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Nanda JS, Awadallah WN, Kohrt SE, Popovics P, Cates JMM, Mirosevich J, Clark PE, Giannico GA, Grabowska MM. Increased nuclear factor I/B expression in prostate cancer correlates with AR expression. Prostate 2020; 80:1058-1070. [PMID: 32692871 PMCID: PMC7434711 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most prostate cancers express androgen receptor (AR), and our previous studies have focused on identifying transcription factors that modify AR function. We have shown that nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) regulates AR activity in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells in vitro. However, the status of NFIB in prostate cancer was unknown. METHODS We immunostained a tissue microarray including normal, hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary prostatic adenocarcinoma, and castration-resistant prostate cancer tissue samples for NFIB, AR, and synaptophysin, a marker of neuroendocrine differentiation. We interrogated publically available data sets in cBioPortal to correlate NFIB expression and AR and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) activity scores. We analyzed prostate cancer cell lines for NFIB expression via Western blot analysis and used nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation to assess where NFIB is localized. We performed co-immunoprecipitation studies to determine if NFIB and AR interact. RESULTS NFIB increased in the nucleus and cytoplasm of prostate cancer samples versus matched normal controls, independent of Gleason score. Similarly, cytoplasmic AR and synaptophysin increased in primary prostate cancer. We observed strong NFIB staining in primary small cell prostate cancer. The ratio of cytoplasmic-to-nuclear NFIB staining was predictive of earlier biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer, once adjusted for tumor margin status. Cytoplasmic AR was an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference between NFIB and synaptophysin expression in primary and castration-resistant prostate cancer, but cytoplasmic AR expression was increased in castration-resistant samples. In primary prostate cancer, nuclear NFIB expression correlated with cytoplasmic NFIB and nuclear AR, while cytoplasmic NFIB correlated with synaptophysin, and nuclear and cytoplasmic AR. In castration-resistant prostate cancer samples, NFIB expression correlated positively with an AR activity score, and negatively with the NEPCa score. In prostate cancer cell lines, NFIB exists in several isoforms. We observed NFIB predominantly in the nuclear fraction of prostate cancer cells with increased cytoplasmic expression seen in castration-resistant cell lines. We observed an interaction between AR and NFIB through co-immunoprecipitation experiments. CONCLUSION We have described the expression pattern of NFIB in primary and castration-resistant prostate cancer and its positive correlation with AR. We have also demonstrated AR interacts with NFIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagpreet S. Nanda
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Sarah E. Kohrt
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Petra Popovics
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Justin M. M. Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Janni Mirosevich
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Department of Urology, Levine Cancer Center/Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | - Giovanna A. Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Magdalena M. Grabowska
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Address correspondence to: Magdalena M. Grabowska, 2123 Adelbert Road, Wood Research Tower; RTG00, Cleveland, OH 44106, Phone: 216-368-5736,
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2
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Guerra LHA, Tamarindo GH, de Campos SGP, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL. Do mineral and corn oil serve as potential endocrine disruptors in the gerbil prostate? Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Yan W, Jamal M, Tan SH, Song Y, Young D, Chen Y, Katta S, Ying K, Ravindranath L, Woodle T, Kohaar I, Cullen J, Kagan J, Srivastava S, Dobi A, McLeod DG, Rosner IL, Sesterhenn IA, Srinivasan A, Srivastava S, Petrovics G. Molecular profiling of radical prostatectomy tissue from patients with no sign of progression identifies ERG as the strongest independent predictor of recurrence. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6466-6483. [PMID: 31741711 PMCID: PMC6849651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men, prostate cancer is a heterogenous disease, with a vast heterogeneity in the biology of the disease and in clinical outcome. While it often runs an indolent course, local progression or metastasis may eventually develop, even among patients considered "low risk" at diagnosis. Therefore, biomarkers that can discriminate aggressive from indolent disease at an early stage would greatly benefit patients. We hypothesized that tissue specimens from early stage prostate cancers may harbor predictive signatures for disease progression. METHODS We used a cohort of radical prostatectomy patients with longitudinal follow-up, who had tumors with low grade and stage that revealed no signs of future disease progression at surgery. During the follow-up period, some patients either remained indolent (non-BCR) or progressed to biochemical recurrence (BCR). Total RNA was extracted from tumor, and