibration of the TonoVet and 48 eyes of 24 adult pigeons were used for measurement of reference IOP. First, IOP of pigeon eyes ex vivo were measured using the 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet and compared to manometric IOP values from 5 to 80 mm Hg. Then, to establish normal reference values, IOP was measured from clinically normal pigeons in vivo. The 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet showed a strong linear correlation with the manometric IOP (R2 = .996 and .991, respectively). The obtained regression formulas were: y1 = 0.439x + 2.059 and y2 = 0.330x - 0.673, respectively (y1, 'd' mode of TonoVet; y2, 'p' mode of TonoVet; x, manometric IOP). The 'd' and the 'p' modes consistently measured one-half and one-third of the actual IOP, respectively. Therefore, the formula obtained through the 'd' mode was applied to obtain reference values. The calibrated IOP of normal pigeon eyes was 19.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg. The actual IOP could be calculated using the presented formula. Considering the limitations of the 'p' mode, use of the 'd' mode is more appropriate. Therefore, the TonoVet rebound tonometry under the 'd' mode is a reliable method for measuring IOP in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegook Lim
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taekjin Nam
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seowoo Jeong
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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18
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Snyder KC, Oikawa K, Williams J, Kiland JA, Gehrke S, Teixeira LBC, Huang AS, McLellan GJ. Imaging Distal Aqueous Outflow Pathways in a Spontaneous Model of Congenital Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:22. [PMID: 31616579 PMCID: PMC6788461 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.5.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To validate the use of aqueous angiography (AA) in characterizing distal aqueous outflow pathways in normal and glaucomatous cats. Methods Ex vivo AA and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in nine adult cat eyes (5 feline congenital glaucoma [FCG] and 4 normal), following intracameral infusion of 2.5% fluorescein and/or 0.4% indocyanine green (ICG) at physiologic intraocular pressure (IOP). Scleral OCT line scans were acquired in areas of high- and low-angiographic signal. Tissues dissected in regions of high- and low-AA signal, were sectioned and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained or immunolabeled (IF) for vascular endothelial and perivascular cell markers. Outflow vessel numbers and locations were compared between groups by Student's t-test. Results AA yielded circumferential, high-quality images of distal aqueous outflow pathways in normal and FCG eyes. No AA signal or scleral lumens were appreciated in one buphthalmic FCG eye, though collapsed vascular profiles were identified on IF. The remaining eight of nine eyes all showed segmental AA signal, distinguished by differences in time of signal onset. AA signal always corresponded with lumens seen on OCT. Numbers of intrascleral vessels were not significantly different between groups, but scleral vessels were significantly more posteriorly located relative to the limbus in FCG. Conclusions A capacity for distal aqueous humor outflow was confirmed by AA in FCG eyes ex vivo but with significant posterior displacement of intrascleral vessels relative to the limbus in FCG compared with normal eyes. Translational Relevance This report provides histopathologic correlates of advanced diagnostic imaging findings in a spontaneous model of congenital glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Snyder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuya Oikawa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremy Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaile Gehrke
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alex S Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Gloe S, Rothering A, Kiland JA, McLellan GJ. Validation of the Icare ® TONOVET plus rebound tonometer in normal rabbit eyes. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107698. [PMID: 31201805 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine the accuracy and precision of the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal rabbit eyes, as well as compare it to three other commercially available tonometers: the Icare® TONOVET (TV01), Tono-Pen Vet™, and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™. The anterior chambers of both eyes of three New Zealand White rabbits were cannulated, post-mortem. IOP was measured using each of the above four tonometers at manometric pressures ranging between 5 mmHg and 70 mmHg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA, and Bland-Altman plots. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests. IOP values obtained with the TONOVET Plus (in 'lapine' mode) were significantly closer to manometric IOP than those obtained with the other tonometers tested. The TV01 (in 'd' dog setting) and Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™ were significantly more accurate compared to the Tono-Pen Vet™. All tonometers had high levels of precision, though the TONOVET Plus and TV01 were significantly more precise compared to the Tono-Pen AVIA Vet™. All tonometers tended to underestimate IOP, particularly at high pressures, however the TONOVET Plus was highly correlated with manometric IOP in the clinically relevant range of 5-50 mmHg. The TONOVET Plus is an appropriate choice of instrument for measuring IOP in rabbit eyes in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Gloe
