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Skeltved N, Nordmaj MA, Berendtsen NT, Dagil R, Stormer EMR, Al-Nakouzi N, Jiang K, Aicher A, Heeschen C, Gustavsson T, Choudhary S, Gögenur I, Christensen JP, Theander TG, Daugaard M, Salanti A, Nielsen MA. Bispecific T cell-engager targeting oncofetal chondroitin sulfate induces complete tumor regression and protective immune memory in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:106. [PMID: 37118819 PMCID: PMC10142489 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malaria protein VAR2CSA binds oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS), a unique chondroitin sulfate, expressed on almost all mammalian cancer cells. Previously, we produced a bispecific construct targeting ofCS and human T cells based on VAR2CSA and anti-CD3 (V-aCD3Hu). V-aCD3Hu showed efficacy against xenografted tumors in immunocompromised mice injected with human immune cells at the tumor site. However, the complex effects potentially exerted by the immune system as a result of the treatment cannot occur in mice without an immune system. Here we investigate the efficacy of V-aCD3Mu as a monotherapy and combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in mice with a fully functional immune system. METHODS We produced a bispecific construct consisting of a recombinant version of VAR2CSA coupled to an anti-murine CD3 single-chain variable fragment. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to check cell binding capabilities and the therapeutic effect was evaluated in vitro in a killing assay. The in vivo efficacy of V-aCD3Mu was then investigated in mice with a functional immune system and established or primary syngeneic tumors in the immunologically "cold" 4T1 mammary carcinoma, B16-F10 malignant melanoma, the pancreatic KPC mouse model, and in the immunologically "hot" CT26 colon carcinoma model. RESULTS V-aCD3Mu had efficacy as a monotherapy, and the combined treatment of V-aCD3Mu and an immune checkpoint inhibitor showed enhanced effects resulting in the complete elimination of solid tumors in the 4T1, B16-F10, and CT26 models. This anti-tumor effect was abscopal and accompanied by a systemic increase in memory and activated cytotoxic and helper T cells. The combined treatment also led to a higher percentage of memory T cells in the tumor without an increase in regulatory T cells. In addition, we observed partial protection against re-challenge in a melanoma model and full protection in a breast cancer model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that V-aCD3Mu combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor renders immunologically "cold" tumors "hot" and results in tumor elimination. Taken together, these data provide proof of concept for the further clinical development of V-aCD3 as a broad cancer therapy in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Skeltved
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie A Nordmaj
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai T Berendtsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Dagil
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie M R Stormer
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nader Al-Nakouzi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ke Jiang
- Center for Single-Cell Omics and Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- Precision Immunotherapy, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Center for Single-Cell Omics and Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Heterogeneity, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Var2 Pharmaceuticals ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Var2 Pharmaceuticals ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Var2 Pharmaceuticals ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morten A Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen and, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Trujillo-Rojas L, Fernández-Novell JM, Blanco-Prieto O, Martí-Garcia B, Rigau T, Rivera Del Álamo MM, Rodríguez-Gil JE. Rat age-related benign prostate hyperplasia is concomitant with an increase in the secretion of low ramified α-glycosydic polysaccharides. Theriogenology 2022; 189:150-157. [PMID: 35760026 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work analysed the expression of prostate polysaccharides in rats with age-related benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) for a better understanding of the possible relationship between prostate polysaccharides secretion and BPH onset. For this, prostatic glands from 1 month-old, 3 months-old, 6 months-old and 12 months-old Sprague-Dawley rats were processed in order to identify their overall polysaccharide content. Additionally, serum testosterone was also determined. One-month old rats showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower testosterone levels (0.77 ng/mL±0.12 ng/mL) compared with the other groups, which showed no significant difference among them. PAS staining showed positive polysaccharides markings in both the prostatic lumen and inside of luminal prostatic cells in all groups. Semiquantitative analysis of intraluminal PAS showed that one month-old rats had significantly (P < 0.005) lower PAS intensity when compared with all other groups (100.0 ± 0.5, arbitrary units vs. 107.3 ± 0.6, arbitrary units in 3 months-old ones), whereas 12 months-old ones showed significantly (P < 0.005) higher values when compared with all other groups (133.6 ± 3.5, arbitrary units in 12 months-old rats vs. 108.6 ± 1.4, arbitrary units in 6 months-old ones). The PAS + content practically disappeared when tissues were pre-incubated with either α-amylase or amyloglucosidase, regardless of a previous incubation with proteinase K. Incubation of prostate extracts from 12 months-old rats for 2 h with α-amylase yielded a significantly higher amount of free glucose (1.47 nmol/mg protein±0.23 nmol/mg protein vs. 0.32 nmol/mg protein±0.01 nmol/mg protein in untreated extracts). Similar results were obtained when extracts were pre-incubated with amyloglucosidase. Contrarily, pre-incubation with N-glycosidase induced a significantly (P < 0.05), much lower increase of free glucose. Pre-treatment with proteinase K did not significantly modify these results, which indicate that BPH is related to an increase in the secretion of low ramified ductal α-glycosydic polysaccharides that were not protected against lysis by any type of protein protective core. These changes seem to not be related with concomitant variations in serum testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trujillo-Rojas