adjacent normal epithelium of formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. Differential gene expression in tumors, and in tumor versus normal tissues between BCR and non-BCR patients were analyzed by NanoString using a customized CodeSet of 151 probes. RESULTS After controlling for false discovery rates, we identified a panel of eight genes (ERG, GGT1, HDAC1, KLK2, MYO6, PLA2G7, BICD1 and CACNAID) that distinguished BCR from non-BCR patients. We found a clear association of ERG expression with non-BCR, which was further corroborated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified ERG as the strongest predictor for BCR and showed that potential prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers can be identified from FFPE tumor specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Yan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yingjie Song
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise Young
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa Katta
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Ying
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ravindranath
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tarah Woodle
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Indu Kohaar
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Kagan
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G. McLeod
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inger L. Rosner
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alagarsamy Srinivasan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Leyh-Bannurah SR, Trudel D, Latour M, Zaffuto E, Grosset AA, Tam C, Ouellet V, Graefen M, Budäus L, Aprikian AG, Lacombe L, Fleshner NE, Gleave ME, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F, Karakiewicz PI. A Multi-Institutional Validation of Gleason Score Derived from Tissue Microarray Cores. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:979-986. [PMID: 29623528 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To test the agreement between high-grade PCa at RP and TMA, and the ability of TMA to predict BCR. Validation of concordance between tissue microarray (TMA) and radical prostatectomy (RP) high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) is crucial because latter determines the treated natural history of PCa. We hypothesized that TMA Gleason score is in agreement with RP pathology and capable of accurately predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR). Data were provided from a multi-institutional Canadian sample of 1333 TMA and RP specimens with complete clinicopathological data. First, rate of agreement between TMA and high-grade Gleason at RP or biopsy and RP was tested. Second, ability of RP, TMA and biopsy to predict BCR was compared. Multivariable (MVA) Cox regression models were fitted and BCR rates were illustrated with Kaplan-Meier plots. Agreement between RP and TMA and between RP and biopsy was 72.6% (95% CI:69.7-75.5) and 60.4% (95% CI:57.2-63.6), respectively. In MVA predicting BCR, the accuracy for RP, TMA and biopsy was 0.73, 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. TMA added discriminatory ability among exclusively low-grade Gleason RP patients (p = 0.02), but did not improve BCR discrimination in exclusive high-grade PCa RP patients (p = 0.8). TMA Gleason grade accurately reflects presence of high-grade Gleason in RP specimen, accurately predicts BCR rates after RP and improves prediction of BCR in low-grade Gleason patients at RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami-Ramzi Leyh-Bannurah
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mathieu Latour
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emanuele Zaffuto
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andree-Anne Grosset
- Institut du Cancer de Montreal and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Tam
- Institut du Cancer de Montreal and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Veronique Ouellet
- Institut du Cancer de Montreal and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Budäus
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Armen G Aprikian
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center and Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Neil E Fleshner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Department of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montreal and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montreal and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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5
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Hu J, Wang G, Sun T. Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692259. [PMID: 28475016 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy to intercept androgen receptor signal pathway is an indispensable treatment for most advanced prostate cancer patients to delay cancer progression. However, the emerging of castration-resistant prostate cancer reminds us the alteration of androgen receptor, which includes androgen receptor mutation, the formation of androgen receptor variants, and androgen receptor distribution in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the process of androgen receptor and also its variants' formation, translocation, and function alteration by protein modification or interaction with other pathways. We dissect the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspective to provide clues for battling prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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6
