1
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Hendra R, Salib MN, Molinski TF. Spiroisoxazoline Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase from Pseudoceratina verrucosa. Quantitative Chiroptical Analysis of Configurational Heterogeneity, and Total Synthesis of (±)-Methyl Purpuroceratate C. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2207-2216. [PMID: 36095307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the MeOH extract of the sponge, Pseudoceratina cf. verrucosa, Berquist 1995 collected near Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia for selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, yielded five new bromotyrosine alkaloids, methyl purpuroceratates A and B (1b and 2b), purpuroceratic acid C (3a), and ningalamides A and B (4 and 5). The structures of 1-4 share the dibromo-spirocyclohexadienyl-isoxazoline (SIO) ring system found in purealidin-R, while ketoxime 5 is analogous to ianthelline and purpurealidin I. The planar structures of all five compounds were obtained from analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR data, and the absolute configuration of the spiroisoxazoline (SIO) unit was assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and comparison with standards prepared by total synthesis of methyl purpuroceratate C, (±)-3b. Compound 4 is the most complex SIO described, to date. The configuration of the homoserine module (C) in 4 was ascertained, after acid hydrolysis, by derivatization of an l-tryptophanamide derivative based on Marfey's reagent. Chiral-phase HPLC, with comparison to synthetic standards, revealed that most SIOs isolated from P. cf. verrucosa were configurationally heterogeneous; some, essentially racemic. Chiral-phase HPLC, with UV-ECD detection, is demonstrated as a superlative method for configurational assignment and quantitation of the enantiomeric composition of SIOs. Two SIOs─aerophobin-1 and aplysinamisine II─emerged as selective inhibitors of AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, IC50 ratio >10), while aplysamine-2 moderately inhibited both cholinesterases (ChEs, IC50, (AChE) 0.46 μM; IC50, (BuChE) 1.03 μM). SIO alkaloids represent a potential new structural manifold for lead-discovery of new therapeutics for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Hendra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Riau, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia
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2
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Steffen K, Laborde Q, Gunasekera S, Payne CD, Rosengren KJ, Riesgo A, Göransson U, Cárdenas P. Barrettides: A Peptide Family Specifically Produced by the Deep-Sea Sponge Geodia barretti. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3138-3146. [PMID: 34874154 PMCID: PMC8713285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery by isolation and structure elucidation is a laborious task often requiring ample quantities of biological starting material and frequently resulting in the rediscovery of previously known compounds. However, peptides are a compound class amenable to an alternative genomic, transcriptomic, and in silico discovery route by similarity searches of known peptide sequences against sequencing data. Based on the sequences of barrettides A and B, we identified five new barrettide sequences (barrettides C-G) predicted from the North Atlantic deep-sea demosponge Geodia barretti (Geodiidae). We synthesized, folded, and investigated one of the newly described barrettides, barrettide C (NVVPCFCVEDETSGAKTCIPDNCDASRGTNP, disulfide connectivity I-IV, II-III). Co-elution experiments of synthetic and sponge-derived barrettide C confirmed its native conformation. NMR spectroscopy and the anti-biofouling activity on larval settlement of the bay barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (IC50 0.64 μM) show that barrettide C is highly similar to barrettides A and B in both structure and function. Several lines of evidence suggest that barrettides are produced by the sponge itself and not one of its microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steffen
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Quentin Laborde
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunithi Gunasekera
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Colton D. Payne
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department
of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales−CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Lever J, Brkljača R, Rix C, Urban S. Application of Networking Approaches to Assess the Chemical Diversity, Biogeography, and Pharmaceutical Potential of Verongiida Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:582. [PMID: 34677481 PMCID: PMC8539549 DOI: 10.3390/md19100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides a review of all isolated natural products (NPs) reported for sponges within the order Verongiida (1960 to May 2020) and includes a comprehensive compilation of their geographic and physico-chemical parameters. Physico-chemical parameters were used in this study to infer pharmacokinetic properties as well as the potential pharmaceutical potential of NPs from this order of marine sponge. In addition, a network analysis for the NPs produced by the Verongiida sponges was applied to systematically explore the chemical space relationships between taxonomy, secondary metabolite and drug score variables, allowing for the identification of differences and correlations within a dataset. The use of scaffold networks as well as bipartite relationship networks provided a platform to explore chemical diversity as well as the use of chemical similarity networks to link pharmacokinetic properties with structural similarity. This study paves the way for future applications of network analysis procedures in the field of natural products for any order or family.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lever
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Robert Brkljača
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Colin Rix
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Sylvia Urban
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
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4
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Seasonal Variation in Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Psammaplysilla sp. 1 from Phillips Reef, South Africa. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:7568493. [PMID: 34054965 PMCID: PMC8131155 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7568493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates constitute a diverse group of marine organisms beneficial to humanity due to their therapeutic significance. The marine sponge species Psammaplysilla sp. 1 was collected from Philips Reef, South Africa, over a four-season period and assayed for antimicrobial potential. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. The sponge crude extracts' antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar well diffusion assay against 5 pathogens. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of 7 critical phytochemical groups. During the four seasons, the mean water temperature was 17.35°C ± 2.06, with autumn recording the highest (20°C) temperature. Antifungal activity was observed by Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (30 mm) against C. albicans, and this was higher than that showed by standard drugs ICZ-10 µg (15 ± 0.1 mm), FLU-15 µg (21 ± 0.2 mm), and VCZ-5 µg (17 ± 0.1 mm), respectively. Similar bioactivities were observed seasonally with Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (22 mm and 24 mm) during autumn and spring, respectively, against C. difficile while only crude extracts collected in spring showed bioactivity against C. albicans. Psammaplysilla sp. crude extracts showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against all test pathogens. DCM : ME crude extracts tested positive for the presence of 2/7 of the phytochemicals (terpenoids and flavonoids). GC-MS revealed several previously reported biologically active compounds such bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-ol and phenol, 2,6-dibromo, some of which have been found in plants. This study revealed that sponge bioactivity is dependent on the season and further validated the antimicrobial potential of South African marine sponges.
