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de Sampaio MOB, Moore BA, de Seabra NM, Bortolini M, Vieira TC, Martins CB, de Souza ALG, Martins CM, Montiani-Ferreira F. The development of the normal Schirmer tear test results during the dog's first year of life. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:184-190. [PMID: 36943769 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between lacrimation and age in a homogeneous group of healthy beagle dogs during the first year of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS Schirmer tear test I (STT I) was performed at an interval of 12-15 days in both eyes of 16 clinically healthy beagle dogs (eight males and eight females) from 94 to 361 days of age. Three different quadratic polynomial regression equations were estimated for the variation in lacrimation: (1) for the entire period (19 observations), (2) for observations 1-4 (days 94-136), and (3) for observations 5-19 (days 150-361). RESULTS By fitting quadratic regression equations to different phases of tear production during the dog's first year of life, it was possible to see that with each day of life, lacrimation increased 0.08 times (8%). From days 94 to 136, however, lacrimal production fell 1.1 times with each day of life. From day 150 to 361, production increased by 0.02 (2%) each day of life. In addition, there was a positive significant and moderate linear correlation between body weight and STT I values (p = .01). CONCLUSION In dogs, during the first year of life, STT I data distribution is parabolic in shape. Age significantly affected tear production. STT I decreased at approximately 108-121 days of age and increased thereafter. Body weight was a significant factor for STT I in young dogs. The establishment of this normal pattern of lacrimation is important for both clinical practitioners and laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bret A Moore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Mariza Bortolini
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
- AAC&T Consultoria em Pesquisa LTDA, Curitiba, Brazil
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Martín-Suárez EM, Mesa P, Portillo M, Morgaz J, Moreno O, Guisado A, Galán-Rodríguez A. A Modified Schirmer Tear Test in Clinically Normal Horses: Measurement at 30 Seconds versus 60 Seconds. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 120:104162. [PMID: 36343832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to compare the Schirmer Tear Test (STT)-1 results at 30 (STT30) versus 60 (STT60) seconds in healthy horses. This study included a total of 56 healthy horses. STT-1 was performed in both eyes, right eye first, and the wetting lengths were measured in STT30 and STT60. To evaluate the reduction of the initial reflex phase, the wetting length velocity was measured during the first 30 seconds. The effects of eye, age, weight, sex, and ambient temperature and humidity on STT values were evaluated. Mean (standard deviation) STT30 and STT60 were 19.06 (3.88) and 24.26 (4.50) mm. There was a linear correlation between the STT 30 and STT60, expressed according to the following equation: STT60 = 2.20 + 1.18 × STT30 (P = .001). STT30 or STT60 values did not vary between the sexes or correlate with age, weight, ambient temperature, or humidity. In conclusion, STT30 allows for an accurate, reliable, and applicable diagnosis of tear production compared with the standard STT60 value. The proposed method is shorter and may be a suitable alternative to the 1-min test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Martín-Suárez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mesa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Portillo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Morgaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ofelia Moreno
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Guisado
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alba Galán-Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
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Nardi S, Nuti M, Nocera I, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Barsotti G. LACRIMAL SECRETION VARIATION AND MENACE RESPONSE APPEARANCE IN HEALTHY STANDARDBRED FOALS FROM BIRTH TO FOUR WEEKS OF AGE. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104050. [PMID: 35753634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses lacrimal secretion in healthy foals within 48 hours after birth and evaluates their variations in lacrimal secretion and menace response appearance during the first month of life. A total of 31 Standardbred foals were evaluated. Foals were housed with their dams in 4 × 4 m boxes throughout the study. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed for each animal enrolled in the study, including the foals' dams which were used as a control group to compare the lacrimal secretion of foals at birth with that of adult horses. In foals, the Schirmer Tear Test I (STT I) and menace response were evaluated within 48 hours after birth (T0) and weekly for a total of four times (T1, T2, T3, and T4). In mares, the STT I was evaluated once, before delivery. The Schirmer Tear Test I results of 11 out of 31 dams were excluded because of signs of ocular adnexa inflammation which might otherwise have influenced lacrimal secretion. At T0 STT I values in foals (19.11±2.49 mm/min) were lower than those of their dams (23.20 ± 1.83 mm/min). In addition, the mean STT I in foals decreased during the study period and reached its nadir at T3 (16.84 ± 2.33 mm/min). None of the foals showed a menace response at any observation point. In conclusion, within 48 hours after birth healthy Standardbred foals show a lower lacrimal secretion than their dams, and tear secretion does not seem to increase during the first month of life. In this period, poor lacrimation associated with the absence of an evident menace response might be predisposing factors for developing corneal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Nardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Martina Nuti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy;; Private practitioner, Livorno, Italy
| | - Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy;.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Barsotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102987. [PMID: 34680006 PMCID: PMC8532671 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Italy, chickens are used for egg production and as courtyard/domestic animals and consequently veterinarians need to know their general and specialist characteristics. One key area is normal ocular measurements in order to understand any pathological changes affecting the eyes. For an accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in chickens, this paper describes the normal values for the evaluation of ocular tear production, intraocular pressure, and biometric measurements of the eyes and on the microbial and cultural flora normally present in the conjunctival sac in two Italian chicken breeds. Abstract Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.
