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Logsdon NT, Gallo CM, Pires RS, Sampaio FJ, Favorito LA. Prostate and testicular growth analysis in human fetuses during the second gestational trimester. Prostate 2021; 81:214-219. [PMID: 33393689 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second gestational trimester is a very important period for male genital development. We analyzed the testicular and prostatic volume growth and compared them to the biometric parameters in human fetuses. METHODS We studied 64 testes and 32 prostates from 32 fetuses, aged 10-22 weeks postconception. Fetuses were evaluated regarding total length, crown-rump length, and bodyweight. The same observer performed all the measurements. After testicular and prostatic dissection, the prostate and testicular length, width and thickness were recorded with the aid of computer programs (Image Pro and ImageJ software, version 1.46r). Testicular volume (TV) and prostatic volume (PV) were calculated using the ellipsoid formula. Statistical analysis was performed with the GraphPad Prism program (version 6.01). RESULTS The fetuses presented PV between 6.1 and 297.18 mm2 (mean = 77.98 mm3 ). Linear regression analysis indicated that the PV in these fetuses increased significantly and positively with fetal age (r2 = .3120; p < .0001). We did not observe significant differences between the TV (right testis: 0.39-63.94 mm3 ; mean = 19.84 mm3 ; left testis: 0.52-55.37 mm3 , mean = 17.25 mm3 ). Linear regression analysis also indicated that the right and left TV (right: r2 = .6649; p < .0001 and left: r2 = .6792; p < .001) increased significantly and positively with fetal age. CONCLUSION The prostatic growth was slower during the second gestational trimester, with significant correlations with fetal biometric parameters. The testicular growth was moderate and showed a significant correlation with fetal parameters during the studied period in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Logsdon
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla M Gallo
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Pires
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Sampaio
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Favorito
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Study of prostate growth in prune belly syndrome and anencephalic fetuses. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:2221-2225. [PMID: 31708209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the growth of the prostate in anencephalic, prune belly syndrome (PBS) and control fetuses. METHODS We studied 35 prostates from normal human fetuses aged 11-22 weeks postconception (WPC); 15 from anencephalic fetuses aged 13-19 WPC; and 6 from PBS fetuses aged 13-31WPC. After prostate dissection, we evaluated the prostate length, width and thickness with the aid of a computer program (Image Pro and Image J). The fetal prostate volume (PV) was calculated using the ellipsoid formula: PV = [length × thickness × width] × 0.523. The prostates were dissected and the PV was measured with the aid of the same computer program. Means were statistically compared using the unpaired t-test and linear regression was performed. RESULTS In 2 PBS fetuses we observed prostatic atresia. We did not observe significant differences in PV when comparing the control group (PV: 6.1 to 313.81 mm, mean = 70.85 mm: SD = 71.43 mm) with anencephalic fetuses: p = 0.3575 (PV: 5.1 to 159.11 mm, mean = 42.94 mm; SD = 40.11 mm) and PBS fetuses: p > 0.999 (PV: 10.89 to 148.71 mm, mean = 55.4 mm; SD = 63.64 mm). The linear regression analysis indicated that the PV in the control group (r2 = 0.3096; p = 0.0004), anencephalic group (r2 = 0.3778; p = 0.0148) and PBS group (r2 = 0.9821; p < 0.009) increased significantly and positively with fetal age (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We did not observe significant differences in development of the prostate in fetuses with anencephaly and in 2/3 of fetuses with PBS during the fetal period studied. In 1/3 of the PBS fetuses, the prostate had important atresia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Liu S, Cadaneanu RM, Zhang B, Huo L, Lai K, Li X, Galet C, Grogan TR, Elashoff D, Freedland SJ, Rettig M, Aronson WJ, Knudsen BS, Lewis MS, Garraway IP. Keratin 13 Is Enriched in Prostate Tubule-Initiating Cells and May Identify Primary Prostate Tumors that Metastasize to the Bone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163232. [PMID: 27711225 PMCID: PMC5053503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Benign human prostate tubule-initiating cells (TIC) and aggressive prostate cancer display common traits, including tolerance of low androgen levels, resistance to apoptosis, and microenvironment interactions that drive epithelial budding and outgrowth. TIC can be distinguished from epithelial and stromal cells that comprise prostate tissue via cell sorting based upon Epcam, CD44, and CD49f antigenic profiles. Fetal prostate epithelial cells (FC) possess a similar antigenic profile to adult TIC and are capable of inducing tubule formation. To identify the TIC niche in human prostate tissue, differential keratin (KRT) expression was evaluated. Results Gene expression data generated from Affymetrix Gene Chip human U133 Plus 2.0 array of sorted adult and fetal epithelial cells revealed KRT13 to be significantly enriched in FC and TIC compared to basal cells (BC) and luminal cells (LC) (p<0.001). Enriched KRT13 expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and cytospin immunostaining. Immunohistochemical analysis of KRT13 expression revealed rare KRT13+ epithelia throughout prostatic ducts/acini in adult tissue specimens and differentiated tubules in 24-week recombinant grafts, In contrast, abundant KRT13 expression was observed in developing ducts/acini in fetal prostate and cord-like structures composing 8-week recombinant grafts. Immunostaining of a prostate tissue microarray revealed KRT13+ tumor foci in approximately 9% of cases, and this subset displayed significantly shorter time to recurrence (p = 0.031), metastases (p = 0.032), and decreased overall survival (p = 0.004). Diagnostic prostate needle biopsies (PNBX) from untreated patients with concurrent bone metastases (clinical stage M1) displayed KRT13+ tumor foci, as did bone metastatic foci. Conclusions The expression profile of KRT13 in benign fetal and adult prostate tissue and in recombinant grafts, as well as the frequency of KRT13 expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancer indicates that it may be a marker of a stem/progenitor-like cell state that is co-opted in aggressive tumor cells. KRT13 is enriched in benign stem-like cells that display androgen-resistance, apoptosis-resistance, and branching morphogenesis properties. Collectively our data demonstrate that KRT13 expression is associated with poor prognosis at multiple stages of disease progression and may represent an important biomarker of adverse outcome in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Radu M. Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lihong Huo
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Colette Galet
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tristan R. Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Urologic Section, Department of Surgery, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rettig
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Aronson
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Cadaneanu RM, Lai K, Zhang B, Huo L, An DS, Li X, Lewis MS, Garraway IP. Differential gene expression profiling of functionally and developmentally distinct human prostate epithelial populations. Prostate 2015; 75:764-76. [PMID: 25663004 PMCID: PMC4409819 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fetal prostate buds appear in the 10th gestational week as solid cords, which branch and form lumens in response to androgen 1. Previous in vivo analysis of prostate epithelia isolated from benign prostatectomy specimens indicated that Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) basal cells possess efficient tubule initiation capability relative to other subpopulations 2. Stromal interactions and branching morphogenesis displayed by adult tubule-initiating cells (TIC) are reminiscent of fetal prostate development. In the current study, we evaluated in vivo tubule initiation by human fetal prostate cells and determined expression profiles of fetal and adult epithelial subpopulations in an effort to identify pathways used by TIC. METHODS Immunostaining and FACS analysis based on Epcam, CD44, and CD49f expression demonstrated the majority (99.9%) of fetal prostate epithelial cells (FC) were Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ with variable levels of CD49f expression. Fetal populations isolated via cell sorting were implanted into immunocompromised mice. Total RNA isolation from Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) FC, adult Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Hi) TIC, Epcam⁺ CD44⁺ CD49f(Hi) basal cells (BC), and Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ CD49f(Lo) luminal cells (LC) was performed, followed by microarray analysis of 19 samples using the Affymetrix Gene Chip Human U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Data was analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite Version 6.4. Genes selected showed >2-fold difference in expression and P < 5.00E-2. Results were validated with RT-PCR. RESULTS Grafts retrieved from Epcam⁺ CD44⁻ fetal cell implants displayed tubule formation with differentiation into basal and luminal compartments, while only stromal outgrowths were recovered from Epcam- fetal cell implants. Hierarchical clustering revealed four distinct groups determined by antigenic profile (TIC, BC, LC) and developmental stage (FC). TIC and BC displayed basal gene expression profiles, while LC expressed secretory genes. FC had a unique profile with the most similarities to adult TIC. Functional, network, and canonical pathway identification using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Version 7.6 compiled genes with the highest differential expression (TIC relative to BC or LC). Many of these genes were found to be significantly associated with prostate tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate clustering gene expression profiles of FC and adult TIC. Pathways associated with TIC are known to be deregulated in cancer, suggesting a cell-of-origin role for TIC versus re-emergence of pathways common to these cells in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Radu M Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Lihong Huo
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Dong Sun An
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- UCLA School of NursingLos Angeles, California
- Broad Stem Cell Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Xinmin Li
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Lewis
- West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles
Veterans Affairs Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, California
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Broad Stem Cell Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
- West Los Angeles VA Hospital, Greater Los Angeles
Veterans Affairs Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, California
- *Correspondence to: Isla P. Garraway, Department of Urology, David Geffen
School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. E-mail:
