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Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nekliudova UA, Schwaha TF, Kotenko ON, Gruber D, Cyran N, Ostrovsky AN. Three in one: evolution of viviparity, coenocytic placenta and polyembryony in cyclostome bryozoans. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33845757 PMCID: PMC8042935 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentation has evolved multiple times among both chordates and invertebrates. Although they are structurally less complex, invertebrate placentae are much more diverse in their origin, development and position. Aquatic colonial suspension-feeders from the phylum Bryozoa acquired placental analogues multiple times, representing an outstanding example of their structural diversity and evolution. Among them, the clade Cyclostomata is the only one in which placentation is associated with viviparity and polyembryony-a unique combination not present in any other invertebrate group. RESULTS The histological and ultrastructural study of the sexual polymorphic zooids (gonozooids) in two cyclostome species, Crisia eburnea and Crisiella producta, revealed embryos embedded in a placental analogue (nutritive tissue) with a unique structure-comprising coenocytes and solitary cells-previously unknown in animals. Coenocytes originate via nuclear multiplication and cytoplasmic growth among the cells surrounding the early embryo. This process also affects cells of the membranous sac, which initially serves as a hydrostatic system but later becomes main part of the placenta. The nutritive tissue is both highly dynamic, permanently rearranging its structure, and highly integrated with its coenocytic 'elements' being interconnected via cytoplasmic bridges and various cell contacts. This tissue shows evidence of both nutrient synthesis and transport (bidirectional transcytosis), supporting the enclosed multiple progeny. Growing primary embryo produces secondary embryos (via fission) that develop into larvae; both the secondary embyos and larvae show signs of endocytosis. Interzooidal communication pores are occupied by 1‒2 specialized pore-cells probably involved in the transport of nutrients between zooids. CONCLUSIONS Cyclostome nutritive tissue is currently the only known example of a coenocytic placental analogue, although syncytial 'elements' could potentially be formed in them too. Structurally and functionally (but not developmentally) the nutritive tissue can be compared with the syncytial placental analogues of certain invertebrates and chordates. Evolution of the cyclostome placenta, involving transformation of the hydrostatic apparatus (membranous sac) and change of its function to embryonic nourishment, is an example of exaptation that is rather widespread among matrotrophic bryozoans. We speculate that the acquisition of a highly advanced placenta providing massive nourishment might support the evolution of polyembryony in cyclostomes. In turn, massive and continuous embryonic production led to the evolution of enlarged incubating polymorphic gonozooids hosting multiple progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Nekliudova
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T F Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - O N Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Cyran
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - A N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Dick MH, Waeschenbach A, Trott TJ, Onishi T, Beveridge C, Bishop JD, Ito M, Ostrovsky AN. Global Distribution and Variation of the Invasive Cheilostome Bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis. Zoolog Sci 2020; 37:217-231. [PMID: 32549536 DOI: 10.2108/zs190142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Viable populations of the cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis Ito, Onishi & Dick exist in the NW Pacific (Russian Far East and northern Japan), NE Atlantic (Scandinavia and Scotland), and NW Atlantic (Maine, USA). The first NE and NW Atlantic records are from Norway (2008) and Casco Bay, Maine, USA (2018), respectively, indicating a relatively recent introduction to the region. Mitochondrial COI gene sequences from North Atlantic populations (Sweden, Norway, and Maine) showed two haplotypes differing by one substitution, but differed from two haplotypes from Akkeshi, northern Japan, by 6-8 substitutions. North Atlantic populations differed morphologically from the Akkeshi population in that some zooids formed a suboral projection, and frontal zooids were more common. While C. mutabilis in northern Japan has been found only on natural or artificial eelgrass (Zostera marina), across its range it has been found on several species of algae, plastic panels and strips, several species of Zostera, and mollusc shells. Similar frequencies of heteromorphic zooids with differing degree of frontal wall calcification, i.e., R (rib)-, I (intermediate)-, and S (shield)-type zooids, in colonies on eelgrass at comparable times of the season and across populations suggest an innate response to seasonal environmental fluctuations, although zooid frequencies were different on non-eelgrass substrates. The increase in trans-Arctic shipping along the Northern Sea Route in recent decades, and previous documentation of C. mutabilis on ship hulls in the Sea of Japan, indicate a clear mechanism for anthropogenic introduction from the Far East to Europe in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Dick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan,
| | | | - Thomas J Trott
- Maine Coastal Program, Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA
| | - Takumi Onishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Chris Beveridge
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - John D Bishop
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Minako Ito
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Aikappu 1, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-1113, Japan
| | - Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Schwaha TF, Ostrovsky AN, Wanninger A. Key novelties in the evolution of the aquatic colonial phylum Bryozoa: evidence from soft body morphology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:696-729. [PMID: 32032476 PMCID: PMC7317743 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular techniques are currently the leading tools for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships, but our understanding of ancestral, plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters requires the study of the morphology of extant forms for testing these phylogenies and for reconstructing character evolution. This review highlights the potential of soft body morphology for inferring the evolution and phylogeny of the lophotrochozoan phylum Bryozoa. This colonial taxon comprises aquatic coelomate filter-feeders that dominate many benthic communities, both marine and freshwater. Despite having a similar bauplan, bryozoans are morphologically highly diverse and are represented by three major taxa: Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata. Recent molecular studies resulted in a comprehensive phylogenetic tree with the Phylactolaemata sister to the remaining two taxa, and Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) sister to Gymnolaemata. We plotted data of soft tissue morphology onto this phylogeny in order to gain further insights into the origin of morphological novelties and character evolution in the phylum. All three larger clades have morphological apomorphies assignable to the latest molecular phylogeny. Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) and Gymnolaemata were united as monophyletic Myolaemata because of the apomorphic myoepithelial and triradiate pharynx. One of the main evolutionary changes in bryozoans is a change from a body wall with two well-developed muscular layers and numerous retractor muscles in Phylactolaemata to a body wall with few specialized muscles and few retractors in the remaining bryozoans. Such a shift probably pre-dated a body wall calcification that evolved independently at least twice in Bryozoa and resulted in the evolution of various hydrostatic mechanisms for polypide protrusion. In Cyclostomata, body wall calcification was accompanied by a unique detachment of the peritoneum from the epidermis to form the hydrostatic membraneous sac. The digestive tract of the Myolaemata differs from the phylactolaemate condition by a distinct ciliated pylorus not present in phylactolaemates. All bryozoans have a mesodermal funiculus, which is duplicated in Gymnolaemata. A colonial system of integration (CSI) of additional, sometimes branching, funicular cords connecting neighbouring zooids via pores with pore-cell complexes evolved at least twice in Gymnolaemata. The nervous system in all bryozoans is subepithelial and concentrated at the lophophoral base and the tentacles. Tentacular nerves emerge intertentacularly in Phylactolaemata whereas they partially emanate directly from the cerebral ganglion or the circum-oral nerve ring in myolaemates. Overall, morphological evidence shows that ancestral forms were small, colonial coelomates with a muscular body wall and a U-shaped gut with ciliary tentacle crown, and were capable of asexual budding. Coloniality resulted in many novelties including the origin of zooidal polymorphism, an apomorphic landmark trait of the Myolaemata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and AstronomyUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
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Shevchenko ET, Varfolomeeva MA, Nekliudova UA, Kotenko ON, Usov NV, Granovitch AI, Ostrovsky AN. Electra vs Callopora: life histories of two bryozoans with contrasting reproductive strategies in the White Sea. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1729260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina T. Shevchenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina A. Varfolomeeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Uliana A. Nekliudova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga N. Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Usov
- White Sea Biological Station, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei I. Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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First ultrastructural evidence of placental nutrition in a ctenostome bryozoan: example of Amathia verticillata. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nekliudova UA, Schwaha TF, Kotenko ON, Gruber D, Cyran N, Ostrovsky AN. Sexual reproduction of the placental brooder Celleporella hyalina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) in the White Sea. J Morphol 2019; 280:278-299. [PMID: 30653716 PMCID: PMC6949948 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of parental care is a central field in many ecological and evolutionary studies, but integral approaches encompassing various life-history traits are not common. Else, the structure, development and functioning of the placental analogues in invertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we describe the life-history, sexual colony dynamics, oogenesis, fertilization and brooding in the boreal-Arctic cheilostome bryozoan Celleporella hyalina. This placental brooder incubates its progeny in calcified protective chambers (ovicells) formed by polymorphic sexual zooids. We conducted a detailed ultrastructural study of the ovary and oogenesis, and provide evidence of both auto- and heterosynthetic mechanisms of vitellogenesis. We detected sperm inside the early oocyte and within funicular strands, and discuss possible variants of fertilization. We also detail the development and functioning of the placental analogue (embryophore) in the various stages of embryonic incubation as well as embryonic histotrophic nourishment. In contrast to all known cheilostome placentas, the main part of embryophore of C. hyalina is not a single cell layer. Rather, it is a massive "nutritive tissue" whose basal part is associated with funicular strands presumably providing transport function. C. hyalina shows a mixture of reproductive traits with macrolecithal oogenesis and well-developed placenta. These features give it an intermediate position in the continuum of variation of matrotrophic provisioning between lecithotrophic and placentotrophic cheilostome brooders. The structural and developmental differences revealed in the placental analogue of C. hyalina, together with its position on the bryozoan molecular tree, point to the independent origin of placentation in the family Hippothoidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana A. Nekliudova