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5
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Mohanty I, Tapadar S, Moore SG, Biggs JS, Freeman CJ, Gaul DA, Garg N, Agarwal V. Presence of Bromotyrosine Alkaloids in Marine Sponges Is Independent of Metabolomic and Microbiome Architectures. mSystems 2021; 6:e01387-20. [PMID: 33727403 PMCID: PMC8547014 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01387-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sponge holobionts are prolific sources of natural products. One of the most geographically widespread classes of sponge-derived natural products is the bromotyrosine alkaloids. A distinguishing feature of bromotyrosine alkaloids is that they are present in phylogenetically disparate sponges. In this study, using sponge specimens collected from Guam, the Solomon Islands, the Florida Keys, and Puerto Rico, we queried whether the presence of bromotyrosine alkaloids potentiates metabolomic and microbiome conservation among geographically distant and phylogenetically different marine sponges. A multi-omic characterization of sponge holobionts revealed vastly different metabolomic and microbiome architectures among different bromotyrosine alkaloid-harboring sponges. However, we find statistically significant correlations between the microbiomes and metabolomes, signifying that the microbiome plays an important role in shaping the overall metabolome, even in low-microbial-abundance sponges. Molecules mined from the polar metabolomes of these sponges revealed conservation of biosynthetic logic between bromotyrosine alkaloids and brominated pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, another class of marine sponge-derived natural products. In light of prior findings postulating the sponge host itself to be the biosynthetic source of bromotyrosine alkaloids, our data now set the stage for investigating the causal relationships that dictate the microbiome-metabolome interconnectedness for marine sponges in which the microbiome may not contribute to natural product biogenesis.IMPORTANCE Our work demonstrates that phylogenetically and geographically distant sponges with very different microbiomes can harbor natural product chemical classes that are united in their core chemical structures and biosynthetic logic. Furthermore, we show that independent of geographical dispersion, natural product chemistry, and microbial abundance, overall sponge metabolomes tightly correlate with their microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Mohanty
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel G Moore
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason S Biggs
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam
| | - Christopher J Freeman
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - David A Gaul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Muzychka L, Voronkina A, Kovalchuk V, Smolii OB, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Youssef DTA, Ehrlich I, Ehrlich H. Marine biomimetics: bromotyrosines loaded chitinous skeleton as source of antibacterial agents. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2021; 127:15. [PMID: 33424135 PMCID: PMC7776313 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The marine sponges of the order Verongiida (Demospongiae: Porifera) have survived on our planet for more than 500 million years due to the presence of a unique strategy of chemical protection by biosynthesis of more than 300 derivatives of biologically active bromotyrosines as secondary metabolites. These compounds are synthesized within spherulocytes, highly specialized cells located within chitinous skeletal fibers of these sponges from where they can be extruded in the sea water and form protective space against pathogenic viruses, bacteria and other predators. This chitin is an example of unique biomaterial as source of substances with antibiotic properties. Traditionally, the attention of researchers was exclusively drawn to lipophilic bromotyrosines, the extraction methods of which were based on the use of organic solvents only. Alternatively, we have used in this work a biomimetic water-based approach, because in natural conditions, sponges actively extrude bromotyrosines that are miscible with the watery environment. This allowed us to isolate 3,5-dibromoquinolacetic acid from an aqueous extract of the dried demosponge Aplysina aerophoba and compare its antimicrobial activity with the same compound obtained by the chemical synthesis. Both synthetic and natural compounds have shown antimicrobial properties against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Muzychka
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Valentine Kovalchuk
- Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Oleg B. Smolii
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Diaa T. A. Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | | | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland
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7
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Ereskovsky AV, Tokina DB, Saidov DM, Baghdiguian S, Le Goff E, Lavrov AI. Transdifferentiation and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during regeneration in Demospongiae (Porifera). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 334:37-58. [PMID: 31725194 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Origin and early evolution of regeneration mechanisms remain among the most pressing questions in animal regeneration biology. Porifera have exceptional regenerative capacities and, as early Metazoan lineage, are a promising model for studying evolutionary aspects of regeneration. Here, we focus on reparative regeneration of the body wall in the Mediterranean demosponge Aplysina cavernicola. The epithelialization of the wound surface is completed within 2 days, and the wound is completely healed within 2 weeks. The regeneration is accompanied with the formation of a mass of undifferentiated cells (blastema), which consists of archaeocytes, dedifferentiated choanocytes, anucleated amoebocytes, and differentiated spherulous cells. The main mechanisms of A. cavernicola regeneration are cell dedifferentiation with active migration and subsequent redifferentiation or transdifferentiation of polypotent cells through the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation. The main cell sources of the regeneration are archaeocytes and choanocytes. At early stages of the regeneration, the blastema almost devoid of cell proliferation, but after 24 hr postoperation (hpo) and up to 72 hpo numerous DNA-synthesizing cells appear there. In contrast to intact tissues, where vast majority of DNA-synthesizing cells are choanocytes, all 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells in the blastema are mesohyl cells. Intact tissues, distant from the wound, retains intact level of cell proliferation during whole regeneration process. For the first time, the apoptosis was studied during the regeneration of sponges. Two waves of apoptosis were detected during A. cavernicola regeneration: The first wave at 6-12 hpo and the second wave at 48-72 hpo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, Marseille, France.,Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Evolution of Morphogenesis Laboratory, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria B Tokina
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, Marseille, France
| | - Danial M Saidov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrey I Lavrov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Morrow C, Cárdenas P, Boury-Esnault N, Picton B, McCormack G, Van Soest R, Collins A, Redmond N, Maggs C, Sigwart J, Allcock LA. Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study reinforces and extends the findings of previous molecular studies showing that there is a close relationship between species assigned to the sponge genera Halicnemia, Higginsia, Paratimea and Stelligera and that the family Heteroxyidae is polyphyletic. The present study has led to the description of one new species of Halicnemia and six new species of Paratimea, the resurrection of Halicnemia gallica and a better understanding of the characters uniting Stelligeridae. A new species of Heteroxya is also described. We demonstrate that many of the taxa assigned to Heteroxyidae are more closely related to other families, and we propose several changes to the classification of Heteroscleromorpha. Desmoxyidae is resurrected from synonymy and transferred to Poecilosclerida; Higginsia anfractuosa is transferred to Hymedesmiidae, and a new genus, Hooperia, is erected for its reception; Higginsia durissima is returned to Bubaris (Bubaridae); Higginsia fragilis is transferred to Spanioplon (Hymedesmiidae); Hemiasterella camelus is transferred to Paratimea; and Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and Ceratopsion axiferum are transferred to Adreus (Hemiasterellidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Morrow
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Boury-Esnault
- IMBE, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, University Avignon, IRD, Station marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Picton
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Grace McCormack
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rob Van Soest
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Allen Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Niamh Redmond
- Smithsonian Institution DNA Barcode Network, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-183, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine Maggs
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough, UK
| | - Julia Sigwart
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Louise A Allcock
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Shaala LA, Asfour HZ, Youssef DTA, Żółtowska-Aksamitowska S, Wysokowski M, Tsurkan M, Galli R, Meissner H, Petrenko I, Tabachnick K, Ivanenko VN, Bechmann N, Muzychka LV, Smolii OB, Martinović R, Joseph Y, Jesionowski T, Ehrlich H. New Source of 3D Chitin Scaffolds: The Red Sea Demosponge Pseudoceratina arabica (Pseudoceratinidae, Verongiida). Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E92. [PMID: 30717221 PMCID: PMC6410331 DOI: 10.3390/md17020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive bromotyrosine-derived alkaloids and unique morphologically-defined fibrous skeleton of chitin origin have been found recently in marine demosponges of the order Verongiida. The sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) structure of skeletal chitinous scaffolds supported their use in biomedicine, tissue engineering as well as in diverse modern technologies. The goal of this study was the screening of new species of the order Verongiida to find another renewable source of naturally prefabricated 3D chitinous scaffolds. Special attention was paid to demosponge species, which could be farmed on large scale using marine aquaculture methods. In this study, the demosponge Pseudoceratina arabica collected in the coastal waters of the Egyptian Red Sea was examined as a potential source of chitin for the first time. Various bioanalytical tools including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, FTIR analysis, Calcofluor white staining, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), as well as a chitinase digestion assay were successfully used to confirm the discovery of α-chitin within the skeleton of P. arabica. The current finding should make an important contribution to the field of application of this verongiid sponge as a novel renewable source of biologically-active metabolites and chitin, which are important for development of the blue biotechnology especially in marine oriented biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Shaala
- Natural Products Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Suez Canal University Hospital, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Hani Z Asfour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Diaa T A Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60965, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie-Freiberg, Freiberg 09599, Germany.
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60965, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie-Freiberg, Freiberg 09599, Germany.
| | - Mikhail Tsurkan
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany.
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Heike Meissner
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie-Freiberg, Freiberg 09599, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Tabachnick
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Viatcheslav N Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Lyubov V Muzychka
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev 02094, Ukraine.
| | - Oleg B Smolii
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev 02094, Ukraine.
| | - Rajko Martinović
- Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor 85330, Montenegro.
| | - Yvonne Joseph
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie-Freiberg, Freiberg 09599, Germany.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60965, Poland.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, Technische Universität Bergakademie-Freiberg, Freiberg 09599, Germany.