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - J M Fernández-Novell
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Blanco-Prieto
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Dept. Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologne, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Martí-Garcia
- Dept. Animal Safety and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - T Rigau
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - M M Rivera Del Álamo
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - J E Rodríguez-Gil
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Rivera Del Alamo MM, Díaz-Lobo M, Busquets S, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Fernández-Novell JM. Specific expression pattern of tissue cytokines analyzed through the Surface Acoustic Wave technique is associated with age-related spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:26-34. [PMID: 29872731 PMCID: PMC5986627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study reported herein was to evaluate the suitability of the Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technique as a possible diagnostic tool in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Moreover, for the first time, the BPH model was a totally physiological using naturally aged rats with spontaneous, age-related BPH instead of the pharmacologically induced models usually used. Eighteen male Wistar rats were distributed according to their age: 6 weeks (young), 12 weeks (adult) and 12 months (old) old. Prostate gland was removed and analyzed by mini-arrays, Western blotting (WB) and SAW techniques. Mini-arrays indicated that there were significant differences in the expression of 29/34 inflammation-related cytokines. WB was carried out to confirm the results after selection of 4 cytokines from which one showed no changes, namely PDGF-AA, and the other three, which significantly increase in older animals, were CD86, β-NGF and VEGF. Notwithstanding, WB of old rats yielded confusing results due to an anomalous migration of proteins, dismissing this technique as an useful tool in these animals. Accurate results in old rats were uniquely obtained by using the SAW technique. Thus, SAW analysis showed that there were not differences among groups in the amount of PDGF-AA. On the contrary, SAW analysis showed that amounts of CD86, β-NGF and VEGF in old rats were 2.0, 1.9 and 5.7-fold higher than that from young ones, respectively. These results indicate that SAW is a highly accurate technique for determining changes in the cytokines expression in BPH. Diagnosis of prostate alterations can be improved by using the SAW technique. Study of prostate alterations can be optimized by using an age-related animal model. VEGF is a sensitive marker of bening prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Rivera Del Alamo
- Dept. de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Mireia Díaz-Lobo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Busquets
- Dept. Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular. Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan E Rodríguez-Gil
- Dept. de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Josep M Fernández-Novell
- Dept. Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular. Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Foo KT. Pathophysiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Urol 2017; 4:152-157. [PMID: 29264224 PMCID: PMC5717988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A disease can be defined as an abnormal anatomy (pathology) and/or function (physiology) that may cause harm to the body. In clinical benign prostatic hyperplasis (BPH), the abnormal anatomy is prostate adenoma/adenomata, resulting in a varying degree of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) that may cause harm to the bladder or kidneys. Thus clinical BPH can be defined as such and be differentiated from other less common causes of male lower urinary tract symptoms. Diagnosis of the prostate adenoma/adenomata (PA) can be made by measuring the intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) and prostate volume (PV) with non-invasive transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) in the clinic. The PA can then be graded (phenotyped) according to IPP and PV. Multiple studies have shown a good correlation between IPP/PV and BPO, and therefore progression of the disease. The severity of the disease clinical BPH can be classified into stages from stage I to IV for further management. The classification is based on the effect of BPO on bladder functions, namely that of emptying, normal if post-void residual urine (PVRU) < 100 mL; and bladder storage, normal if maximum voided volume (MVV) > 100 mL. The effect of BPO on quality of life (QoL) can be assessed by the QoL index, with a score ≥3 considered bothersome. Patients with no significant obstruction and no bothersome symptoms would be stage I; those with no significant obstruction but has bothersome symptoms (QoL ≥ 3) would be stage II; those with significant obstruction (PVRU > 100 mL; or MVV < 100 mL), irrespective of symptoms would be stage III; those with complications of the disease clinical BPH such as retention of urine, bladder stones, recurrent bleeding or infections would be stage IV. After assessment, further management can then be individualised. A low grade and stage disease can generally be watched (active surveillance) while a high grade and stage disease would need more invasive management with an option for surgery. The final decision making would take into account the patient's age, co-morbidity, social economic background and his preferences/values. Proper understanding of pathophysiology of clinical BPH would lead to better selection of patients for individualised and personalised care and more cost effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keong Tatt Foo