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Abby Rothering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Pelych LN, Shellabarger W, Vassallo M, Noland E, Sledge D, Aquino SE. Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs:
Atelopus zeteki. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:430-439. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica Noland
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Dodd Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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21
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Sandhas E, Merle R, Eule JC. Consider the eye in preventive healthcare - ocular findings, intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in ageing cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1063-1071. [PMID: 29172875 PMCID: PMC11104210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17742528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Geriatric health screening in cats is highly recommended. However, information about normal and abnormal findings is scarce, especially regarding the eyes of ageing cats. This prospective study examined the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats. METHODS A total of 209 cats (aged 9-24 years) underwent physical examination, vision assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, Schirmer tear test (STT) reading and rebound tonometry were performed. Systemic disease was not a criterion for exclusion. RESULTS Vision was good in 157/209 cats (75.1%) and impaired in 52/209 cats (24.9%). Increasing age and the occurrence of vision impairment were not statistically associated ( P = 0.053). Retinal oedema, retinal haemorrhage and/or retinal detachment (19 cats) and glaucoma (12 cats) were the most common findings in vision impaired cats. Increasing age was significantly associated with the occurrence of lenticular sclerosis ( P = 0.01) and attenuated retinal vessels ( P = 0.02). Increasing age and SBP were significantly associated with the occurrence of retinal detachment, haemorrhage and oedema ( P <0.001 each). In cats without evidence of hypertensive ocular damage, younger cats had a tendency for higher SBP values than older cats, although this difference was not significant. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 16.5 ± 5.0 mmHg. Age did not significantly affect the IOP values ( P = 0.54). Mean STT was 15.8 ± 4.8 mm/min. The STT was found to increase with age ( P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although vision impairment is not a clinical sign of old age in cats, age-related changes may contribute to vision-threatening diseases. This study contributes to preventive healthcare by examining the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Sandhas
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biometry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - J Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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22
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Peche N, Eule JC. Intraocular pressure measurements in cattle, sheep, and goats with 2 different types of tonometers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2018; 82:208-215. [PMID: 30026646 PMCID: PMC6040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate normal intraocular pressure (IOP) values of cattle, sheep, and goats with a rebound tonometer [TonoVet (TV)] and an applanation tonometer [Tono-Pen AVIA (TPA)] and to determine correction functions for the 2 devices. A total of 60 healthy cattle, sheep, and goats (20 of each) underwent slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Intraocular pressure (IOP) readings were taken from both eyes with the 2 different tonometers and statistically analyzed. For calibration purposes, the IOP was preset on each instrument at 5 to 60 mmHg using 5 mmHg increments in 10 bovine, 8 ovine, and 6 caprine freshly enucleated eyes. Readings were taken with both tonometers at each interval and compared to the manometrically controlled IOP (Mann-Whitney U-test, P ≤ 0.05; Bland-Altman plot, and regression analysis). The median IOP measurements (min to max) obtained with the TV were 23 mmHg (12 to 40 mmHg), 11 mmHg (7 to 20 mmHg), and 23 mmHg (9 to 37 mmHg) for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Using the TPA, the median IOP measurements were 16 mmHg (8 to 27 mmHg), 10 mmHg (5 to 18 mmHg), and 13 mmHg (4 to 25 mmHg) for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the readings taken with the TV and the TPA in all species (Wilcoxon-test, P ≤ 0.05). All measurements obtained with the TV and the TPA during the calibration procedure differed statistically significantly from the manometrically controlled IOP measurements (Mann-Whitney U-test, P ≤ 0.05). For both instruments, regression formulas were calculated to correct the measurements. Both tonometers can be used effectively to assess intraocular pressure in ruminants, using the specific regression formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Peche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Johanna Corinna Eule
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin 14163, Germany
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23