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10
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El-Demerdash A, Moriou C, Toullec J, Besson M, Soulet S, Schmitt N, Petek S, Lecchini D, Debitus C, Al-Mourabit A. Bioactive Bromotyrosine-Derived Alkaloids from the Polynesian Sponge Suberea ianthelliformis. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E146. [PMID: 29702602 PMCID: PMC5983277 DOI: 10.3390/md16050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the isolation and spectroscopic identification of eight new tetrabrominated tyrosine alkaloids 2⁻9 from the Polynesian sponge Suberea ianthelliformis, along with known major compound psammaplysene D (1), N,N-dimethyldibromotyramine, 5-hydroxy xanthenuric acid, and xanthenuric acid. Cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities were evaluated for some of the isolated metabolites. They exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against KB cancer cell lines, but psammaplysene D (1) displayed substantial cytotoxicity as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibition with IC50 values of 0.7 μM and 1.3 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Demerdash
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Céline Moriou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jordan Toullec
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Marc Besson
- CRIOBE, CNRS, EPHE, UPVD, PSL Research University, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia.
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Stéphanie Soulet
- EIO, UPF, ILM, IFREMER, IRD, Faa'a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Nelly Schmitt
- EIO, UPF, ILM, IFREMER, IRD, Faa'a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Sylvain Petek
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - David Lecchini
- CRIOBE, CNRS, EPHE, UPVD, PSL Research University, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - Cécile Debitus
- LEMAR, IRD, UBO, CNRS, IFREMER, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Ali Al-Mourabit
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 1, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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11
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Nicacio KJ, Ióca LP, Fróes AM, Leomil L, Appolinario LR, Thompson CC, Thompson FL, Ferreira AG, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Eustaquio AS, Berlinck RGS. Cultures of the Marine Bacterium Pseudovibrio denitrificans Ab134 Produce Bromotyrosine-Derived Alkaloids Previously Only Isolated from Marine Sponges. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:235-240. [PMID: 28191971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the isolation and spectroscopic identification of fistularin-3 (1), 11-hydroxyaerothionin (2), and verongidoic acid (3), as well as the UPLC-HRMS detection of aerothionin (4), homopurpuroceratic acid B (5), purealidin L (6), and aplysinamisine II (7), from cultures of the marine bacterium Pseudovibrio denitrificans Ab134, isolated from tissues of the marine sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis. These results unambiguously demonstrate for the first time that bromotyrosine-derived alkaloids that were previously isolated only from Verongida sponges can be biosynthesized by a marine bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Nicacio
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana M Fróes
- Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Avenida Carlos Chagas Fo. 373, Bloco A, Anexo A3, Sl. 302, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Avenida Carlos Chagas Fo. 373, Bloco A, Anexo A3, Sl. 302, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Appolinario
- Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Avenida Carlos Chagas Fo. 373, Bloco A, Anexo A3, Sl. 302, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiane C Thompson
- Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Avenida Carlos Chagas Fo. 373, Bloco A, Anexo A3, Sl. 302, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Avenida Carlos Chagas Fo. 373, Bloco A, Anexo A3, Sl. 302, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alessandra S Eustaquio
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , 900 S. Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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12
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Determination of the Halogenated Skeleton Constituents of the Marine Demosponge Ianthella basta. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15020034. [PMID: 28208597 PMCID: PMC5334614 DOI: 10.3390/md15020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Demosponges of the order Verongida such as Ianthella basta exhibit skeletons containing spongin, a collagenous protein, and chitin. Moreover, Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We recently demonstrated that brominated compounds do not only occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and I. basta. Further investigations revealed the amino acid composition of the skeletons of A. cavernicola including the presence of several halogenated amino acids. In the present work, we investigated the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge I. basta, which belongs to the Ianthellidae family, and compared it with that of A. cavernicola from the Aplysinidae family. Seventeen proteinogenic and five non-proteinogenic amino acids were detected in I. basta. Abundantly occurring amino acids like glycine and hydroxyproline show the similarity of I. basta and A. cavernicola and confirm the collagenous nature of their sponging fibers. We also detected nine halogenated tyrosines as an integral part of I. basta skeletons. Since both sponges contain a broad variety of halogenated amino acids, this seems to be characteristic for Verongida sponges. The observed differences of the amino acid composition confirm that spongin exhibits a certain degree of variability even among the members of the order Verongida.
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13
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Ternon E, Zarate L, Chenesseau S, Croué J, Dumollard R, Suzuki MT, Thomas OP. Spherulization as a process for the exudation of chemical cues by the encrusting sponge C. crambe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29474. [PMID: 27381941 PMCID: PMC4933965 DOI: 10.1038/srep29474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological interactions in the marine environment are now recognized to be partly held by chemical cues produced by marine organisms. In particular, sponges are sessile animals thought to rely on the bioactive substances they synthesize to ensure their development and defense. However, the mechanisms leading the sponges to use their specialized metabolites as chemical cues remain unknown. Here we report the constant release of bioactive polycyclic guanidinic alkaloids by the Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe into the dissolved and the particulate phases using a targeted metabolomics study. These compounds were proven to be stored into already described specialized (spherulous) sponge cells and dispersed into the water column after release through the sponge exhaling channels (oscula), leading to a chemical shield surrounding the sponge. Low concentrations of these compounds were demonstrated to have teratogenic effects on embryos of a common sea squirt (ascidian). This mechanism of action called spherulization may therefore contribute to the ecological success of encrusting sponges that need to extend their substrate cover to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ternon
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 NICE Cedex 2, France
| | - Lina Zarate
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 NICE Cedex 2, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sandrine Chenesseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d’Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Julie Croué
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marcelino T. Suzuki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d’Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
- National University of Ireland Galway, Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France
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14
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Marine Invertebrates of Boka Kotorska Bay Unique Sources for Bioinspired Materials Science. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Rohde S, Nietzer S, Schupp PJ. Prevalence and Mechanisms of Dynamic Chemical Defenses in Tropical Sponges. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132236. [PMID: 26154741 PMCID: PMC4496075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges and other sessile invertebrates are lacking behavioural escape or defense mechanisms and rely therefore on morphological or chemical defenses. Studies from terrestrial systems and marine algae demonstrated facultative defenses like induction and activation to be common, suggesting that sessile marine organisms also evolved mechanisms to increase the efficiency of their chemical defense. However, inducible defenses in sponges have not been investigated so far and studies on activated defenses are rare. We investigated whether tropical sponge species induce defenses in response to artificial predation and whether wounding triggers defense activation. Additionally, we tested if these mechanisms are also used to boost antimicrobial activity to avoid bacterial infection. Laboratory experiments with eight pacific sponge species showed that 87% of the tested species were chemically defended. Two species, Stylissa massa and Melophlus sarasinorum, induced defenses in response to simulated predation, which is the first demonstration of induced antipredatory defenses in marine sponges. One species, M. sarasinorum, also showed activated defense in response to wounding. Interestingly, 50% of the tested sponge species demonstrated induced antimicrobial defense. Simulated predation increased the antimicrobial defenses in Aplysinella sp., Cacospongia sp., M. sarasinorum, and S. massa. Our results suggest that wounding selects for induced antimicrobial defenses to protect sponges from pathogens that could otherwise invade the sponge tissue via feeding scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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16
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Riesgo A, Taboada S, Sánchez-Vila L, Solà J, Bertran A, Avila C. Some like it fat: comparative ultrastructure of the embryo in two demosponges of the genus Mycale (order Poecilosclerida) from Antarctica and the Caribbean. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118805. [PMID: 25785444 PMCID: PMC4365022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, organisms with lecithotrophic indirect development usually accumulate large quantities of energetic reserves in the form of yolk that are necessary for larval survival. Since all sponges have lecithotrophic development, yolk formation is an ineludible step of their embryogenesis. Sponge yolk platelets have a wide range of morphological forms, from entirely lipid or protein platelets to a combined platelet showing both lipids and proteins and even glycogen. So far, there are no comparative studies on the nature and content of yolk in congeneric species of sponges inhabiting contrasting environments, which could have putative effects on the larval adaptation to environmental conditions. Here, we have taken advantage of the worldwide distribution of the sponge genus Mycale, in order to compare the embryogenesis and yolk formation in two species inhabiting contrasting latitudinal areas: M. acerata from Antarctic waters and M. laevis from the Caribbean. We have compared their brooded embryos and larvae using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and calculated their energetic signatures based on the nature of their yolk. While the general morphological feature of embryos and larvae of both species were very similar, the main difference resided in the yolk nature. The Antarctic species, M. acerata, showed exclusively lipid yolk, whereas the Caribbean species, M. laevis, showed combined platelets of lipids and proteins and less frequently protein yolk platelets. The larvae of M. acerata were estimated to possess a two-fold energetic signature compared to that of M. laevis, which may have important ecological implications for their survival and for maintaining large population densities in the cold waters of the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Riesgo
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Taboada
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Vila
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Solà
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bertran
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Ueberlein S, Machill S, Niemann H, Proksch P, Brunner E. The skeletal amino acid composition of the marine demosponge Aplysina cavernicola. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4417-38. [PMID: 25110918 PMCID: PMC4145324 DOI: 10.3390/md12084417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been discovered during the past few years that demosponges of the order Verongida such as Aplysina cavernicola exhibit chitin-based skeletons. Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We could recently demonstrate that brominated compounds do not exclusively occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta. Our measurements imply that these yet unknown compounds are strongly, possibly covalently bound to the sponge skeletons. In the present work, we determined the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge A. cavernicola especially with respect to the presence of halogenated amino acids. The investigations of the skeletons before and after MeOH extraction confirmed that only a small amount of the brominated skeleton-bound compounds dissolves in MeOH. The main part of the brominated compounds is strongly attached to the skeletons but can be extracted for example by using Ba(OH)2. Various halogenated tyrosine derivatives were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS in these Ba(OH)2 extracts of the skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Machill
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Niemann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Eike Brunner
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany.