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Noh MG, Kim SS, Hwang EC, Kwon DD, Choi C. Yes-Associated Protein Expression Is Correlated to the Differentiation of Prostate Adenocarcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 51:365-373. [PMID: 28602051 PMCID: PMC5525043 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yes-associated protein (YAP) in the Hippo signaling pathway is a growth control pathway that regulates cell proliferation and stem cell functions. Abnormal regulation of YAP was reported in human cancers including liver, lung, breast, skin, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, the function of YAP is not known in prostate adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of YAP in tumorigenesis, differentiation, and prognosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. Methods The nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of YAP was examined in 188 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry. YAP expression levels were evaluated in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the prostate adenocarcinoma and the adjacent normal prostate tissue. The presence of immunopositive tumor cells was evaluated and interpreted in comparison with the patients’ clinicopathologic data. Results YAP expression levels were not significantly different between normal epithelial cells and prostate adenocarcinoma. However, YAP expression level was significantly higher in carcinomas with a high Gleason grades (8–10) than in carcinomas with a low Gleason grades (6–7) (p < .01). There was no statistical correlation between YAP expression and stage, age, prostate-specific antigen level, and tumor volume. Biochemical recurrence (BCR)–free survival was significantly lower in patients with high YAP expressing cancers (p = .02). However high YAP expression was not an independent prognostic factor for BCR in the Cox proportional hazards model. Conclusions The results suggested that YAP is not associated with prostate adenocarcinoma development, but it may be associated with the differentiation of the adenocarcinoma. YAP was not associated with BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Giun Noh
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sung Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Eu Chang Hwang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dong Deuk Kwon
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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7
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Guedes LB, Morais CL, Almutairi F, Haffner MC, Zheng Q, Isaacs JT, Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Tsai H, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL. Analytic Validation of RNA In Situ Hybridization (RISH) for AR and AR-V7 Expression in Human Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4651-63. [PMID: 27166397 PMCID: PMC5026571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RNA expression of androgen receptor splice variants may be a biomarker of resistance to novel androgen deprivation therapies in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We analytically validated an RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) assay for total AR and AR-V7 for use in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used prostate cell lines and xenografts to validate chromogenic RISH to detect RNA containing AR exon 1 (AR-E1, surrogate for total AR RNA species) and cryptic exon 3 (AR-CE3, surrogate for AR-V7 expression). RISH signals were quantified in FFPE primary tumors and CRPC specimens, comparing to known AR and AR-V7 status by IHC and RT-PCR. RESULTS The quantified RISH results correlated significantly with total AR and AR-V7 levels by RT-PCR in cell lines, xenografts, and autopsy metastases. Both AR-E1 and AR-CE3 RISH signals were localized in nuclear punctae in addition to the expected cytoplasmic speckles. Compared with admixed benign glands, AR-E1 expression was significantly higher in primary tumor cells with a median fold increase of 3.0 and 1.4 in two independent cohorts (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.04, respectively). While AR-CE3 expression was detectable in primary prostatic tumors, levels were substantially higher in a subset of CRPC metastases and cell lines, and were correlated with AR-E1 expression. CONCLUSIONS RISH for AR-E1 and AR-CE3 is an analytically valid method to examine total AR and AR-V7 RNA levels in FFPE tissues. Future clinical validation studies are required to determine whether AR RISH is a prognostic or predictive biomarker in specific clinical contexts. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4651-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B Guedes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlos L Morais
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fawaz Almutairi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harrison Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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8