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Camacho-Luna P, Alling C, Boykin K, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:489-496. [PMID: 32012425 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are popular pets and can be affected by a range of ocular disorders. Our objective was to report ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos and to establish reference ranges for commonly performed ocular diagnostic tests. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six healthy male geckos aged 1 year old (n = 4) and >2 years old (n = 22). PROCEDURES All animals underwent ophthalmic examination, corneal esthesiometry, modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), rebound tonometry, conjunctival bacterial aerobic and fungal culture, and measurement of ocular dimensions. Student's t test was used to compare values of corneal esthesiometry, tonometry and mSTT between groups. Multiple correlations were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS All animals had a normal ocular examination. Tear production as measured with a mSTT (mean ± SD) technique was 3.1 ± 1.3 mm/min and tonometry values (mean ± SD) were 8.2 ± 1.7 mm Hg. Corneal touch threshold (median, range) was 4.4 cm, 2.5-5.0. Younger animals had a significantly increased corneal sensitivity compared to older animals (P = .0383). Results of culture showed no growth for fungal organism in any animals. Conjunctival bacterial isolation rates were low, with only 7/26 samples positive for nine bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS Leopard geckos are amenable to ophthalmic examination and ocular diagnostic database testing with minimal manual restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kimberly Boykin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Fornazari G, Ferreira TAC, Santin E, Panisson JC, Maiorka A, Montiani-Ferreira F. Schirmer's I, modified Schirmer's I, phenol red thread, and paper point tests: a comparative study for tear production measurement techniques in broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus). Poult Sci 2018; 97:3258-3263. [PMID: 29897599 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems with indoor husbandry and immunological challenges are some of the stressors that broilers may face which can affect production. Infectious diseases can compound the effects of excessive concentrations of ammonia causing respiratory and ocular inflammation and increased lacrimal production in broiler chickens. The objectives of this investigation were to establish normal values of tear production in chicks and compare the practicality of the different methods. Palpebral fissure length (PFL) and tear production were evaluated in Cobb 500 chicks at 5 d old and then at 5 d of age by the following methods: modified Schirmer's test I (mSTT1), phenol red cotton thread tear test (PRCTTT), and standardized endodontic absorbent paper point test (EAPPTT). Ten chicks at the age of 5 and 42 d were evaluated for each method. In addition, at 42 d, when the palpebral fissure permitted, a regular-sized Schirmer tear test I (STT1) was performed in another group of 10 chickens. Overall, PFL and the secretion of the aqueous phase of the tear film increased with age. Mean mSTT1 results were 5.00 ± 1.83 mm and 10.45 ± 2.58 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean PRCTTT results were 12.37 ± 1.80 mm and 25.58 ± 4.8 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean EAPPTT results were 7.13 ± 0.72 mm and 12.03 ± 0.92 mm for 5- and 42-d-old chicks, respectively. Mean STT1 for 42-d-old chicks was 11.40 ± 2.60 mm. Results obtained with endodontic paper points showed the lowest coefficient of variation and investigators found the test easier to perform. These values reported for broilers at different ages may be applied in poultry ophthalmology to help the diagnosis of lacrimal production disorders and to detect early disease symptoms that could cause economic losses in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fornazari
- Federal University of Paraná, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth Santin
- Federal University of Paraná, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Josiane Carla Panisson
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Animal Sciences, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alex Maiorka
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Animal Sciences, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Federal University of Paraná, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Falcão MS, Monteiro RV, Oriá AP, Galera PD. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.
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Rajaei SM, Ansari mood M, Asadi F, Rajabian MR, Aghajanpour L. Strip meniscometry in dogs, cats, and rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:210-213. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Karaj Branch; Islamic Azad University; Alborz Iran
| | - Maneli Ansari mood
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Faezeh Asadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Semnan; Semnan Iran
| | | | - Leila Aghajanpour
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit; Farabi Eye Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Willems A, Paepe D, Marynissen S, Smets P, Van de Maele I, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:81-92. [PMID: 27747924 PMCID: PMC5259637 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited. Objectives To describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy. Animals Hundred client‐owned dogs. Methods Dogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated. Results Forty‐one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty‐nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty‐two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Physical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willems
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Marynissen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Picavet
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rajaei SM, Mood MA, Sadjadi R, Williams DL. Results of selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests for clinically normal Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:72-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Verboven CAPM, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Teske E, Boevé MH. Development of tear production and intraocular pressure in healthy canine neonates. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17:426-31. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A. P. M. Verboven
- Section of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia C. Djajadiningrat-Laanen
- Section of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Section of Internal Medicine; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Michael H. Boevé
- Section of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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