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18
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La Clair JJ, Loveridge ST, Tenney K, O'Neil–Johnson M, Chapman E, Crews P. In situ natural product discovery via an artificial marine sponge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100474. [PMID: 25004127 PMCID: PMC4086721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is continuing international interest in exploring and developing the therapeutic potential of marine–derived small molecules. Balancing the strategies for ocean based sampling of source organisms versus the potential to endanger fragile ecosystems poses a substantial challenge. In order to mitigate such environmental impacts, we have developed a deployable artificial sponge. This report provides details on its design followed by evidence that it faithfully recapitulates traditional natural product collection protocols. Retrieving this artificial sponge from a tropical ecosystem after deployment for 320 hours afforded three actin–targeting jasplakinolide depsipeptides that had been discovered two decades earlier using traditional sponge specimen collection and isolation procedures. The successful outcome achieved here could reinvigorate marine natural products research, by producing new environmentally innocuous sources of natural products and providing a means to probe the true biosynthetic origins of complex marine–derived scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJL); (PC); (EC)
| | - Steven T. Loveridge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mark O'Neil–Johnson
- Lead Discovery and Rapid Structure Elucidation Group, Sequoia Sciences, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJL); (PC); (EC)
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJL); (PC); (EC)
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19
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Croué J, West NJ, Escande ML, Intertaglia L, Lebaron P, Suzuki MT. A single betaproteobacterium dominates the microbial community of the crambescidine-containing sponge Crambe crambe. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2583. [PMID: 24002533 PMCID: PMC3761228 DOI: 10.1038/srep02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crambe crambe is a marine sponge that produces high concentrations of the pharmacologically significant pentacyclic guanidine alkaloids (PGAs), Crambescines and Crambescidines. Although bio-mimetic chemical synthesis of PGAs suggests involvement of microorganisms in their biosynthesis, there are conflicting reports on whether bacteria are associated with this sponge or not. Using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing we show that the associated bacterial community of C. crambe is dominated by a single bacterial species affiliated to the Betaproteobacteria. Microscopy analysis of sponge tissue sections using a specific probe and in situ hybridization confirmed its dominance in the sponge mesohyl and a single microbial morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. If confirmed the presence of a simple bacteria community in C. crambe makes this association a very pertinent model to study sponge-bacteria interactions and should allow further research into the possible implication of bacteria in PGA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Croué
- 1] UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7621, LOMIC, UMR 7232, BIOM, UMS 2348 (Plate-forme Bio2Mar), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France [2] CNRS, UMR 7621, LOMIC, F-66650, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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20
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Ruiz C, Valderrama K, Zea S, Castellanos L. Mariculture and natural production of the antitumoural (+)-discodermolide by the Caribbean marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:571-583. [PMID: 23728846 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological research on marine organisms, such as ex situ or in situ aquaculture and in vitro cell culture, is being conducted to produce bioactive metabolites for biomedical and industrial uses. The Caribbean marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta is the source of (+)-discodermolide, a potent antitumoural polyketide that has reached clinical trials. This sponge usually lives at depths greater than 30 m, but at Santa Marta (Colombia) there is a shallower population, which has made it logistically possible to investigate for the first time, on ways to supply discodermolide. We thus performed in situ, 6-month fragment culture trials to assess the performance of this sponge in terms of growth and additional discodermolide production and studied possible factors that influence the variability of discodermolide concentrations in the wild. Sponge fragments cultured in soft mesh bags suspended from horizontal lines showed high survivorship (93 %), moderate growth (28 % increase in volume) and an overall rise (33 %) in the discodermolide concentration, equivalent to average additional production of 8 μg of compound per millilitre of sponge. The concentration of discodermolide in wild sponges ranged from 8 to 40 μg mL(-1). Locality was the only factor related to discodermolide variation in the wild, and there were greater concentrations in peripheral vs. basal portions of the sponge, and in clean vs. fouled individuals. As natural growth and regeneration rates can be higher than culture growth rates, there is room for improving techniques to sustainably produce discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR, Calle 25 2-55, Rodadero Sur - Playa Salguero, Santa Marta, Colombia
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21
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Lipowicz B, Hanekop N, Schmitt L, Proksch P. An aeroplysinin-1 specific nitrile hydratase isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3046-67. [PMID: 23966036 PMCID: PMC3766881 DOI: 10.3390/md11083046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A nitrile hydratase (NHase) that specifically accepts the nitrile aeroplysinin-1 (1) as a substrate and converts it into the dienone amide verongiaquinol (7) was isolated, partially purified and characterized from the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina cavernicola; although it is currently not known whether the enzyme is of sponge origin or produced by its symbiotic microorganisms. The formation of aeroplysinin-1 and of the corresponding dienone amide is part of the chemical defence system of A. cavernicola. The latter two compounds that show strong antibiotic activity originate from brominated isoxazoline alkaloids that are thought to protect the sponges from invasion of bacterial pathogens. The sponge was shown to contain at least two NHases as two excised protein bands from a non denaturating Blue Native gel showed nitrile hydratase activity, which was not observed for control samples. The enzymes were shown to be manganese dependent, although cobalt and nickel ions were also able to recover the activity of the nitrile hydratases. The temperature and pH optimum of the studied enzymes were found at 41 °C and pH 7.8. The enzymes showed high substrate specificity towards the physiological substrate aeroplysinin-1 (1) since none of the substrate analogues that were prepared either by partial or by total synthesis were converted in an in vitro assay. Moreover de-novo sequencing by mass spectrometry was employed to obtain information about the primary structure of the studied NHases, which did not reveal any homology to known NHases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Lipowicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.23, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Nils Hanekop
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.42, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.42, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.23, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail:
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Brominated skeletal components of the marine demosponges, Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta: analytical and biochemical investigations. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1271-87. [PMID: 23595055 PMCID: PMC3705403 DOI: 10.3390/md11041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demosponges possess a skeleton made of a composite material with various organic constituents and/or siliceous spicules. Chitin is an integral part of the skeleton of different sponges of the order Verongida. Moreover, sponges of the order Verongida, such as Aplysina cavernicola or Ianthella basta, are well-known for the biosynthesis of brominated tyrosine derivates, characteristic bioactive natural products. It has been unknown so far whether these compounds are exclusively present in the cellular matrix or whether they may also be incorporated into the chitin-based skeletons. In the present study, we therefore examined the skeletons of A. cavernicola and I. basta with respect to the presence of bromotyrosine metabolites. The chitin-based-skeletons isolated from these sponges indeed contain significant amounts of brominated compounds, which are not easily extractable from the skeletons by common solvents, such as MeOH, as shown by HPLC analyses in combination with NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements. Quantitative potentiometric analyses confirm that the skeleton-associated bromine mainly withstands the MeOH-based extraction. This observation suggests that the respective, but yet unidentified, brominated compounds are strongly bound to the sponge skeletons, possibly by covalent bonding. Moreover, gene fragments of halogenases suggested to be responsible for the incorporation of bromine into organic molecules could be amplified from DNA isolated from sponge samples enriched for sponge-associated bacteria.
