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Guo Z, He J, Huang L, Wang Z, Hu P, Wang S, Bai Z, Pan J. Prevalence and risk factors of incidental prostate cancer in certain surgeries for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Braz J Urol 2022; 48:915-929. [PMID: 35195386 PMCID: PMC9747035 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical risk factors in patients diagnosed with incidental prostate cancer (IPC) during certain surgeries (transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP], open prostatectomy [OP], and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate [HoLEP]) after clinically suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search of the MEDILINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify eligible studies published before June 2021. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the prevalence and clinical risk factors of IPC were calculated using random or fixed-effect models. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. Amongst the 94.783 patients, IPC was detected in 24.715 (26.1%). Results showed that the chance of IPC detection (10%, 95% CI: 0.07-4.00; P<0.001; I2=97%) in patients treated with TURP is similar to that of patients treated with HoLEP (9%, 95% CI: 0.07-0.11; P<0.001; I2=81.4%). However, the pooled prevalence estimate of patients treated with OP was 11% (95% CI: -0.03-0.25; P=0.113; I2=99.1%) with no statistical significance. We observed increased incidence of IPC diagnosis after BPH surgery amongst patients with higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.23; P=0.004; I2=89%), whereas no effect of age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.97-1.06; P=0.48; I2=78.8%) and prostate volume (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96-1.03; P=0.686; I2=80.5%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of IPC was similar amongst patients undergoing TURP, HoLEP, and OP for presumed BPH. Interestingly, increased PSA level was the only independent predictor of increasing risk of IPC after BPH surgery rather than age and prostate volume. Hence, future research should focus on predictors which accurately foretell the progression of prostate cancer to determine the optimal treatment for managing patients with IPC after BPH surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlang Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityDepartment of Organ TransplantGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Organ Transplant, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zunguang Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of UrologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Liu J, Dong B, Qu W, Wang J, Xu Y, Yu S, Zhang X. Using clinical parameters to predict prostate cancer and reduce the unnecessary biopsy among patients with PSA in the gray zone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5157. [PMID: 32198373 PMCID: PMC7083895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis is prostate biopsy. However, it remines controversial as an invasive mean for patients with PSA levels in the gray zone (4–10 ng/mL). This study aimed to develop strategy to reduce the unnecessary prostate biopsy. We retrospectively identified 235 patients with serum total PSA testing in the gray zone before prostate biopsy between 2014 and 2018. Age, PSA derivates, prostate volume and multiparametric magnetic imaging (mpMRI) examination were assessed as predictors for PCa and clinically significant PCa with Gleason score ≥ 7 (CSPCa). Univariate analysis showed that prostate volume, PSAD, and mpMRI examination were significant predictors of PCa and CSPCa (P < 0.05). The differences of diagnostic accuracy between mpMRI examination (AUC = 0.69) and other clinical parameters in diagnostic accuracy for PCa were not statistically significant. However, mpMRI examination (AUC = 0.79) outperformed prostate volume and PSAD in diagnosis of CSPCa. The multivariate models (AUC = 0.79 and 0.84 for PCa and CSPCa) performed significantly better than mpMRI examination for detection of PCa (P = 0.003) and CSPCa (P = 0.036) among patients with PSA level in the gray zone. At the same level of sensitivity as the mpMRI examination to diagnose PCa, applying the multivariate models could reduce the number of biopsies by 5% compared with mpMRI examination. Overall, our results supported the view that the multivariate model could reduce unnecessary biopsies without compromising the ability to diagnose PCa and CSPCa. Further prospective validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wugong Qu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiange Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuanbao Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuepei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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Plourde G. Case Report #9—Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815966-8.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Re-examining Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Density: Defining the Optimal PSA Range and Patients for Using PSA Density to Predict Prostate Cancer Using Extended Template Biopsy. Urology 2017; 105:123-128. [PMID: 28431993 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the predictive accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density vs PSA across different PSA ranges and by prior biopsy status in a prospective cohort undergoing prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Men from a prospective trial underwent an extended template biopsy to evaluate for prostate cancer at 26 sites throughout the United States. The area under the receiver operating curve assessed the predictive accuracy of PSA density vs PSA across 3 PSA ranges (<4 ng/mL, 4-10 ng/mL, >10 ng/mL). We also investigated the effect of varying the PSA density cutoffs on the detection of cancer and assessed the performance of PSA density vs PSA in men with or without a prior negative biopsy. RESULTS Among 1290 patients, 585 (45%) and 284 (22%) men had prostate cancer and significant prostate cancer, respectively. PSA density performed better than PSA in detecting any prostate cancer within a PSA of 4-10 ng/mL (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: 0.70 vs 0.53, P < .0001) and within a PSA >10 mg/mL (AUC: 0.84 vs 0.65, P < .0001). PSA density was significantly more predictive than PSA in detecting any prostate cancer in men without (AUC: 0.73 vs 0.67, P < .0001) and with (AUC: 0.69 vs 0.55, P < .0001) a previous biopsy; however, the incremental difference in AUC was higher among men with a previous negative biopsy. Similar inferences were seen for significant cancer across all analyses. CONCLUSION As PSA increases, PSA density becomes a better marker for predicting prostate cancer compared with PSA alone. Additionally, PSA density performed better than PSA in men with a prior negative biopsy.