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de Oliveira JK, Montiani-Ferreira F, Williams DL. The influence of the tonometer position on canine intraocular pressure measurements using the Tonovet ® rebound tonometer. Open Vet J 2018; 8:68-76. [PMID: 29721435 PMCID: PMC5918127 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the variability of readings made using the Tonovet® rebound tonometer for measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the peripheral cornea and in angulated positions on the canine corneal surface. Forty-six client-owned dogs admitted for ophthalmic evaluation at the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge were included in the study. IOP readings were taken at a variety of locations and using the tonometer at a number of different angles to the cornea: 1) Perpendicularly at center of the cornea (CC); 2) At the center of the cornea but with the tonometer positioned at four angles, and 3) At four different points on the peripheral cornea. All values were compared with the values recorded at the recommended CC position. IOP values were significantly underestimated in seven positions, with median and interquartile range from 12.1 ± 4 mmHg (nasal on periphery) to 15 ± 5 mmHg (laterally angled at center), varying between 0 mmHg to 2.9 mmHg from the CC value. While dorsally angled in the central cornea were not significantly different from those at CC (p = 0.09). Median values were lower for measurements in peripheral positions when compared to angled central positions. These results demonstrate that angling the tonometer or measuring in peripheral regions can result in small but statistically significant underestimation of IOP values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Kravetz de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
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Telle MR, Chen N, Shinsako D, Kiland JA, Oikawa K, Møller Trane R, McLellan GJ. Relationship between corneal sensitivity, corneal thickness, corneal diameter, and intraocular pressure in normal cats and cats with congenital glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29517120 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of feline congenital glaucoma (FCG) on corneal sensitivity, and relationships between corneal sensitivity, central corneal thickness (CT), and corneal diameter (CD). ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Corneal sensitivity (estimated by corneal touch threshold [CTT] using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry); CT using ultrasonic pachymetry; intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry; and maximal horizontal CD were measured in 16 normal and 14 FCG cats, both males and females, aged 7 months-3.5 years. All procedures complied with an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved protocol. Data were analyzed by linear regression: paired Student's t tests for between-eye comparisons, and unpaired Student's t tests for comparisons between groups. Relationships between parameters were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients and linear mixed effects modeling. For statistical tests, with the exception of values that were Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted for multiple comparisons, P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Mean CTT and CT values were lower in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, but differences were not statistically significant. Mean CD was significantly larger in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, and there was a significant negative correlation between CD and CTT in FCG (r = -0.8564, corrected P = 0.005). These associations were confirmed in linear mixed effects models. CONCLUSIONS Eyes with FCG have significantly larger CDs when compared with normal eyes, and larger CDs correlated with decreased corneal sensitivity in this group. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of buphthalmos and corneal enlargement on corneal sensitivity and innervation in feline subjects with chronic glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Telle
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Shinsako
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuya Oikawa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph Møller Trane
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Adelman S, Shinsako D, Kiland JA, Yaccarino V, Ellinwood NM, Ben-Shlomo G, McLellan GJ. The post-natal development of intraocular pressure in normal domestic cats (Felis catus) and in feline congenital glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2017; 166:70-73. [PMID: 29054387 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most consistent risk factor for progressive vision loss in glaucoma. Cats with recessively inherited feline congenital glaucoma (FCG) exhibit elevated IOP with gradual, painless progression of glaucoma similar to humans and are studied as a model of glaucoma in humans and animals. Here, post-natal development of IOP was characterized in normal domestic cats and in cats with FCG caused by a homozygous LTBP2 mutation. Rebound tonometry (TonoVet®, ICare Oy, Finland) was used to measure IOP non-invasively, 2-3 times weekly in 63 FCG and 33 normal kittens, of both sexes, from eyelid opening until 3-6 months of age. IOPs in the left and right eyes of both FCG and normal kittens were compared by paired t-test and linear regression. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-tests were used to compare IOP of cats grouped by age and disease status. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. In the second week of life, mean IOP was 7.16 mmHg (SD = 1.3) in normal kittens and 8.72 mmHg (SD = 1.4) in kittens with FCG. Mean IOP at age 10 weeks was significantly higher in FCG (19.8 mmHg; 95% CI = 17.7, 21.9 mmHg) than in normal kittens (13.2 mmHg; 95% CI = 11.9, 14.5 mmHg). At 3 months of age, IOP in normal cats reached adult values while IOP in FCG cats continued to increase through at least six months of age. These results provide ranges for normal IOP values in young kittens and confirm that IOP is significantly higher than normal by 10wks of age in this spontaneous feline glaucoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Adelman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Shinsako
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vincent Yaccarino
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Matthew Ellinwood
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.