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De Caralt S, Bry D, Bontemps N, Turon X, Uriz MJ, Banaigs B. Sources of secondary metabolite variation in Dysidea avara (Porifera: Demospongiae): the importance of having good neighbors. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:489-503. [PMID: 23429282 PMCID: PMC3640394 DOI: 10.3390/md11020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies report temporal, geographical, and intra-individual variation in sponge metabolite yields. However, the internal and/or external factors that regulate the metabolite production remain poorly understood. Dysidea avara is a demosponge that produces sesquiterpenoids (avarol and derivatives) with interesting medical properties, which has prompted addressed studies to obtain enough amounts of these metabolites for research on drug discovery. Within this framework, specimens of Dysidea avara from apopulation of the Northwest Mediterranean were sampled and their secondary metabolites quantified to assess their variability and the possible relationship with external (seasonality, interactions with neighbors) and internal (reproductive stages) factors. The results show a variation of the amount of both avarol and its monoacetate derivative with time, with no clear relationship with seawater temperature. A trade-off with sponge reproduction was not found either. However, our results showed for the first time that sponges are able to increase production or accumulation of secondary metabolites in their peripheral zone depending on the nature of their neighbors. This finding could explain part of the high variability in the amount of secondary metabolites usually found in chemical ecology studies on sponges and opens new biotechnological approaches to enhance the metabolite yield in sponge cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia De Caralt
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés a la Cala St Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain; E-Mails: (X.T.); (M.-J.U.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-972-336-101; Fax: +34-972-337-806
| | - Delphine Bry
- Environmental and Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domita, 52 Paul Alduy Ave., Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (D.B.); (N.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Nataly Bontemps
- Environmental and Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domita, 52 Paul Alduy Ave., Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (D.B.); (N.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Xavier Turon
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés a la Cala St Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain; E-Mails: (X.T.); (M.-J.U.)
| | - Maria-Jesus Uriz
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés a la Cala St Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain; E-Mails: (X.T.); (M.-J.U.)
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- Environmental and Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domita, 52 Paul Alduy Ave., Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (D.B.); (N.B.); (B.B.)
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Cárdenas P, Pérez T, Boury-Esnault N. Sponge systematics facing new challenges. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 61:79-209. [PMID: 22560778 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387787-1.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Systematics is nowadays facing new challenges with the introduction of new concepts and new techniques. Compared to most other phyla, phylogenetic relationships among sponges are still largely unresolved. In the past 10 years, the classical taxonomy has been completely overturned and a review of the state of the art appears necessary. The field of taxonomy remains a prominent discipline of sponge research and studies related to sponge systematics were in greater number in the Eighth World Sponge Conference (Girona, Spain, September 2010) than in any previous world sponge conferences. To understand the state of this rapidly growing field, this chapter proposes to review studies, mainly from the past decade, in sponge taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny. In a first part, we analyse the reasons of the current success of this field. In a second part, we establish the current sponge systematics theoretical framework, with the use of (1) cladistics, (2) different codes of nomenclature (PhyloCode vs. Linnaean system) and (3) integrative taxonomy. Sponges are infamous for their lack of characters. However, by listing and discussing in a third part all characters available to taxonomists, we show how diverse characters are and that new ones are being used and tested, while old ones should be revisited. We then review the systematics of the four main classes of sponges (Hexactinellida, Calcispongiae, Homoscleromorpha and Demospongiae), each time focusing on current issues and case studies. We present a review of the taxonomic changes since the publication of the Systema Porifera (2002), and point to problems a sponge taxonomist is still faced with nowadays. To conclude, we make a series of proposals for the future of sponge systematics. In the light of recent studies, we establish a series of taxonomic changes that the sponge community may be ready to accept. We also propose a series of sponge new names and definitions following the PhyloCode. The issue of phantom species (potential new species revealed by molecular studies) is raised, and we show how they could be dealt with. Finally, we present a general strategy to help us succeed in building a Porifera tree along with the corresponding revised Porifera classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cárdenas
- Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 "BOrEA", Paris, France
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25
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Radax R, Hoffmann F, Rapp HT, Leininger S, Schleper C. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea as main drivers of nitrification in cold-water sponges. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:909-23. [PMID: 22176665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of archaea with marine sponges was first described 15 years ago and their role in the nitrification process in Mediterranean and tropical sponges has been suggested. Here we explore the occurrence and abundance of potential ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in four morphologically different cold-water sponges (Phakellia ventilabrum, Geodia barretti, Antho dichotoma and Tentorium semisuberites) from the sublittoral and upper bathyal zone [Correction added on 30 December 2011, after first online publication on 19 December 2011: The term 'mesopelagic zone' has been replaced.] of the Norwegian coast, and relate them to nitrification rates determined in laboratory incubations. Net nitrification rates, calculated from the sum of nitrite and nitrate release during 24 h, were up to 1880 nmol N cm(-3) day(-1); i.e. comparable with those measured in Mediterranean sponges. Furthermore, a high abundance of archaeal cells was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridizations (CARD-FISH) and quantitative PCR, targeting archaeal amoA genes (encoding the alpha subunit of ammonia monooxygenase). AmoA genes as well as amoA transcripts were either exclusively detectable from archaea or were orders of magnitudes higher in abundance than their bacterial counterparts. Phylogenetic analyses of AOA and bacterial nitrite oxidizers (genus Nitrospira) confirmed the presence of specific populations of nitrifying microorganisms in the sponge mesohyl, which either were affiliated with groups detected earlier in marine sponges or were typical inhabitants of cold- and deep-water environments. Estimated cell-specific nitrification rates for P. ventilabrum were 0.6 to 6 fmol N archaeal cell(-1) day(-1), thus comparable with planktonic organisms. Our results identify AOA as the major drivers of nitrification in four cold-water sponges, and indicate that these archaea may be considered as a relevant factor in nitrogen cycling in ocean regions with high sponge biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Radax
- University of Vienna, Department of Genetics in Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Dresch RR, Zanetti GD, Kanan JHC, Mothes B, Lerner CB, Trindade VMT, Henriques AT, Vozári-Hampe MM. Immunohistochemical localization of an N-acetyl amino-carbohydrate specific lectin (ACL-I) of the marine sponge Axinella corrugata. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:671-4. [PMID: 20727574 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The N-acetyl amino-carbohydrate specific lectin (ACL-I) was previously identified and purified by us from the marine sponge Axinella corrugata (phylum Porifera, class Demospongiae). The distribution of the specific lectin within the tissue of the sponge was studied by bright-field optical microscopy immunohistochemistry in order to better understand its physiological role in the sponge. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against purified ACL-I in mice and tested by Western blot technique. The immunohistochemical analysis of ACL-I in cross sections of A. corrugata showed that this lectin is found inside the denominated spherulous cells, which contain vesicles that store the lectin. Some evidence is shown that ACL-I might also be present in the extracellular matrix. It was not possible to demonstrate by the immunohistochemical technique if ACL-I is colocalized in both the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of the spherulous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Remy Dresch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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27