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Favorito LA, Pazos HM, Costa SF, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ. Morphology of the fetal bladder during the second trimester: comparing genders. J Pediatr Urol 2014; 10:1014-9. [PMID: 25434295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine, by histological and stereological analysis, whether there are between-gender structural differences in the bladder in the second gestational trimester in human fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty bladders, which were obtained from 40 human fetuses (20 males and 20 females) ranging in age from 13 to 23 weeks post-conception (WPC), were studied. The fetuses were macroscopically well preserved, without anomalies of the urinary and genital systems; the cases with syndromes were abandoned. The bladders were dissected and embedded in paraffin, from which 5-μm thick sections were obtained and stained with: Masson's trichrome, to quantify connective and smooth muscle tissue; Weigert's resorcin fuchsin, to observe elastic fibers; picrosirius red with polarization, to observe collagen; and anti-beta III tubulin antibody, to observe the bladder nerves. The images were captured with an Olympus BX51 microscope and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was performed with the Image Pro and Image J programs, using a grid to determine volumetric densities (Vv). Means were statistically compared using simple linear regression and the paired t-test (P<0.05). RESULTS The fetuses weighed between 60 and 490 g, and had crown-rump lengths between 9.5 and 20.4 cm. No elastic system fibers were observed in any bladders. Quantitative analysis indicated no differences in the Vv of the smooth muscle cells in the male bladders (26.19-50.16%; mean=35.66%) compared to the female ones (30.60-45.63%; mean=38.73%) (P=0.740) and there were also no differences in the Vv of the connective tissue in females (40.52-60.40%; mean=50.69%) and males (38.84-70.16%; mean=57.04%) (P=0.0506). There were no differences observed in the distribution of the nerves and collagen between the genders. CONCLUSION The histological analysis of the smooth muscle, collagen, nerves and connective tissue of the developing bladders revealed that there are no gender differences during weeks 13-23 of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Favorito
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - H M Pazos
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - S F Costa
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - W S Costa
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - F J Sampaio
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Oswald J, Heidegger I, Steiner E, Brenner E, Ladurner Rennau M, Pichler R, Becker T, Loidl W, Horninger W, Fritsch H. Gender-related fetal development of the internal urethral sphincter. Urology 2014; 82:1410-5. [PMID: 24295253 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the fetal development of the internal urethral sphincter and the gender-related morphologic differences of the bladder outlet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-seven (14 female, 23 male) fetal bladder neck specimens (mean gestational age, 19.4 weeks) with the smooth muscle complex of the internal sphincter were investigated histologically. After immunostaining serial sections in 3 reference planes (sagittal, frontal, and horizontal) of the bladder neck, the internal sphincter volumes and bladder outlet diameters were measured and correlated with gender and age of gestation. RESULTS Between the 18th and 40th week of gestation, an exponential growth of the internal sphincter muscle with significant higher volumes could be observed in male fetuses compared with female fetuses (internal sphincter volumes, P = .006; radius of the sphincter complex, P = .001). As a result of this gender difference, the bladder outlet was significantly (P = .001) narrower in male than in female fetuses. Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between age and all measured parameters in both male and female specimens. CONCLUSION The present study indicates a significant closer bladder outlet in male fetuses compared than in females. It thereby provides evidence of a gender-related functional obstruction in addition to a suppositious transient infravesical obstruction in male human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Oswald
- Department of Pediatric Urology, St. Vincent' s Hospital, Linz, Austria.
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Peppas DS. Editorial comment. Urology 2013; 82:1415. [PMID: 24295254 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S Peppas
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Radmayr C, Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Oswald J, Klocker H, Bartsch G. 5-alpha-reductase and the development of the human prostate. Indian J Urol 2011; 24:309-12. [PMID: 19468459 PMCID: PMC2684369 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.42610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 10th week of gestation human prostate development is about to start. Androgens are the crucial factors to stimulate the initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. One of the key events in androgen metabolism is the transformation of circulating testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by tissue-linked 5α-reductase. Both, the formation of a male phenotype and the androgen-mediated growth of the prostate are mediated by DHT. To date the function of 5α-reductase 1 (5αR1) still remains unclear whereas 5α-reductase 2 (5αR2) is supposed to be the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue. Only little data are available on the detection, distribution, and effects of both isoenzymes during fetal life and infancy. Recently, immunohistochemical investigations of serial sections from fetuses and infants using specific antibodies directed against 5αR1 and 5αR2 seem to shed light on that issue. Moreover, the detection of downstream products of androgen synthesis using RT-PCR analyses for 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 2 (17 βHSD 2), 17 βHSD Type 3 and 17 βHSD Type 7 adds to discovering the molecular biological background. New studies confirm that both isoenzymes are present throughout fetal development. On the transcriptional level RT-PCR for 5αR1 and 5αR2 certifies these findings. 17 βHSD 2, 3 and 7 representing the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis were revealed by RT-PCR as well. Current studies discovered the expression and distribution of both 5α-reductase isoenzymes as well as the potential contribution of 5αR1 during fetal human prostate development.