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Thomas F. Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Olga N. Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Daniela Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Norbert Cyran
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth SciencesGeography and Astronomy, University of ViennaViennaAustria
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8
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Schack CR, Gordon DP, Ryan KG. Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:773-809. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolann R. Schack
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of Wellington PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6021 New Zealand
| | - Dennis P. Gordon
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6021 New Zealand
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of Wellington PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
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Dick MH, Grischenko AV. Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan. J NAT HIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Dick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrei V. Grischenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Aquatic Ecology, Biological Faculty, Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
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Ostrovsky AN, Lidgard S, Gordon DP, Schwaha T, Genikhovich G, Ereskovsky AV. Matrotrophy and placentation in invertebrates: a new paradigm. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 91:673-711. [PMID: 25925633 PMCID: PMC5098176 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrotrophy, the continuous extra-vitelline supply of nutrients from the parent to the progeny during gestation, is one of the masterpieces of nature, contributing to offspring fitness and often correlated with evolutionary diversification. The most elaborate form of matrotrophy-placentotrophy-is well known for its broad occurrence among vertebrates, but the comparative distribution and structural diversity of matrotrophic expression among invertebrates is wanting. In the first comprehensive analysis of matrotrophy across the animal kingdom, we report that regardless of the degree of expression, it is established or inferred in at least 21 of 34 animal phyla, significantly exceeding previous accounts and changing the old paradigm that these phenomena are infrequent among invertebrates. In 10 phyla, matrotrophy is represented by only one or a few species, whereas in 11 it is either not uncommon or widespread and even pervasive. Among invertebrate phyla, Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda and Bryozoa dominate, with 162, 83 and 53 partly or wholly matrotrophic families, respectively. In comparison, Chordata has more than 220 families that include or consist entirely of matrotrophic species. We analysed the distribution of reproductive patterns among and within invertebrate phyla using recently published molecular phylogenies: matrotrophy has seemingly evolved at least 140 times in all major superclades: Parazoa and Eumetazoa, Radiata and Bilateria, Protostomia and Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. In Cycliophora and some Digenea, it may have evolved twice in the same life cycle. The provisioning of developing young is associated with almost all known types of incubation chambers, with matrotrophic viviparity more widespread (20 phyla) than brooding (10 phyla). In nine phyla, both matrotrophic incubation types are present. Matrotrophy is expressed in five nutritive modes, of which histotrophy and placentotrophy are most prevalent. Oophagy, embryophagy and histophagy are rarer, plausibly evolving through heterochronous development of the embryonic mouthparts and digestive system. During gestation, matrotrophic modes can shift, intergrade, and be performed simultaneously. Invertebrate matrotrophic adaptations are less complex structurally than in chordates, but they are more diverse, being formed either by a parent, embryo, or both. In a broad and still preliminary sense, there are indications of trends or grades of evolutionarily increasing complexity of nutritive structures: formation of (i) local zones of enhanced nutritional transport (placental analogues), including specialized parent-offspring cell complexes and various appendages increasing the entire secreting and absorbing surfaces as well as the contact surface between embryo and parent, (ii) compartmentalization of the common incubatory space into more compact and 'isolated' chambers with presumably more effective nutritional relationships, and (iii) internal secretory ('milk') glands. Some placental analogues in onychophorans and arthropods mimic the simplest placental variants in vertebrates, comprising striking examples of convergent evolution acting at all levels-positional, structural and physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott Lidgard
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Dennis P Gordon
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Station marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007, Marseille, France