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Song YF, Qu Y, Cao XP, Zhang W. Cellular localization of debromohymenialdisine and hymenialdisine in the marine sponge Axinella sp. using a newly developed cell purification protocol. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:868-882. [PMID: 21246234 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera), as the best known source of bioactive marine natural products in metazoans, play a significant role in marine drug discovery and development. As sessile filter-feeding animals, a considerable portion of the sponge biomass can be made of endosymbiotic and associated microorganisms. Understanding the cellular origin of targeted bioactive compounds from sponges is therefore important not only for providing chemotaxonomic information but also for defining the bioactive production strategy in terms of sponge aquaculture, cell culture, or fermentation of associated bacteria. The two alkaloids debromohymenialdisine (DBH) and hymenialdisine (HD), which are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with pharmacological activities for treating osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease, have been isolated from the sponge Axinella sp. In this study, the cellular localization of these two alkaloids was determined through the quantification of these alkaloids in different cell fractions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). First, using a differential centrifugation method, the dissociated cells were separated into different groups according to their sizes. The two bioactive alkaloids were mainly found in sponge cells obtained from low-speed centrifugation. Further cell purifications were accomplished by a newly developed multi-step protocol. Four enriched cell fractions (C1, C2, C3, and C4) were obtained and subjected to light and transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical staining, and HPLC quantification. Compared to the low concentrations in other cell fractions, DBH and HD accounted for 10.9% and 6.1%, respectively, of dry weight in the C1 fraction. Using the morphological characteristics and cytochemical staining results, cells in the C1 fraction were speculated to be spherulous cells. This result shows that DBH and HD in Axinella sp. are located in sponge cells and mostly stored in spherulous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fan Song
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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28
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Exploring the links between natural products and bacterial assemblages in the sponge Aplysina aerophoba. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:862-70. [PMID: 21115701 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00100-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sponge Aplysina aerophoba produces a large diversity of brominated alkaloids (BAs) and hosts a complex microbial assemblage. Although BAs are located within sponge cells, the enzymes that bind halogen elements to organic compounds have been exclusively described in algae, fungi, and bacteria. Bacterial communities within A. aerophoba could therefore be involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds. This study investigates whether changes in both the concentration of BAs and the bacterial assemblages are correlated in A. aerophoba. To do so, we quantified major natural products using high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed bacterial assemblages using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis on the 16S rRNA gene. We identified multiple associations between bacteria and natural products, including a strong relationship between a Chloroflexi phylotype and aplysinamisin-1 and between an unidentified bacterium and aerophobin-2 and isofistularin-3. Our results suggest that these bacteria could either be involved in the production of BAs or be directly affected by them. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports that find a significant correlation between natural products and bacterial populations in any benthic organism. Further investigating these associations will shed light on the organization and functioning of host-endobiont systems such as Aplysina aerophoba.
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29
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Silva MM, Bergamasco J, Lira SP, Lopes NP, Hajdu E, Peixinho S, Berlinck RGS. Dereplication of Bromotyrosine-derived Metabolites by LC-PDA-MS and Analysis of the Chemical Profile of 14 Aplysina Sponge Specimens from the Brazilian Coastline. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the chemical profile of 14 specimens of Aplysina spp. marine sponges, we have developed a method based on LC-PDA-MS for the detection of bromotyrosine-derived metabolites. The method enabled the dereplication of three distinct chemotypes of bromotyrosine-derived compounds based on UV absorptions, which were further refined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of the brominated quasi-molecular ion clusters. This procedure led to either a single compound assignment, or a maximum of two possible isobaric compounds. The dereplication study indicated that the chemical profile of the 14 specimens of Aplysina spp. analyzed presented practically the same dibromotyrosine-derived compounds. The results obtained suggested a possible biogenetic pathway for the formation of dibromotyrosine-derived compounds of wide occurrence in Verongida sponges.
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Koopmans M, Martens D, Wijffels RH. Towards commercial production of sponge medicines. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:787-802. [PMID: 20098610 PMCID: PMC2810229 DOI: 10.3390/md7040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges can provide potential drugs against many major world-wide occurring diseases. Despite the high potential of sponge derived drugs no sustainable production method has been developed. Thus far it is not fully understood why, when, where and how these metabolites are produced in sponges. For the near future sea-based sponge culture seems to be the best production method. However, for controlled production in a defined system it is better to develop in vitro production methods, like in vitro sponge culture or even better sponge cell culture, culture methods for symbionts or the transfer of production routes into another host. We still have insufficient information about the background of metabolite production in sponges. Before production methods are developed we should first focus on factors that can induce metabolite production. This could be done in the natural habitat by studying the relation between stress factors (such as predation) and the production of bioactive metabolites. The location of production within the sponge should be identified in order to choose between sponge cell culture and symbiont culture. Alternatively the biosynthetic pathways could be introduced into hosts that can be cultured. For this the biosynthetic pathway of metabolite production should be unraveled, as well as the genes involved. This review discusses the current state of sponge metabolite production and the steps that need to be taken to develop commercial production techniques. The different possible production techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Koopmans
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Unger M, Asplund L, Haglund P, Malmvärn A, Arnoldsson K, Gustafsson O. Polybrominated and mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in sponge (Ephydatia fluviatilis) from the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:8245-8250. [PMID: 19924951 DOI: 10.1021/es901705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) have recently been found in the Baltic Sea at concentrations 1000 times above that of the chlorinated analogs (PCDDs), yet their sources are undefined. Marine production of organobrominated compounds by sponges is well documented. The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential for an aquatic sponge (Ephydatia fluviatilis), common to the Baltic Sea, to produce PBDDs and other organobromine compounds in the field. Mono- to pentaBDDs as well as several mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (Br/Cl-DDs), PCDDs and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) were quantified in sponge from the SW Baltic. Concentrations of individual PBDDs in the range 1-80 ng per g extractable organic matter were similar as in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea and about 25 000 times higher than 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time Br/Cl-DDs are reported in biota from a background environment. While this study does not point out sponges as a dominant source, the concentrations of PBDDs in sponge relative to related anthropogenic compounds such as PBDEs and PCDDs as well as the relative abundance of brominated dioxins and furans strengthens the idea of natural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Unger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University
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32
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Chaves-Fonnegra A, Castellanos L, Zea S, Duque C, Rodríguez J, Jiménez C. Clionapyrrolidine A--a metabolite from the encrusting and excavating sponge Cliona tenuis that kills coral tissue upon contact. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1565-74. [PMID: 19023625 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponge Cliona tenuis successfully competes for space with reef corals by undermining, killing, and displacing live coral tissue at rates of up to 20 cm per year. The crude extract from this sponge, along with the more polar partitions, kills coral tissue and lowers the photosynthetic potential of coral zooxanthellae. We used a bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract to identify the compound(s) responsible. The crude extract, the aqueous partition, and compound 1, herein named clionapyrrolidine A [(-)-(5S)-2-imino-1-methylpyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid], when incorporated into gels at close to natural volumetric concentrations, killed coral tissue when brought into forced contact with live coral for periods of 1-4 days. This is the first report of a pure chemical produced by a sponge that kills coral tissue upon direct contact. The results are consistent with the localized coral death that occurs when C. tenuis-colonized coral fragments are thrown forcibly against live coral during storms. However, healed C. tenuis fragments placed directly onto live coral were killed readily by coral defenses, and fragments placed in close proximity to coral did not have any effect on the adjacent coral tissue. Solutions of clionapyrrolidine A in sea water were only slightly toxic against live coral. Hence, the coral death naturally brought about by C. tenuis when undermining live coral does not occur through external release of allelochemicals; below-polyp mechanisms must be explored further. N-acetylhomoagmatine (2), originally isolated from Cliona celata from the Northeastern Atlantic, was also assayed for comparison purposes because of its structural similarity to siphonodictidine, a toxic compound produced by a coral excavating sponge of the genus Aka. The lack of activity of N-acetylhomoagmatine at close to natural concentrations seems to indicate that the guanidine moiety, which is also present in siphonodictidine, is not a sufficiently strong structural motif for activity against corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andia Chaves-Fonnegra
- Departamento de Biología y Centro de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cerro Punta Betín, AA 10-16, Santa Marta, Colombia