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Akter SH, Lean FZX, Lu J, Grieco V, Palmieri C. Different Growth Patterns of Canine Prostatic Carcinoma Suggests Different Models of Tumor-Initiating Cells. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1027-33. [PMID: 25755134 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815574008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Controversies remain regarding the cell type from which human prostate cancer originates, and many attempts have been made to identify the cellular origin of canine prostate cancer but without definitive proof. This study aims to evaluate the expression of luminal (androgen receptor [AR], cytokeratin [CK]8/18) and basal (CK14, CK5) cell markers in different histologic subtypes of canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) and to suggest the most likely tumor-initiating cells. Normal prostates (n = 8) were characterized by AR+CK8/18+ luminal cells and few CK5+ basal cells, while CK14 was absent. Similar pattern was observed in all 35 prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia, except few scattered CK14+ basal cells in 13 samples (37.14%). AR was localized in the nucleus of both normal and hyperplastic cells. In 34 samples of PC, the following growth patterns were identified: cribriform (44.12%), solid (32.35%), small acinar/ductal (20.59%), and micropapillary (2.94%). Most PCs expressed AR and CK8/18, while CK5 and CK14 expression was observed in 25% and 20% of cases, respectively. AR revealed a variable intracellular distribution, both nuclear and cytoplasmic. Solid PC was characterized by an undifferentiated or aberrant phenotype with a reduced expression of AR and CK8/18, increased number of CK14+ cells, and 7 antigen expression patterns. This study demonstrated a predominance of differentiated luminal cell types in canine prostatic tumors, although the role of basal cells in prostate carcinogenesis should also be considered. Moreover, few scattered CK5+ cells in AR+CK8/18+ tumors identified the existence of intermediate cells, from which neoplastic transformation may alternatively commence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Akter
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Z X Lean
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Lu
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Romanucci M, Frattone L, Ciccarelli A, Bongiovanni L, Malatesta D, Benazzi C, Brachelente C, Della Salda L. Immunohistochemical expression of heat shock proteins, p63 and androgen receptor in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:337-349. [PMID: 25059752 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared heat shock proteins Hsp60, Hsp72 and Hsp73, along with p63 and androgen receptor (AR) immunoexpression between 16 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 11 prostatic carcinomas (PCa) in dogs. The proportion of Hsp60-positive cells was higher in PCa compared with BPH (P = 0.033), whereas the frequency and intensity of Hsp73 immunostaining did not differ significantly between the two groups. Hsp72-immunostained nuclei formed a discontinuous layer along the basement membrane in BPH, whereas cells in this layer in PCa were negative or weakly positive. Hsp72 nuclear score showed significant positive associations with both p63 (P = 0.016) and AR (P = 0.009) scores. Double immunofluorescence revealed Hsp72-p63 and Hsp72-AR co-expressions in basal cell nuclei. Aberrant cytoplasmic p63 immunolabelling was observed in 3 of 11 PCa cases. These results suggest a role of the combined expression of Hsp72, p63 and AR in basal epithelial cells in canine BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romanucci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Frattone
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Ciccarelli
- Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Malatesta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - C Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - C Brachelente
- Department of Biopathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Della Salda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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10
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Rocha J, Zouanat FZ, Zoubeidi A, Hamel L, Benidir T, Scarlata E, Brimo F, Aprikian A, Chevalier S. The Fer tyrosine kinase acts as a downstream interleukin-6 effector of androgen receptor activation in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:140-9. [PMID: 23906537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is invariably lethal and still poorly understood. IL-6/pSTAT3 appears critical as elevated IL-6 and pSTAT3 correlate with CRPC and poor prognosis. We previously reported on the Fer tyrosine kinase being an integral component of the IL-6 pathway in PC by controlling STAT3. Since IL-6 also controls androgen receptor (AR) signaling via pSTAT3, we tested if Fer participates in this cross-talk. We report for the first time that in addition to STAT3, Fer is required for IL-6 mediated AR activation by phosphorylating AR tyrosine 223 and binding via its SH2 domain. Fer controls IL-6 induced growth response and PSA expression, while modestly contributing to EGF and IGF-1 effects. Finally, Fer, AR and pSTAT3 co-localize in the PC cell nucleus, including in prostate tissues from CRPC patients. Altogether these findings support a Fer contribution to aberrant AR signaling via pSTAT3 cross-talks during CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Rocha
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Departments of Surgery (Urology Division), Medicine, and Oncology, McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute (RI), Canada
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11