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Ito M, Onishi T, Dick MH. Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., an Eelgrass-Associated Bryozoan (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata) with Large Variationin Zooid Morphology Related to Life History. Zoolog Sci 2016; 32:485-97. [PMID: 26428727 DOI: 10.2108/zs150079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cribrimorph cheilostome bryozoan Cribrilina mutabilis n. sp., which we detected as an epibiont on eelgrass (Zostera marina) at Akkeshi, Hokkaido, northern Japan. This species shows three distinct zooid types during summer: the R (rib), I (intermediate), and S (shield) types. Evidence indicates that zooids commit to development as a given type, rather than transform from one type to another with age. Differences in the frontal spinocyst among the types appear to be mediated by a simple developmental mechanism, acceleration or retardation in the production of lateral costal fusions as the costae elongate during ontogeny. Colonies of all three types were identical, or nearly so, in partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene (555-631 bp), suggesting that they represent a single species. Zooid types varied temporally in overall frequency in the population: colonies contained nearly exclusively R-type zooids in mid-June; predominantly I-type, or both R- and I-type, zooids in mid-July; and I-type, S-type, or both I- and S-type zooids (interspersed or in discrete bands) in mid- to late August. Reproduction occurred throughout the season, but peaked in July, with only R- and I-type zooids reproducing. Reproductive zooids bear a vestigial compound (tripartite) ooecium and brood internally; S-type zooids, first appearing in August, were non-reproductive, which suggests that they may serve as an overwintering stage. As this species is easily accessible, common, and simple in form, it is potentially useful as a model system for studying polyphenism at multiple levels (zooid, colony, and population) in the context of life-history adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Ito
- 1 Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University,Aikappu 1, Akkeshi-cho, Akkeshi-gun 088-1113, Japan
| | - Takumi Onishi
- 2 Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University,N10 W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Matthew H Dick
- 2 Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University,N10 W8, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Abstract
Gymnolaemates represent the largest group of extant bryozoans, having more than 3,000 described species. Gymnolaemates display a diverse array of reproductive and developmental patterns including planktotrophy, lecithotrophy, and matrotrophy. The larvae of gymnolaemates have been broadly grouped into three types, cyphonautes (shelled, feeding), pseudocyphonautes (shelled, nonfeeding), and coronate (unshelled, nonfeeding), although each group is heterogeneous and probably includes various morphologies that are largely undescribed. Here, methods for rearing bryozoan colonies and larvae are presented.
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Mathew M, Lopanik NB. Host differentially expressed genes during association with its defensive endosymbiont. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:152-163. [PMID: 24797097 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n2p152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutualism, a beneficial relationship between two species, often requires intimate interaction between the host and symbiont to establish and maintain the partnership. The colonial marine bryozoan Bugula neritina harbors an as yet uncultured endosymbiont, "Candidatus Endobugula sertula," throughout its life stages. The bacterial symbiont is the putative source of bioactive complex polyketide metabolites, the bryostatins, which chemically defend B. neritina larvae from predation. Despite the presence of "Ca. Endobugula sertula" in all life stages of the host, deterrent bryostatins appear to be concentrated in reproductive portions of the host colony, suggesting an interaction between the two partners to coordinate production and distribution of the metabolites within the colony. In this study, we identified host genes that were differentially expressed in control colonies and in colonies cured of the symbiont. Genes that code for products similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 9 and family 20 proteins, actin, and a Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor were significantly downregulated (more than twice) in antibiotic-cured non-reproductive zooids compared to control symbiotic ones. Differential expression of these genes leads us to hypothesize that the host B. neritina may regulate the distribution of the symbiont within the colony via mechanisms of biofilm degradation and actin rearrangement, and consequently, influences bryostatin localization to bestow symbiont-associated protection to larvae developing in the reproductive zooids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meril Mathew
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaja nab. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
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Ostrovsky AN. From incipient to substantial: evolution of placentotrophy in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates. Evolution 2013; 67:1368-82. [PMID: 23617914 PMCID: PMC3698692 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrotrophy has long been known in invertebrates, but it is still poorly understood and has never been reviewed. A striking example of matrotrophy (namely, placentotrophy) is provided by the Bryozoa, a medium-sized phylum of the aquatic colonial filter feeders. Here I report on an extensive anatomical study of placental analogues in 21 species of the bryozoan order Cheilostomata, offering the first review on matrotrophy among aquatic invertebrates. The first anatomical description of incipient placentotrophy in invertebrates is presented together with the evidence for multiple independent origins of placental analogues in this order. The combinations of contrasting oocytic types (macrolecithal or microlecithal) and various degrees of placental development and embryonic enlargement during incubation, found in different bryozoan species, are suggestive of a transitional series from the incipient to the substantial placentotrophy accompanied by an inverse change in oogenesis, a situation reminiscent of some vertebrates. It seems that matrotrophy could trigger the evolution of sexual zooidal polymorphism in some clades. The results of this study show that this phylum, with its wide variety of reproductive patterns, incubation devices, and types of the simple placenta-like systems, offers a promising model for studying parallel evolution of placentotrophy in particular, and matrotrophy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Ostrovsky