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26
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND EXAMINATION FINDINGS IN THREE SPECIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN TREE FROGS (CRUZIOHYLA CRASPEDOPUS,CRUZIOHYLA CALCARIFER, ANDANOTHECA SPINOSA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:688-693. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0243.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Cannizzo SA, Lewbart GA, Westermeyer HD. Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 20:526-532. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Cannizzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Gregory A. Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Hans D. Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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28
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Dubicanac M, Joly M, Strüve J, Nolte I, Mestre-Francés N, Verdier JM, Zimmermann E. Intraocular pressure in the smallest primate aging model: the gray mouse lemur. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 21:319-327. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Dubicanac
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17 Hannover 30559 Germany
| | - Marine Joly
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17 Hannover 30559 Germany
| | - Julia Strüve
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 4 Hannover 30559 Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 4 Hannover 30559 Germany
| | - Nadine Mestre-Francés
- Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
- Inserm U1198; Montpellier France
- EPHE; Paris France
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
- Inserm U1198; Montpellier France
- EPHE; Paris France
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17 Hannover 30559 Germany
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29
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The ability to perform a complete eye examination in the cat is critically important for patients with an ocular disorder or a systemic disease, as well as for the geriatric cat. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Cats may need short breaks between portions of the eye exam in order to minimize stress. For the clinician, use of ophthalmic equipment and interpretation of normal vs abnormal findings may take some practice in order to develop proficiency. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinary practitioners and outlines all the steps and equipment necessary to perform a complete ophthalmic examination in the cat. EQUIPMENT Although some specialized equipment is required, a complete eye exam can be performed with a modest investment in equipment and supplies. EVIDENCE BASE This article draws on published references for normal parameters measured in the feline eye exam, as well as the experience of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- 625 Harrison Street, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Beth Kimmitt
- 625 Harrison Street, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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30
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Gosling AA, Kiland JA, Rutkowski LE, Hoefs A, Ellinwood NM, McLellan GJ. Effects of topical corticosteroid administration on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:69-76. [PMID: 26876736 PMCID: PMC4930713 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of topical corticosteroid (CCS) therapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal cats and cats with primary feline congenital glaucoma (FCG). ANIMALS STUDIED Five normal and 11 FCG cats were studied in two cohorts. PROCEDURES IOP was measured by a single, masked observer, once daily, 3-5 days/week throughout the course of CCS treatment and for up to 11 days after treatment discontinuation. One eye per cat was randomly assigned for treatment twice daily with CCS; balanced salt solution (BSS) applied to the contralateral eye served as a control. Differences between eyes and between weeks of the study period were calculated for each cat. A positive response to CCS was defined as a consistent >15% or >25% higher IOP in the treated relative to control eye in normal and FCG cats, respectively. RESULTS A total of 8 of 11 FCG cats responded to topical CCS after 1-5 weeks of treatment with an increase in IOP relative to the untreated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 56 mmHg). Two of five normal cats responded to topical CCS with an appreciable, but clinically unimportant increase in IOP in the treated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 6.4 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the incidence of steroid-induced IOP elevation in cats is lower than that of previously published feline studies. Cats with preexisting compromise in aqueous humor outflow may show a greater, clinically relevant response to topical CCS than normal cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson A Gosling
- Department of Surgical Sciences & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren E Rutkowski
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Hoefs
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
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31