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33
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Webster NS, Xavier JR, Freckelton M, Motti CA, Cobb R. Shifts in microbial and chemical patterns within the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba during a disease outbreak. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:3366-76. [PMID: 18783385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbial community composition in affected and unaffected portions of diseased sponges and healthy control sponges of Aplysina aerophoba was assessed to ascertain the role of microbes in the disease process. Sponge secondary metabolites were also examined to assess chemical shifts in response to infection. The microbial profile and aplysinimine levels in unaffected tissue near the lesions closely reflected those of healthy sponge tissue, indicating a highly localized disease process. DGGE detected multiple sequences that were exclusively present in diseased sponges. Most notably, a Deltaproteobacteria sequence with high homology to a coral black band disease strain was detected in all sponge lesions and was absent from all healthy and unaffected regions of diseased sponges. Other potential pathogens identified by DGGE include an environmental Cytophaga strain and a novel Epsilonproteobacteria strain with no known close relatives. The disease process also caused a major shift in prokaryote community structure at a very high taxonomic level. Using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, only the diseased sponges were found to contain sequences belonging to the Epsilonproteobacteria and Firmicutes, and there was a much greater number of Bacteroidetes sequences within the diseased sponges. In contrast, only the healthy sponges contained sequences corresponding to the cyanobacteria and 'OP1' candidate division, and the healthy sponges were dominated by Chloroflexi and Gammaproteobacteria sequences. Overall bacterial diversity was found to be considerably higher in diseased sponges than in healthy sponges. These results provide a platform for future cultivation-based experiments to isolate the putative pathogens from A. aerophoba and perform re-infection trials to define the disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville Mail Centre, Qld 4810, Australia
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34
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Activated Chemical Defense in Marine Sponges—a Case Study on Aplysinella rhax. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1242-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Simmons TL, Coates RC, Clark BR, Engene N, Gonzalez D, Esquenazi E, Dorrestein PC, Gerwick WH. Biosynthetic origin of natural products isolated from marine microorganism-invertebrate assemblages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4587-94. [PMID: 18250337 PMCID: PMC2290810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709851105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In all probability, natural selection began as ancient marine microorganisms were required to compete for limited resources. These pressures resulted in the evolution of diverse genetically encoded small molecules with a variety of ecological and metabolic roles. Remarkably, many of these same biologically active molecules have potential utility in modern medicine and biomedical research. The most promising of these natural products often derive from organisms richly populated by associated microorganisms (e.g., marine sponges and ascidians), and often there is great uncertainty about which organism in these assemblages is making these intriguing metabolites. To use the molecular machinery responsible for the biosynthesis of potential drug-lead natural products, new tools must be applied to delineate their genetic and enzymatic origins. The aim of this perspective is to highlight both traditional and emerging techniques for the localization of metabolic pathways within complex marine environments. Examples are given from the literature as well as recent proof-of-concept experiments from the authors' laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Pharmacology, and
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - William H. Gerwick
- *Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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37
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Taylor MW, Radax R, Steger D, Wagner M. Sponge-associated microorganisms: evolution, ecology, and biotechnological potential. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:295-347. [PMID: 17554047 PMCID: PMC1899876 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates comprise as much as 40% of the sponge volume and can contribute significantly to host metabolism (e.g., via photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation). We review in detail the diversity of microbes associated with sponges, including extensive 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses which support the previously suggested existence of a sponge-specific microbiota. These analyses provide a suitable vantage point from which to consider the potential evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these widespread, sponge-specific microorganisms. Subsequently, we examine the ecology of sponge-microbe associations, including the establishment and maintenance of these sometimes intimate partnerships, the varied nature of the interactions (ranging from mutualism to host-pathogen relationships), and the broad-scale patterns of symbiont distribution. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sponge-microbe associations is mirrored by their enormous biotechnological potential: marine sponges are among the animal kingdom's most prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, and in at least some cases, the compounds are of microbial rather than sponge origin. We review the status of this important field, outlining the various approaches (e.g., cultivation, cell separation, and metagenomics) which have been employed to access the chemical wealth of sponge-microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Taylor
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Sponges are the most simple and primitive metazoans, yet they have various biological and ecological properties that make them an influential component of coral-reef ecosystems. Marine sponges provide refuge for many small invertebrates and are critical to benthic-pelagic coupling across a wide range of habitats. Reports of sponge disease have increased dramatically in recent years with sponge populations decimated throughout the Mediterranean and Caribbean. Reports also suggest an increased prevalence of sponge disease in Papua New Guinea, the Great Barrier Reef and in the reefs of Cozumel, Mexico. These epidemics can have severe impacts on the survival of sponge populations, the ecology of the reef and the fate of associated marine invertebrates. Despite the ecological and commercial importance of sponges, the understanding of sponge disease is limited. There has generally been a failure to isolate and identify the causative agents of sponge disease, with only one case confirming Koch's postulates and identifying a novel Alphaproteobacteria strain as the primary pathogen. Other potential disease agents include fungi, viruses, cyanobacteria and bacterial strains within the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera. There is some evidence for correlations between sponge disease and environmental factors such as climate change and urban/agricultural runoff. This review summarizes the occurrence of sponge disease, describes the syndromes identified thus far, explores potential linkages with environmental change and proposes a strategy for future research towards better management of sponge disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Mail Centre, Qld 4810, Australia.
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Thoms C, Ebel R, Proksch P. Activated Chemical Defense in Aplysina Sponges Revisited. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:97-123. [PMID: 16525873 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sponges of the genus Aplysina accumulate brominated isoxazoline alkaloids in concentrations that sometimes exceed 10% of their dry weight. We previously reported a decrease in concentrations of these compounds and a concomitant increase in concentrations of the monocyclic nitrogenous compounds aeroplysinin-1 and dienone in Aplysina aerophoba following injury of the sponge tissue. Further investigations indicated a wound-induced enzymatic cleavage of the former compounds into the latter, and demonstrated that these reactions also occur in other Aplysina sponges. A recent study on Caribbean Aplysina species, however, introduced doubt regarding the presence of a wound-induced bioconversion in sponges of this genus. This discrepancy motivated us to reinvestigate carefully the fate of brominated alkaloids in A. aerophoba and in other Aplysina sponges following mechanical injury. As a result of this study we conclude that (1) tissue damage induces a bioconversion of isoxazoline alkaloids into aeroplysinin-1 and dienone in Aplysina sponges, (2) this reaction is likely catalyzed by enzymes, and (3) it may be ecologically relevant as the bioconversion products possibly protect the wounded sponge tissue from invasion of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Thoms
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Systematic and evolutionary studies of Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 are a very dynamic field of research. The scientific knowledge pertaining to Demospongiae systematics has been recently assembled in the collective book Systema Porifera. However, a general consensus among spongologists has not yet been achieved regarding this group and the phylogenetic relationships within Demospongiae and between Demospongiae and other clades of Porifera and metazoans are still unresolved. The two traditional subclasses Tetractinomorpha and Ceractinomorpha are polyphyletic and it is proposed that they be abandoned. Since the publication of Systema Porifera, several works have suggested the polyphyly of Halichondrida and the paraphyly of Haplosclerida, as well as the monophyly of Tetractinellida (Astrophorida + Spirophorida), Keratosa (Dictyoceratida + Dendroceratida), and Myxospongiae (Chondrosida + Verongida + Halisarcida). Within all the classical orders, whether they are monophyletic or not, families and even genera have also been found to be polyphyletic. For example, Ancorinidae, Geodiidae, and Axinellidae are clearly polyphyletic. No single data set is able to resolve all the problems; thus, it is absolutely necessary that the classification of Demospongiae be examined from all angles and with as many data sets as possible.