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Scarano WR, de Sousa DE, Campos SGP, Corradi LS, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Oestrogen supplementation following castration promotes stromal remodelling and histopathological alterations in the Mongolian gerbil ventral prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 89:25-37. [PMID: 17999680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of oestradiol on the intact and castrated adult gerbil prostate was evaluated by focussing on stromal and epithelial disorders, and hormonal receptor immunoreactivity. The experimental animals were studied by histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, morphometric-stereological analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Epithelial alterations in the oestradiol-treated animals were frequent, with an increase in epithelial cell height, areas of intense dysplasia and hyperplasia and formation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Another aspect that did not depend on the presence of testosterone was the arrangement of the fibrillar and non-fibrillar elements of the extracellular matrix among smooth muscle cells (SMC), suggesting a possible role of these cells in rearrangement and synthesis of these components, after oestrogenic treatment. In the castrated animals, an accumulation of extracellular matrix elements under the epithelium was evident, while in the intact animals the same compounds were dispersed and scarce. In the groups of intact and castrated animals, SMC and fibroblasts exhibited a secretory phenotype, which was accentuated after oestradiol administration. There was an increase of the immunoreactivity to alpha-oestrogen and androgen receptors in hyperplastic areas compared to normal epithelium, revealing the involvement of these steroid receptors in the hyperplasia and PIN development.
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Babinski MA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJB, Cardoso LEM. Structural organization of fibrous connective tissue in the periacinar region of the transitional zone from normal human prostates as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. BJU Int 2007; 100:940-4. [PMID: 17608822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the organization of stromal fibrous components in the transitional zone (TZ) from normal human prostates; because of its association with disease, greater emphasis was placed upon the periacinar region of the stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS TZ specimens were obtained from normal prostates during autopsy of six men, aged 18-30 years, who had died from accidents. Tissue was fixed for SEM in a modified Karnovsky solution for 48 h at 4 degrees C, and to visualize the three-dimensional organization of the stroma, samples were treated to remove cells. RESULTS In acellular preparations, narrow fibrous septa formed a dense and supportive scaffold for ducts and acini, and a smooth and homogeneous fibrous sheet, herein identified as pars fibroreticularis, lined the acinar lumen. More internally, fibrous septa had a spongy organization with dense lamellae. Higher magnification showed that the smooth luminal sheet is made of 115-154-nm thick fibrils in a tight parallel arrangement. Just under this layer there was a meshwork of fibrils 77-115 nm thick that were orientated in less defined directions. CONCLUSION In the TZ of the human prostate, dense stromal fibrous components around acini act as a barrier that might enhance local cellular responses and events that occur in disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The periacinar pars fibroreticularis supports the notion of high structural variability in this region of basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio A Babinski
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Mitropoulos D, Papakonstantinou E, Aletras AJ, Kalinderis N, Zervas A, Hatzichristou D, Karakiulakis G. Terazosin Modifies the Content of Glycosaminoglycans and the Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 in the Rat Ventral Prostate. Eur Urol 2007; 51:447-56; discussion 456. [PMID: 16899336 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have investigated the effects of terazosin on the content of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and the content of tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) in the ventral prostate of Wistar rats. METHODS Rats were treated with terazosin (0.12, 1.2mg/kg orally every second day) for 120 d. GAGs were isolated and purified from ventral prostate homogenates by lipid extraction, ethanol precipitation, and extensive digestion with pronase and DNAse, separated by electrophoresis, and characterised using specific enzymes. The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was estimated using gelatin zymography and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Terazosin treatment did not affect the weight of the ventral prostate gland. The prostate contains hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and heparan sulfate (HS), MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, but not MMP-9. Terazosin caused a significant increase in the relative content of DS and a significant decrease in the relative content of CS and to a lesser extent of HS. Terazosin evoked a significant increase in the activity of proMMP-2 and MMP-2 but did not affect TIMP. CONCLUSIONS The differential effect of terazosin treatment in GAG molecules of the rat prostate may be beneficial because CS is known to induce and DS to inhibit cell proliferation. The effect of terazosin on GAGs and MMP-2 may contribute in the molecular mechanisms of terazosin-induced apoptosis because HS and CS have a proapoptotic effect, whereas DS and MMP-2 are antiapoptotic.