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Kuehn MH, Lipsett KA, Menotti-Raymond M, Whitmore SS, Scheetz TE, David VA, O'Brien SJ, Zhao Z, Jens JK, Snella EM, Ellinwood NM, McLellan GJ. A Mutation in LTBP2 Causes Congenital Glaucoma in Domestic Cats (Felis catus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154412. [PMID: 27149523 PMCID: PMC4858209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The glaucomas are a group of diseases characterized by optic nerve damage that together represent a leading cause of blindness in the human population and in domestic animals. Here we report a mutation in LTBP2 that causes primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) in domestic cats. We identified a spontaneous form of PCG in cats and established a breeding colony segregating for PCG consistent with fully penetrant, autosomal recessive inheritance of the trait. Elevated intraocular pressure, globe enlargement and elongated ciliary processes were consistently observed in all affected cats by 8 weeks of age. Varying degrees of optic nerve damage resulted by 6 months of age. Although subtle lens zonular instability was a common feature in this cohort, pronounced ectopia lentis was identified in less than 10% of cats examined. Thus, glaucoma in this pedigree is attributed to histologically confirmed arrest in the early post-natal development of the aqueous humor outflow pathways in the anterior segment of the eyes of affected animals. Using a candidate gene approach, significant linkage was established on cat chromosome B3 (LOD 18.38, θ = 0.00) using tightly linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci to the candidate gene, LTBP2. A 4 base-pair insertion was identified in exon 8 of LTBP2 in affected individuals that generates a frame shift that completely alters the downstream open reading frame and eliminates functional domains. Thus, we describe the first spontaneous and highly penetrant non-rodent model of PCG identifying a valuable animal model for primary glaucoma that closely resembles the human disease, providing valuable insights into mechanisms underlying the disease and a valuable animal model for testing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Koren A. Lipsett
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Scott Whitmore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Victor A. David
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jackie K. Jens
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Snella
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - N. Matthew Ellinwood
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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McDonald JE, Knollinger AM, Dustin Dees D, MacLaren NE. Comparison of intraocular pressure measurements using rebound (TonoVet®) and applanation (TonoPen-XL®) tonometry in clinically normal alpacas (Vicugña pacos). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:155-159. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Dustin Dees
- Eye Care for Animals; 12419 Metric Blvd Austin TX 78758 USA
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33
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Kiland JA, Voss AM, McLellan GJ. Effect of timolol maleate gel-forming solution on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:91-6. [PMID: 26991029 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of once-daily topical treatment with timolol maleate gel-forming solution (GFS) on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter (PD), and heart rate (HR) in normal cats and cats with feline primary congenital glaucoma (FCG). ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES A single drop of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS was administered topically to one randomly assigned eye of 18 adult cats (8 normal, 10 FCG) at 8 am for 8 days; the opposite eye served as the untreated control. IOP was measured in both eyes (OU) every 2 h (PD and HR were measured every 4 h), for 14 h total, 1 day prior to and on days 1 and 8 of treatment. In a second treatment phase, a single drop of timolol was administered at 8 pm for 3 nights and IOP, PD, and HR were measured, as above, beginning at 8 am on day 4. Slit-lamp examinations were conducted prior to and after treatment phases. Comparisons of mean IOP, PD, and HR were made at each time point and between treated and untreated eyes by repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc test, with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Timolol maleate 0.5% GFS had an inconsistent effect on IOP, with maximum IOP-lowering effect (mean = 5.6 mmHg, 17.4%) observed 6 h post-treatment in FCG. The drug caused significant miosis (from 4 to 8 h post-treatment), but had no effect on HR. CONCLUSION Once-daily application of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS may be of limited clinical benefit in the management of feline congenital glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrea M Voss
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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34
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN SOUTHERN ROCKHOPPER (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME) AND MACARONI PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS): EVALUATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:223-35. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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36