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Guimond MO, Battista MC, Nikjouitavabi F, Carmel M, Barres V, Doueik AA, Fazli L, Gleave M, Sabbagh R, Gallo-Payet N. Expression and role of the angiotensin II AT2 receptor in human prostate tissue: in search of a new therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1057-68. [PMID: 23389987 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers may be associated with improved outcome in prostate cancer patients. It has been proposed that part of this effect could be due to angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation, the only active angiotensin II receptor in this situation. This study aimed to characterize the localization and expression of AT2R in prostate tissues and to assess its role on cell morphology and number in prostatic epithelial cells in primary culture. METHODS AT2R and its AT2R-interacting protein (ATIP) expression were assessed on non-tumoral and tumoral human prostate using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, binding assay, and Western blotting. AT2R effect on cell number was measured in primary cultures of epithelial cells from non-tumoral human prostate. RESULTS AT2R was localized at the level of the acinar epithelial layer and its expression decreased in cancers with a Gleason score 6 or higher. In contrast, ATIP expression increased with cancer progression. Treatment of primary cell cultures from non-tumoral prostate tissues with C21/M024, a selective AT2R agonist, alone or in co-incubation with losartan, an AT1R antagonist, significantly decreased cell number compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS AT2R and ATIP are present in non-tumoral human prostate tissues and differentially regulated according to Gleason score. The decrease in non-tumoral prostate cell number upon selective AT2R stimulation suggests that AT2R may have a protective role against prostate cancer development. Treatment with a selective AT2R agonist could represent a new approach for prostate cancer prevention or for patients on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Guimond
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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12
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McNamara KM, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. Prostate epithelial AR inactivation leads to increased intraprostatic androgen synthesis. Prostate 2013; 73:316-27. [PMID: 22976924 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of steroid synthesis within the prostate is not well understood. In this study, we examined androgen synthesis and metabolism in the mouse prostate. METHODS Using LC-MSMS steroid assays, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR we examined the role of prostate epithelial AR in regulating 5αR expression and subsequent androgen metabolism by analyzing natural differences in epithelial AR expression between lobes as well as in the prostate epithelial AR knockout (PEARKO) mouse model. Subsequently, the role of intraprostatic androgen metabolism and epithelial AR in the generation and progression of prostate epithelial pathology was examined using long-term exogenous testosterone (T) + estradiol (E2) exposure. RESULTS Epithelial AR and 5αR2 expression as well as intraprostatic DHT followed the same lobe-specific pattern being lower in anterior than the other lobes (n = 6-8, P < 0.05). Lobe-specific 5αR2 expression was similar in PEARKO and wild-type (WT) prostate. However, PEARKO prostate had higher intraprostatic DHT content with significantly increased 5αR2 expression localized in abnormal epithelium. T + E2 treatment induced epithelial pathology was more common in PEARKO prostate compared to WT (20% vs. 2%), and was associated with increased 5αR2 expression (n = 6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that androgen synthesis via 5αR2 expression is driven by its own product (DHT) acting on adjacent stromal cells in a paracrine loop leading to increased in situ androgen levels in the PEARKO prostate. This may form part of a feed-forward loop that promotes the development of epithelial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Androgen receptor phosphorylation at serine 515 by Cdk1 predicts biochemical relapse in prostate cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2012; 108:139-48. [PMID: 23321516 PMCID: PMC3553508 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer cell growth is dependent upon androgen receptor (AR) activation, which is regulated by specific kinases. The aim of the current study is to establish if AR phosphorylation by Cdk1 or ERK1/2 is of prognostic significance. Methods: Scansite 2.0 was utilised to predict which AR sites are phosphorylated by Cdk1 and ERK1/2. Immunohistochemistry for these sites was then performed on 90 hormone-naive prostate cancer specimens. The interaction between Cdk1/ERK1/2 and AR phosphorylation was investigated in vitro using LNCaP cells. Results: Phosphorylation of AR at serine 515 (pARS515) and PSA at diagnosis were independently associated with decreased time to biochemical relapse. Cdk1 and pCdk1161, but not ERK1/2, correlated with pARS515. High expression of pARS515 in patients with a PSA at diagnosis of ⩽20 ng ml−1 was associated with shorter time to biochemical relapse (P=0.019). This translated into a reduction in disease-specific survival (10-year survival, 38.1% vs 100%, P<0.001). In vitro studies demonstrated that treatment with Roscovitine (a Cdk inhibitor) caused a reduction in pCdk1161 expression, pARS515expression and cellular proliferation. Conclusion: In prostate cancer patients with PSA at diagnosis of ⩽20 ng ml−1, phosphorylation of AR at serine 515 by Cdk1 may be an independent prognostic marker.