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Rübben I, Goepel M, van Gool JD. [Non-neurogenic bladder dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux in children]. Urologe A 2011; 50:551-6. [PMID: 21523433 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-011-2532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various types of bladder dysfunction are associated with urinary tract infection, renal damage and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). In this article the influence of functional bladder disturbances such as detrusor instability (overactive bladder, OAB) and bladder sphincter dyssynergia (dysfunctional voiding), on the resolution of vesicoureteral reflux are reviewed. In summary, it is important to distinguish between children with dysfunctional voiding (increased activity of the pelvic floor during voiding) and those with OAB (detrusor overactivity during filling) because the latter has less effects on VUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rübben
- Kinderurologie, Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Deutschland.
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[Fetal bladder development. A current overview]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1643-6. [PMID: 17999044 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human fetal bladder development starts in the 9th to 10th week of gestation. Smooth muscle cell formation is induced by Hedgehog proteins and their signaling in the surrounding mesenchyma of the fetal bladder cavity. Bladder wall thickness increases significantly with advancing gestation, mediated by linear growth patterns irrespective of the related sex. lt is the aim of this article to address new insights into bladder development to enhance our knowledge about normal and pathological conditions that occur when developmental processes are disturbed.
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Wünsch L, Schober JM. Imaging and examination strategies of normal male and female sex development and anatomy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21:367-79. [PMID: 17875485 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years a variety of new details on the developmental biology of sexual differentiation has been discovered. Moreover, important advances have been made in imaging and examination strategies for urogenital organs, and these have added new knowledge to our understanding of the 'normal' anatomy of the sexes. Both aspects contribute to the comprehension of phenotypic sex development, but they are not commonly presented in the same context. This will be attempted in this chapter, which aims to link discoveries in developmental biology to anatomical details shown by modern examination techniques. A review of the literature concerning the link between sexual development and imaging of urogenital organs was performed. Genes, proteins and pathways related to sexual differentiation were related to some organotypic features revealed by clinical examination techniques. Early 'organotypic' patterns can be identified in prostatic, urethral and genital development and followed into postnatal life. New imaging and endoscopy techniques allow for detailed descriptive anatomical studies, hopefully resulting in a broader understanding of sex development and a better genotype-phenotype correlation in defined disorders. Clinical description relying on imaging techniques should be related to knowledge of the genetic and endocrine factors influencing sex development in a specific and stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wünsch
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Oswald J, Fritsch H, Sergi C, Thomas LN, Rittmaster RS, Klocker H, Neuwirt H, Bartsch G, Radmayr C. Fetal distribution of 5alpha-reductase 1 and 5alpha-reductase 2, and their input on human prostate development. J Urol 2007; 178:716-21. [PMID: 17574609 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human prostate development starts in the tenth week of gestation. Initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyma are stimulated by androgens. The transformation of circulating testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone by tissue linked 5alpha-reductase is a key event in androgen metabolism. The 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone mediates androgen effects in the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, leading to the formation of a male phenotype and androgen mediated prostate growth. Supposedly 5alpha-reductase 2 is the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue, whereas the function of 5alpha-reductase 1 remains unclear. We focused on the detection, distribution and effects of the 2 isoenzymes during gestation and infancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial sections from fetuses and infants were immunostained using antibodies directed against 5alpha-reductase 1 and 2. Additionally, to detect the downstream products of androgen synthesis reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses were done for 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 2, 3 and 7. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for each isoenzyme throughout fetal development. Moreover, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for 5alpha-reductase 1 and 2 confirmed these findings on the transcription level. Additionally, the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, 3 and 7) were also detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first study revealing the expression and distribution of each 5alpha-reductase isoenzyme as well as the potential contribution of 5alpha-reductase 1 during fetal human prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lunacek
- Department of Urology, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Vienna, Austria
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