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McDonald JE, Kiland JA, Kaufman PL, Bentley E, Ellinwood NM, McLellan GJ. Effect of topical latanoprost 0.005% on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19 Suppl 1:13-23. [PMID: 26183373 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of latanoprost on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES IOP and PD were measured in both eyes (OU) of 12 adult cats (six normal, six PCG), three times per week for 3 weeks prior to, for 3 weeks during, and for 2 weeks following twice-daily treatment with 0.005% latanoprost to the right eye (OD) and vehicle to the left (control) eye (OS). IOP and PD were measured hourly, for 8 h, 1 day prior to, and on the first and last days of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate (AHF) was determined at baseline and at the end of the treatment phase in six normal cats. RESULTS Mean IOP was significantly lower in treated vs. control eyes of PCG cats, for up to 8 h following a single latanoprost treatment, and a maximal IOP reduction of 63% occurred in treated eyes at 3 h. Latanoprost acutely lowered IOP in cats with PCG, but this effect appeared to diminish over 3 weeks of treatment. AHF was modestly increased in the treated eyes of normal cats after 3 weeks of latanoprost treatment, although IOP was not significantly affected. Latanoprost caused miosis, with rebound mydriasis at 24 h posttreatment, in the treated eyes of all cats. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to determine the suitability and efficacy of latanoprost treatment for long-term IOP-lowering in cats with PCG or other forms of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Abstract
Canine and feline glaucomas are commonly presented as ocular emergencies. Glaucoma is a common cause of vision loss and a frustrating disorder in terms of medical and surgical treatment. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor in the disease, leading to damage of the retina and optic nerve head. IOP measurement and gonioscopic and fundic examinations provide the instruments for diagnosis of glaucoma. The primary goal in glaucoma therapy is aimed at vision preservation. Medical treatment provides temporary relief, but alone it fails to control IOP in the long term, and surgical intervention is recommended. Surgical patient selection depends on several factors, from type and stage of glaucoma to the presence of or potential for vision. Available surgical procedures to decrease IOP consist of cyclodestructive techniques to decrease aqueous humor production and filtering techniques to increase its drainage. Even with recent surgical and medical advances, pain and blindness are still common occurrences in the disease: end-stage procedures such as enucleation, evisceration with intrascleral prosthesis, and pharmacologic ablation of ciliary bodies are then recommended to address chronic discomfort for buphthalmic and blind globes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maggio
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties (Tufts V.E.T.S.), Walpole, MA, USA.
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38
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Millar JC, Pang IH. Non-continuous measurement of intraocular pressure in laboratory animals. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:74-90. [PMID: 25933714 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, which is treatable but currently incurable. Numerous animal models therefore have both been and continue to be utilized in the study of numerous aspects of this condition. One important facet associated with the use of such models is the ability to accurately and reproducibly measure (by cannulation) or estimate (by tonometry) intraocular pressure (IOP). At this juncture there are several different approaches to IOP measurement in different experimental animal species, and the list continues to grow. We feel therefore that a review of this subject matter is timely and should prove useful to others who wish to perform similar measurements. The general principles underlying various types of tonometric and non-tonometric techniques for non-continuous determination of IOP are considered. There follows discussion of specific details as to how these techniques are applied to experimental animal species involved in the research of this disease. Specific comments regarding anesthesia, circadian rhythm, and animal handling are also included, especially in the case of rodents. Brief consideration is also given to possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute (NTERI), University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC), 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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39
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Teixeira LBC, Buhr KA, Bowie O, Duke FD, Nork TM, Dubielzig RR, McLellan GJ. Quantifying optic nerve axons in a cat glaucoma model by a semi-automated targeted counting method. Mol Vis 2014; 20:376-85. [PMID: 24715755 PMCID: PMC3976691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe and validate a semi-automated targeted sampling (SATS) method for quantifying optic nerve axons in a feline glaucoma model. METHODS Optic nerve cross sections were obtained from 15 cats, nine with mild to severe glaucoma and six with normal eyes. Optic nerves were dissected, fixed in paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and processed for light microscopy by resin embedding, sectioning, and staining of axon myelin sheaths with 1% p-phenylenediamine before axon quantification. Commercially available image analysis software was used as a semi-automated axon counting tool (SCT) and was first validated by comparison with a