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Brubacher JL, Huebner E. Evolution and development of polarized germ cell cysts: new insights from a polychaete worm, Ophryotrocha labronica. Dev Biol 2011; 357:96-107. [PMID: 21726546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polarized oogenic cysts are clonal syncytia of germ cells in which some of the sister cells (cystocytes) differentiate not as oocytes, but instead as nurse cells: polyploid cells that support oocyte development. The intricate machinery required to establish and maintain divergent cell fates within a syncytium, and the importance of associated oocyte patterning for subsequent embryonic development, have made polarized cysts valuable subjects of study in developmental and cell biology. Nurse cell/oocyte specification is best understood in insects, particularly Drosophila melanogaster. However, polarized cysts have evolved independently in several other animal phyla. We describe the differentiation of female cystocytes in an annelid worm, the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica. These worms are remarkable for their elegantly simple cysts, which comprise a single oocyte and nurse cell, making them an appealing complement to insects as subjects of study. To elucidate the process of cystocyte differentiation in O. labronica, we have constructed digital 3D models from electron micrographs of serially sectioned ovarian tissue. These models show that 2-cell cysts arise by fragmentation of larger "parental" cysts, rather than as independent units. The parental cysts vary in size and organization, are produced by asynchronous, indeterminate mitotic divisions of progenitor cystoblasts, and lack fusome-like organizing organelles. All of these characteristics represent key cytological differences from "typical" cyst development in insects like D. melanogaster. In light of such differences and the plasticity of female cyst structure among other animals, we suggest that it is time to reassess common views on the conservation of oogenic cysts and the importance of cysts in animal oogenesis generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Brubacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Ostrovsky AN, O'Dea A, Rodríguez F. Comparative anatomy of internal incubational sacs in cupuladriid bryozoans and the evolution of brooding in free-living cheilostomes. J Morphol 2009; 270:1413-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brubacher JL, Huebner E. Development of polarized female germline cysts in the polychaete,Ophryotrocha labronica. J Morphol 2009; 270:413-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Diversity of brood chambers in calloporid bryozoans (Gymnolaemata, Cheilostomata): comparative anatomy and evolutionary trends. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-008-0070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ostrovsky AN, Dick MH, Mawatari SF. The Internal-Brooding Apparatus in the Bryozoan Genus Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata: Calloporidae) and Its Inferred Homology to Ovicells. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:1187-96. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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OSTROVSKY ANDREWN, TAYLOR PAULD. Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans. Zool J Linn Soc 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ostrovsky AN, Schäfer P, Gordon DP. Ultrastructure and Development of the Ooecial Walls in Some Calloporid Bryozoans (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata). ZOOL ANZ 2003. [DOI: 10.1078/0044-5231-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ostrovsky AN, Schäfer P. Ovicell structure in Callopora dumerilii and C. lineata (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6395.2003.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bishop JD, Manríquez PH, Hughes RN. Water-borne sperm trigger vitellogenic egg growth in two sessile marine invertebrates. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1165-9. [PMID: 10902681 PMCID: PMC1690657 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of sessile marine invertebrates mate by passive dispersal of sperm which fertilize the brooded eggs of neighbours. In two such species, a sea-mat (phylum Bryozoa) and an ascidian (phylum Chordata), vitellogenic egg growth is absent in reproductively isolated specimens, but is triggered by a water-borne factor released by conspecifics. In both of these colonial, hermaphroditic species, the active factor can be removed from water by filtration. The effect involves self-/non-self-recognition: water conditioned by a separate subcolony of the same genetic individual does not prompt oocyte growth. In each species, allosperm move from the surrounding water to the ovary and are then stored in close association with the growing oocytes. We concluded that sperm themselves are the water-borne factor that triggers the major phase of female reproductive investment. This mechanism is, to our knowledge, previously undescribed in animals, but has parallels with the initiation of maternal investment in flowering plants following the receipt of compatible pollen. The species studied may be representative of many other aquatic invertebrates which mate in a similar way. The stimulation of egg growth by allosperm could lead to intersexual conflict during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bishop
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon.
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