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Lin YR, Wei XH, Uhlman M, Lin XT, Wu SF, Diao PF, Xie HQ, Xie KJ, Tang P. PSA density improves the rate of prostate cancer detection in Chinese men with a PSA between 2.5-10.0 ng ml (-1) and 10.1-20.0 ng ml (-1) : a multicenter study. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:503-7. [PMID: 25475661 PMCID: PMC4430959 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.142129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese men should have a higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) “gray zone” than the traditional value of 2.5–10.0 ng ml−1 since the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Chinese men is relative low. We hypothesized that PSA density (PSAD) could improve the rate of PCa detection in Chinese men with a PSA higher than the traditional PSA “gray zone.” A total of 461 men with a PSA between 2.5 and 20.0 ng ml−1, who had undergone prostatic biopsy at two Chinese centers were included in the analysis. The men were then further divided into groups with a PSA between 2.5–10.0 ng ml−1 and 10.1–20.0 ng ml−1. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of PSA and PSAD for the diagnosis of PCa. In men with a PSA of 2.5–10.0 ng ml−1 or 10.1–20.0 ng ml−1, the areas under the ROC curve were higher for PSAD than for PSA. This was consistent across both centers and the cohort overall. When the entire cohort was considered, the optimal PSAD cut-off for predicting PCa in men with a PSA of 2.5–10.0 ng ml−1 was 0.15 ng ml−1 ml−1, with a sensitivity of 64.4% and specificity of 64.6%. The optimal cut-off for PSAD in men with a PSA of 10.1–20.0 ng ml−1 was 0.33 ng ml−1 ml−1, with a sensitivity of 60.3% and specificity of 82.7%. PSAD can improve the effectiveness for PCa detection in Chinese men with a PSA of 2.5–10.0 ng ml−1 (traditional Western PSA “gray zone”) and 10.1–20.0 ng ml−1 (Chinese PSA “gray zone”).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
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Marta GN, Hanna SA, Fernandes da Silva JL, Carvalho HDA. Screening for prostate cancer: an updated review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:101-8. [PMID: 23259431 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men and its incidence has been increasing in the last decades. Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer were radically improved after the discovery of prostatic-specific antigen. Early detection rates increased, especially in asymptomatic individuals, confirmed by recent published randomized trials. The impact of screening in overdiagnosis and overtreatments is discussed, since benefits in overall mortality rates were not clearly demonstrated. Perhaps younger patients with a longer life expectancy would be the ones with the most benefits from screening. This study presents an update of the most important screening methods for prostate cancer as well as the recent recommendations for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Nader Marta
- Radiation Oncology Department-Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Dona Adma Jafet 91, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil.