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Cross NA, Reid SV, Harvey AJ, Jokonya N, Eaton CL. Opposing actions of TGFbeta1 and FGF2 on growth, differentiation and extracellular matrix accumulation in prostatic stromal cells. Growth Factors 2006; 24:233-41. [PMID: 17381064 DOI: 10.1080/08977190600976501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta 1 and FGF2 are autocrine growth factors in prostatic stroma and are elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a disease characterized by enlargement of the stromal compartment of the prostate. TGFbeta1 has a biphasic effect on proliferation of prostatic stromal cells, inducing proliferation at low doses (< 1 ng/ml), but inhibiting growth above 1 ng/ml. This study investigated the role of TGFP 1 and FGF2 on growth factor bioavailability and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation synthesis in cultured prostatic stromal cells. Real-Time-PCR showed that TGFbeta1 expression is auto-inductive, whereas FGF2 is auto-repressive. FGF2 also induced TGFbeta1 secretion in the absence of increased TGFbeta1 mRNA expression. TGFbeta1 and FGF2 have opposing actions on Type 1 collagen expression, a finding confirmed by Western blotting. The bioavailability of TGFbeta1 regulated by FGF2 may represent part of a negative feedback mechanism controlling stromal growth, differentiation and ECM. Dysregulation of this pathway in favour of TGFbeta1 bioactivity may exacerbate BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Cross
- Academic Unit of Urology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK.
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Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Tumor Progression. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:297-321. [PMID: 17239772 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanusz Wegrowski
- CNRS UMR 6198, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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Cross NA, Chandrasekharan S, Jokonya N, Fowles A, Hamdy FC, Buttle DJ, Eaton CL. The expression and regulation of ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -9, and -15, and TIMP-3 by TGFbeta1 in prostate cells: relevance to the accumulation of versican. Prostate 2005; 63:269-75. [PMID: 15599946 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by a proportional increase in the size of the stromal compartment of the gland, involving alterations to extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Some of these changes have been associated with the activity and expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). Versican (chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan-2) is overexpressed in BPH and prostate cancer and potentially contributes to disease pathology. A sub-group of the ADAMTS lineage of metalloproteases possess versican-degrading properties and are potential regulators of proteoglycan accumulation associated with BPH. These enzymes have one major inhibitor in the ECM, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3. METHODS The effect of TGFbeta on mRNA expression in prostatic stromal cells was determined by real-time qRT-PCR using primers to ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -9, -15, versican, and TIMP-3. MMP-inhibitory potential (TIMP activity) of conditioned medium was measured using a fluorometric peptide substrate. RESULTS Prostatic stromal cell cultures consistently expressed ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -9, -15 and TIMP-3, in contrast to PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells which failed to express at least two ADAMTS transcripts. In stromal cells, TGFbeta1 decreased ADAMTS-1, -5, -9, and -15 transcripts and increased ADAMTS-4, versican, and TIMP-3. TGFbeta also increased TIMP activity in conditioned medium. CONCLUSIONS The induction of versican expression by TGFbeta in BPH stromal cells is in agreement with histological studies. The negative effect of TGFbeta1 on ADAMTS-1, -5, -9, and -15 coupled with increases in their inhibitor, TIMP-3 may aid the accumulation of versican in the stromal compartment of the prostate in BPH and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cross
- Academic Urology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences (South), University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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