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Page M, West L, Northcote P, Battershill C, Kelly M. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Cytotoxic Metabolites in Populations of the New Zealand Sponge Mycale hentscheli. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:1161-74. [PMID: 16124239 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-4254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in the composition of three cytotoxic secondary metabolites from the New Zealand marine sponge Mycale hentscheli collected at two sites in central New Zealand was quantified by 1H NMR techniques. A total of 275 sponges were analyzed bimonthly over 15 mo to compare intersite (approximately 100 km) and intrasite (approximately 100 m) spatial and temporal variations in the metabolites. Biological and physical characteristics of sponge size, morphology, depth, and temperature were recorded at each site. Metabolite concentrations were found to vary in space and time. Metabolite composition was site-specific; mycalamide A, pateamine, and peloruside A were present at Pelorus Sound, whereas pateamine was absent from sponges at Kapiti Island. Pateamine and peloruside A concentrations in sponges at Pelorus Sound varied seasonally; no such patterns were observed at Kapiti Island. Relationships of compound concentration with volume and depth were complex. High levels of peloruside A in Pelorus Sound sponges from between 8 and 10 m depth coincided with a density boundary layer and chlorophyll a maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Page
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, PO Box 893, Nelson, New Zealand.
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Richelle-Maurer E, De Kluijver M, Feio S, Gaudêncio S, Gaspar H, Gomez R, Tavares R, Van de Vyver G, Van Soest R. Localization and ecological significance of oroidin and sceptrin in the Caribbean sponge Agelas conifera. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(03)00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hentschel U, Fieseler L, Wehrl M, Gernert C, Steinert M, Hacker J, Horn M. Microbial diversity of marine sponges. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 37:59-88. [PMID: 15825640 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55519-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The recent application of molecular microbial ecology tools to sponge-microbe associations has revealed a glimpse into the biodiversity of these microbial communities, that is considered just 'the tip of the iceberg'. This chapter provides an overview over these new findings with regard to identity, diversity and distribution patterns of sponge-associated microbial consortia. The sponges Aplysina aerophoba (Verongida), Rhopaloeides odorabile (Dicytoceratida) and Theonella swinhoei (Lithistida) were chosen as model systems for this review because they have been subject to both, cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. A discussion of the microbial assemblages of Halichondriapanicea is presented in the accompanying chapter by Imhoff and Stöhr. Considering that a large fraction of sponge-associated microbes is not yet amenable to cultivation, an emphasis has been placed on the techniques centering around the 16S rRNA gene. A section has been included that covers the potential of sponge microbial communities for drug discovery. Finally, a 'sponge-microbe interaction model' is presented that summarizes our current understanding of the processes that might have shaped the community structure of the microbial assemblages within sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hentschel
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
After 40 years of intensive research, chemistry of marine natural products has become a mature field. Since 1995, there are signals of decreased interest in the search of new metabolites from traditional sources such as macroalgae and octocorals, and the number of annual reports on marine sponges stabilized. On the contrary, metabolites from microorganisms is a rapidly growing field, due, at least in part, to the suspicion that a number of metabolites obtained from algae and invertebrates may be produced by associated microorganisms. Studies are concerned with bacteria and fungi, isolated from seawater, sediments, algae, fish and mainly from marine invertebrates such as sponges, mollusks, tunicates, coelenterates and crustaceans. Although it is still to early to define tendencies, it may be stated that the metabolites from microorganisms are in most cases quite different from those produced by the invertebrate hosts. Nitrogenated metabolites predominate over acetate derivatives, and terpenes are uncommon. Among the latter, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and carotenes have been isolated; among nitrogenated metabolites, amides, cyclic peptides and indole alkaloids predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Kelecom
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24001-970.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rahbaek
- Marine Chemistry Section, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Duque C, Bonilla A, Bautista E, Zea S. Exudation of low molecular weight compounds (thiobismethane, methyl isocyanide, and methyl isothiocyanate) as a possible chemical defense mechanism in the marine sponge Ircinia felix. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2001; 29:459-467. [PMID: 11274769 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The volatile constituents of the marine sponge Ircinia felix were obtained by dynamic headspace extraction and analyzed by HRGC, HRGC-MS and HRGC-Odor at sniffing port. Fifty-nine volatiles were identified for the first time in the odor of this sponge. Hydrocarbons (32.9%), alcohols (17.8%) and carbonyl compounds (16.0%) predominated in the sponge volatile profile, followed by esters (11.6%), halogen compounds (8.6%), ethers (7.7%), nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds (4.6%) and carboxylic acids (0.8%). Among the identified volatiles, thiobismethane (commonly known as dimethylsulfide), methyl isocyanide and methyl isothiocyanate were found to be responsible for the nauseating and toxic smell emitted by the sponge and for the antimicrobial activity detected in the volatile extract. Exudation experiments in aquarium and in situ conditions revealed that thiobismethane, methyl isocyanide and methyl isothiocyanate are continuously released by the sponge. Upon injury, the concentration of these volatiles increased strongly. Hence, these substances form a chemical protective barrier which may help these sponges avoid fouling, compete for space, prevent infection in the short term, and/or signal generalist predators regarding the existence of other toxic substances in the internal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duque
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 14490, Bogotá, Colombia
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Garson MJ, Zimmermann MP, Battershill CN, Holden JL, Murphy PT. The distribution of brominated long-chain fatty acids in sponge and symbiont cell types from the tropical marine sponge Amphimedon terpenensis. Lipids 1994; 29:509-16. [PMID: 7968273 DOI: 10.1007/bf02578249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tropical marine sponge Amphimedon terpenensis (family Niphatidae, order Haplosclerida) has previously been shown to possess unusual lipids, including unusual fatty acids. The biosynthetic origin of these fatty acids is of interest as the sponge supports a significant population of eubacterial and cyanobacterial symbionts. The total fatty acid composition of the sponge was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the methyl esters. Among the most abundant of the fatty acids in intact tissue were 16:0, 18:0 and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic (phytanic) acid. In addition, three brominated fatty acids, (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-tetracosadienoic acid (24:2Br), (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-pentacosadienoic acid (25:2Br) and (5E,9Z)-6-bromo-5,9-hexacosadienoic acid (26:2Br) were also present. The three brominated fatty acids, together with phytanic acid, were isolated from both ectosomal (superficial) and choanosomal (internal) regions of the sponge. Analysis of extracts prepared from sponge/symbiont cells, partitioned by density gradient centrifugation on Ficoll, indicated that phytanic acid and the three brominated fatty acids were associated with sponge cells only. Further, a fatty acid methyl ester sample from intact tissue of A. terpenensis was partitioned according to phospholipid class, and the brominated fatty acids were shown to be associated with the phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions that are commonly present in marine sponge lipids. The phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol fractions were rich in the relatively shorter chain fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0). The association of brominated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) with sponge cells has been confirmed. The findings allow comment on the use of fatty acid profiles in chemotaxonomy and permit further interpretation of LCFA biosynthetic pathways in sponges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Terpenes in sponge cell membranes: Cell separation and membrane fractionation studies with the tropical marine spongeAmphimedon sp. Lipids 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02536153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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