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Yoo C, Oh CY, Kim SJ, Kim SI, Kim YS, Park JY, Seong DH, Song YS, Yang WJ, Chung HC, Cho IR, Cho SY, Cheon SH, Hong S, Cho JS. Preoperative clinical factors for diagnosis of incidental prostate cancer in the era of tissue-ablative surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a korean multi-center review. Korean J Urol 2012; 53:391-5. [PMID: 22741046 PMCID: PMC3382687 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2012.53.6.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify potential predictive factors of incidental prostate cancer (IPca) in patients considering tissue-ablation treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS From the 11 centers, 1,613 men who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy were included. Before surgery, prostate biopsy was performed in all patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥4.0 ng/ml or with abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings. The patients with prostate cancer preoperatively or with PSA >20 ng/ml were excluded. As predictive factors of IPca, age, body mass index, PSA, DRE, and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) findings, including total prostate volume (TPV), transition zone volume (TZV), and the presence of hypoechoic lesions, were reviewed. PSA density (PSAD) and PSAD in the transition zone (PSAD-TZV) were calculated. RESULTS IPca was diagnosed in 78 patients (4.8%). DRE findings, PSA, and TZV were independent predictive factors in the multivariate analysis. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of PSA, PSAD, and PSAD-TZV, the area under the curve (AUC) was the largest for PSAD-TZV (AUC, 0.685). CONCLUSIONS IPca was detected in 4.8% of the population studied. In addition to DRE findings, the combination of TZV and PSA can be useful predictive factors of IPca in patients considering tissue-ablation treatment as well as TURP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Yoo
- Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Zhao Z, Ma W, Zeng G, Qi D. PSCA mRNA expression in preoperatively negative prostate biopsies predicts incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:672-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Rajab R, Fisher G, Kattan MW, Foster CS, Møller H, Oliver T, Reuter V, Scardino PT, Cuzick J, Berney DM. An improved prognostic model for stage T1a and T1b prostate cancer by assessments of cancer extent. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:58-63. [PMID: 20834240 PMCID: PMC3853363 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment decisions on prostate cancer diagnosed by trans-urethral resection (TURP) of the prostate are difficult. The current TNM staging system for pT1 prostate cancer has not been re-evaluated for 25 years. Our objective was to optimise the predictive power of tumor extent measurements in TURP of the prostate specimens. A total of 914 patients diagnosed by TURP of the prostate between 1990 and 1996, managed conservatively were identified. The clinical end point was death from prostate cancer. Diagnostic serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and contemporary Gleason grading was available. Cancer extent was measured by the percentage of chips infiltrated by cancer. Death rates were compared by univariate and multivariate proportional hazards models, including baseline PSA and Gleason score. The percentage of positive chips was highly predictive of prostate cancer death when assessed as a continuous variable or as a grouped variable on the basis of and including the quintiles, quartiles, tertiles and median groups. In the univariate model, the most informative variable was a four group-split (≤10%, >10-25%, >25-75% and >75%); (HR=2.08, 95% CI=1.8-2.4, P<0.0001). The same was true in a multivariate model (ΔX(2) (1 d.f.)=15.0, P=0.0001). The current cutoff used by TNM (<=5%) was sub-optimal (ΔX(2) (1 d.f.)=4.8, P=0.023). The current TNM staging results in substantial loss of information. Staging by a four-group subdivision would substantially improve prognostication in patients with early stage disease and also may help to refine management decisions in patients who would do well with conservative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Rajab
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabrielle Fisher
- Cancer Research UK Department of Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael W Kattan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher S Foster
- Department of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Henrik Møller
- King’s College London, Thames Cancer Registry, London, UK
| | - Tim Oliver
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Victor Reuter
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Peter T Scardino
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Cancer Research UK Department of Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Zhao Z, Zeng G, Zhong W. Serum early prostate cancer antigen (EPCA) as a significant predictor of incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2010; 70:1788-98. [PMID: 20583137 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prostate cancer antigen (EPCA), a nuclear matrix protein, has been recently suggested as a novel biomarker in malignant lesions of the prostate. This study was to determine whether preoperative serum EPCA levels predicted the presence of incidental prostate cancer (IPCa) in patients undergoing TURP for BPH. METHODS Serum EPCA levels were measured by ELISA in 449 consecutive patients with symptomatic BPH treated with TURP and 112 healthy men. Predictive performance of serum EPCA levels for IPCa were evaluated. RESULTS With a cutoff of 10ng/ml, serum EPCA protein had a 100% specificity for the healthy men and a 98% specificity and a 100% sensitivity in separating men with IPCa from those without. Serum EPCA levels in patients with IPCa were significantly higher than in those without and in healthy controls (17.63±2.42ng/ml vs. 5.58±1.61 ng/ml and 4.95±1.43 ng/ml, all P<0.001), whereas an indwelling transurethral catheter presence and 5α-reductase inhibitor therapy had no effect on EPCA levels (P=0.144 and P=0.238, respectively). The area under ROC curves (AUC) showed that serum EPCA level had the best predictive accuracy of all IPCa (AUC: 0.952, 95% CI: 0.912-0.981, P<0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses further demonstrated the independently predictive performance by preoperative serum EPCA (Hazards Ratio: 4.23, 95% CI: 3.62-6.46, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study firstly shows that EPCA might be used as a highly sensitive and specific serum biomarker to predict IPCa presence and to help reduce the unnecessary biopsies taken before TURP in patients with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology of Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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