manual axon count (MAC). This counting tool was then used in a SATS method performed by three masked raters and in a semi-automated full count (SAFC) method performed by a single observer. Correlation was assessed between the SCT and MAC using a linear model and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Correlation between the SATS and SAFC methods was calculated and the bias, systematic errors, and variance component assessed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was determined to establish inter-rater agreement. In addition, the time required to perform the SATS and SAFC methods was evaluated. RESULTS Correlation between the axon counts obtained by the SCT and MAC was strong (r = 0.9985). There was evidence of an overcounting of axons by the SCT compared to the MAC with a percentage error rate of 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.0%, 15.1%). Both the correlation of SATS count (average per rater) to SAFC (r = 0.9891) and inter-rater agreement (ICC = 0.986) were high. The SATS method presented an overall positive counting error (p<0.001) when compared to the SAFC, consistent with a fixed percentage overestimation of 11.2% (95% CI 8.3%, 14.2%) of the full count. The average time required to quantify axons by the SATS method was 10.9 min, only 27% of that required to conduct the SAFC. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the SATS method provides a practical, rapid, and reliable means of estimating axon counts in the optic nerves of cats with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Kevin A. Buhr
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Owen Bowie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Felicia D. Duke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - T. Michael Nork
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Zhang H, Yang D, Ross CM, Wigg JP, Pandav S, Crowston JG. Validation of rebound tonometry for intraocular pressure measurement in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:86-93. [PMID: 24561115 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits play a growing role in research into glaucoma surgical models and ocular drug delivery models. However, the lack of an accurate method for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in this animal has been a significant deficit. In this study we validated the use of the TonoVet rebound tonometer and provide conversion tables for its use in rabbits. Experiments were performed on 18 adult New Zealand White rabbits. The TonoVet measurements were obtained and compared to manometric readings by anterior chamber (AC) cannulation. The TonoVet position and 'd' (dog or cat) and 'p' (other species) modes were compared. The sensitivity of the TonoVet tonometer in assessing IOP changes was also tested. There was a strong linear correlation for both the 'd' mode (mean slope = 0.84 ± 0.03, r(2) = 0.99 ± 0.03) and the 'p' mode (mean slope = 0.64 ± 0.02, r2 = 0.97 ± 0.01) of the TonoVet with manometric IOP. However, the TonoVet had a tendency to underestimate IOP compared to manometry and conversion formulae were possible to calculate for both modes. The orientation of the TonoVet handle had no effect on IOP reading, as long as the groove was horizontal. No significant differences were observed when comparing right and left eyes (P > 0.05). IOP recovered four days after cannulation. Younger rabbits had lower IOP compared with older rabbits (P < 0.01). Timolol produced a 2.5 mmHg reduction in IOP 2 h later as detected by the TonoVet. Using the conversion table presented, the TonoVet is a reliable and precise tool for the measurement of IOP in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Eye Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Craig M Ross
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Wigg
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Surinder Pandav
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 24-A, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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Yang HS, Kim JG, Ko HS, Lee KS, Won HJ. In VivoValidation of the New Tonopen AVIA Tonometer using Manometers placed in the Anterior chamber and the Vitreous Cavity under Various Vitreous Conditions. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:370-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.846387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gilger BC. The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122657 DOI: 10.1007/7653_2013_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocular toxicology pertains to toxicologic effects of drugs administered topically, intraocularly, or systemically. It should also include evaluation of adverse effects of ophthalmic devices such as contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and glaucoma implants. The ophthalmic examination is able to provide detailed in-life information and is used in combination with clinical observations, clinical pathology, and histopathology to assess potential toxicologic effects. The ophthalmologist must be familiar with the wide range of species used in the field of toxicology, be familiar with the anatomic variations associated with these species, be able to determine what is an inherited or a breed-related finding from a study-related effect, be competent with the required ophthalmic equipment, and be capable of examining this wide range of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina USA
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