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The role of treatment modality on the utility of predictive tissue biomarkers in clinical prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23187933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue biomarkers could pivotally improve clinical outcome prediction following prostate cancer therapy. Clinically, prostate cancer is managed by diverse treatment modalities whose individual influence on a biomarker's predictive ability is not well understood and poorly investigated in the literature. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the predictive value of biomarkers in different treatment contexts in prostate cancer. STUDY METHODOLOGY A literature search was performed using the MeSH headings "prostate neoplasms" and "biological markers". Rigorous selection criteria identified studies correlating expression with clinical outcomes from primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (± neoadjuvant ADT). STUDY RESULTS Of 10,668 studies identified, 481 papers matched initial inclusion criteria. Following rescreening, 384 studies identified 236 individual tissue biomarkers, of which 29 were predictive on multivariate analysis in at least 2 independent cohorts. The majority were only tested in surgical cohorts. Only 8 predictive biomarkers were tested across all 3 treatments with Ki67 identified as universal predictive marker. p16 showed potential for treatment stratification between surgery and radiotherapy but needs further validation in independent studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite years of research, very few tissue biomarkers retain predictive value in independent validation across therapy context. Currently, none have conclusive ability to help treatment selection. Future biomarker research should consider the therapy context and use uniform methodology and evaluation criteria.
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Choucair K, Ejdelman J, Brimo F, Aprikian A, Chevalier S, Lapointe J. PTEN genomic deletion predicts prostate cancer recurrence and is associated with low AR expression and transcriptional activity. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:543. [PMID: 23171135 PMCID: PMC3527151 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of cancer death in North American men, displays a broad range of clinical outcome from relatively indolent to lethal metastatic disease. Several genomic alterations have been identified in PCa which may serve as predictors of progression. PTEN, (10q23.3), is a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3)/AKT survival pathway and a tumor suppressor frequently deleted in PCa. The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is known to play an important role in PCa and its blockade constitutes a commonly used treatment modality. In this study, we assessed the deletion status of PTEN along with AR expression levels in 43 primary PCa specimens with clinical follow-up. Methods Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) was done on formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) PCa samples to examine the deletion status of PTEN. AR expression levels were determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Using FISH, we found 18 cases of PTEN deletion. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an association with disease recurrence (P=0.03). Concurrently, IHC staining for AR found significantly lower levels of AR expression within those tumors deleted for PTEN (P<0.05). To validate these observations we interrogated a copy number alteration and gene expression profiling dataset of 64 PCa samples, 17 of which were PTEN deleted. We confirmed the predictive value of PTEN deletion in disease recurrence (P=0.03). PTEN deletion was also linked to diminished expression of PTEN (P<0.01) and AR (P=0.02). Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed a diminished expression of genes downstream of AR signalling in PTEN deleted tumors. Conclusions Altogether, our data suggest that PTEN deleted tumors expressing low levels of AR may represent a worse prognostic subset of PCa establishing a challenge for therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Choucair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre(RI-MUHC), Montreal H3G 1A4 QC, Canada
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McNamara KM, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. The mouse as a model to investigate sex steroid metabolism in the normal and pathological prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 131:107-21. [PMID: 22146616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of sex steroids within the prostate is an important factor affecting its growth and pathology. Mouse models with genetic gain- and especially loss-of-function have characterised different steroid metabolic pathways and their contribution to prostate pathology. With reference to the human prostate, this review aims to summarize the steroidogenic pathways in the mouse prostate as the basis for using the mouse as a model for intraprostatic steroid signalling. In this review we summarize the current information for three main components of the steroid signalling pathway in the mouse prostate: circulating steroids, steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes with regard to signalling via androgen, estrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoid pathways. This review reveals many opportunities for characterisation steroid metabolism in various mouse models. The knowledge of steroid metabolism within prostate tissue and in a lobe (rodent)/region (human) specific manner, will give valuable information for future, novel hypotheses of intraprostatic control of steroid actions. This review summarizes knowledge of steroid metabolism in the mouse prostate and its relevance to the human.
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Lévesque MH, El-Alfy M, Cusan L, Labrie F. Androgen receptor as a potential sign of prostate cancer metastasis. Prostate 2009; 69:1704-11. [PMID: 19670238 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) expression and its modulation through the carcinogenesis process have been investigated in several studies with conflicting results. MATERIALS AND METHODS In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry were used to examine AR expression in prostatic needle core biopsies of benign, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma. RESULTS A significant increase in AR mRNA levels was found in the cancerous prostatic cells when compared with the benign tissue biopsies. AR abundance in HGPIN was found to be almost half-way between that observed in benign and in cancerous tissue. In the benign prostatic epithelium, the immunocytochemistry data show that AR is exclusively expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells. However, in 72% of examined cancer biopsies, AR was expressed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei. After examination of medical records of 100 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, it was found that the AR was expressed in both cellular compartments of cancer cells in 81% of cases when cancer was found to have metastasized outside the prostate. In contrast, when the cancer was organ-confined, AR was localized in both the nuclei and cytoplasm in only 66% of cases. Moreover, when the AR was expressed in the cytoplasm of cancerous cells, consecutive serial sections immunostained with the mitochondrial marker suggest that AR is localized in the mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS AR mRNA expression is significantly higher in prostate cancer when compared to benign prostatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Lévesque
- Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Gannon PO, Poisson AO, Delvoye N, Lapointe R, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Characterization of the intra-prostatic immune cell infiltration in androgen-deprived prostate cancer patients. J Immunol Methods 2009; 348:9-17. [PMID: 19552894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal was to study the hormonal regulation of immune cell infiltration in prostate cancer patients treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) using an optimized computer-assistance quantification approach. METHODS The relative density of immune cell subtypes (CD3(+), CD8(+), CD20(+), CD56(+), CD68(+) and Foxp3(+)) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in archived prostate specimens from control patients (radical prostatectomy only, n=40) and ADT-treated patients (ADT prior to radical prostatectomy, n=35) using an image analysis software and a whole-slide scanner. RESULTS ADT-treated patients had significantly increased relative density of CD3(+) (p<0.001) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes (p<0.001) as well as CD68(+) macrophages (p<0.001). Elevated abundance of CD56(+) Natural Killer (NK) cells was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer progression (p=0.044), while a high density of CD68(+) macrophages was related to an increased risk of biochemical recurrence (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the infiltration of specific immune cell subtypes is modulated by ADT. Furthermore our data confirm that NK cells have a protective role against tumor progression while macrophages seem to favor the development of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe O Gannon
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital and Institut du cancer de Montréal. 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:260-77. [PMID: 19390324 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832c937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lai CL, van den Ham R, Mol J, Teske E. Immunostaining of the androgen receptor and sequence analysis of its DNA-binding domain in canine prostate cancer. Vet J 2008; 181:256-60. [PMID: 18583166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer in the dog (cPC) has many features in common with hormone refractory human prostate cancer. As cPC is seen more often in castrated dogs, the contribution of the androgen receptor (AR) to the development of prostate cancer remains questionable. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of the AR by immunohistochemistry in cPC. AR staining was observed in most tumors from intact and castrated dogs, but the proportion of positive cells and the staining intensity were much lower than in the prostate of healthy, non-castrated dogs. Most of the positive staining was seen in the cytoplasm rather than in the nuclei of the tumor cells. The predominant cytoplasmic localization was not related to mutations in exon 3 of the DNA-binding domain of the AR, as shown by sequence analysis of microdissected AR positive tumor cells. Other mechanisms that lead to an impaired androgen-AR signaling or a basal/stem cell like origin may explain the low cytoplasmic AR staining in cPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Li Lai
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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