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Panprom C, Pattanapon N, Petchdee S. The effects of anesthetic drug choice on heart rate variability and echocardiography parameters in cats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:316. [PMID: 38172353 PMCID: PMC10764780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the assessments of cardiovascular risk during general anesthesia. This study aimed to assess the effects of an anesthetic drug on HRV in cats and to provide information for clinical applications. Twenty-four healthy client-owned cats of various breeds, 12 females and 12 males scheduled for elective surgery, were enrolled in this study. The cats were premedicated and induced with 4 protocols: protocol 1, diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and propofol (2-4 mg/kg) IV; protocol 2, diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and alfaxalone (1-3 mg/kg) IV; protocol 3, diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and ketamine (3-5 mg/kg) IV; and protocol 4, xylazine (1 mg/kg) and tiletamine/zolazepam (Zoletil) (5 mg/kg) IM. The heart rate and HRV of the 24 cats were collected before and at least 1 h after administering the anesthetic drugs. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate heart function. Oscillometric blood pressure monitoring was used to obtain the mean blood pressure. After anesthetic drug administration, higher heart rates were found in cats premedicated and induced with alfaxalone (p = 0.045) than in the other protocols. The lowest heart rate (HR) values were found in cats in protocol 4 using xylazine and Zoletil. The HRV low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) power ratios increased in all protocols except for cats premedicated and intubated with propofol. The standard deviation of the regular sinus beats (SDNN) was higher in cats premedicated and induced with ketamine than in other anesthetic protocols (p = 0.015). An increase in sympathetic activity and reduced HRV is associated with high blood pressure and left atrial dimension. The percentage of fractional shortening (FS) decreased in cats premedicated with ketamine. The results showed that the anesthesia method using diazepam and propofol caused the least disturbance of HRV compared with other anesthesia methods that were used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chattida Panprom
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nakrob Pattanapon
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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Gomez A, Al-Tannak N, Auckburally A, Watson D, Flaherty D. Stability of dilutions of methadone alone, and in combination with lidocaine and ketamine. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:526-531. [PMID: 35246850 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess stability and degradation over time, of methadone alone, and mixed with lidocaine and ketamine, using various diluents and storage conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solutions of methadone diluted in 0.9% NaCl, and methadone-lidocaine-ketamine diluted in 0.9% NaCl or Hartmann's solution, and stored at room temperature with exposure to light, or refrigerated at 4°C and protected from light, were maintained over 10 days. Chemical stability was determined using liquid chromatography immediately after preparation and following 4, 24, 48, 96 and 240 hours of storage. Physical stability of the solutions was evaluated by visual examination and absorbance of ultraviolet/visible light. A linear model assessed the impact of different diluent solutions and storage conditions on drug degradation over time. RESULTS There was no evidence of physicochemical incompatibility for any solution. Methadone concentration, when diluted alone or in methadone-lidocaine-ketamine with Hartmann's solution at 4°C, did not decline over time. Ketamine and lidocaine decreased to a similar extent over time, regardless of the diluent used or storage method, while methadone in methadone-lidocaine-ketamine diluted with 0.9% NaCl or with Hartmann's solution at room temperature exposed to light, also declined over time; however, all three methadone-lidocaine-ketamine components retained acceptable stability (<10% degradation) for at least 48 hours following preparation, irrespective of diluent or storage conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Regardless of the diluent or storage method, methadone-lidocaine-ketamine solutions degrade over time, but this only becomes clinically significant after 48 hours. Solutions of 1 mg/ml methadone in 0.9% NaCl are stable for at least 10 days under storage conditions likely to be encountered in general practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, UK
| | - N Al-Tannak
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuwait University, 12037, Kuwait
| | - A Auckburally
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, UK
| | - D Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - D Flaherty
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, UK
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Chang K, Barletta M, Messenger KM, Sakai DM, Reed RA, Quandt JE. The effect of a ketamine constant rate infusion on cardiovascular variables in sheep anesthetized at the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane that blunts adrenergic responses. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:205-211. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of a constant rate infusion of ketamine on cardiac index (CI) in sheep, as estimated using noninvasive cardiac output (NICO) monitoring by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, when anesthetized with sevoflurane at the previously determined minimum alveolar concentration that blunts adrenergic responses (MACBAR).
ANIMALS
12 healthy Dorset-crossbred adult sheep.
PROCEDURES
Sheep were anesthetized 2 times in a balanced placebo-controlled crossover design. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane delivered via a tight-fitting face mask and maintained at MACBAR. Following induction, sheep received either ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV, followed by a constant rate infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (placebo). After an 8-day washout period, each sheep received the alternate treatment. NICO measurements were performed in triplicate 20 minutes after treatment administration and were converted to CI. Blood samples were collected prior to the start of NICO measurements for analysis of ketamine plasma concentrations. The paired t test was used to compare CI values between groups and the ketamine plasma concentrations with those achieved during the previous study.
RESULTS
Mean ± SD CI of the ketamine and placebo treatments were 2.69 ± 0.65 and 2.57 ± 0.53 L/min/m2, respectively. No significant difference was found between the 2 treatments. Mean ketamine plasma concentration achieved prior to the NICO measurement was 1.37 ± 0.58 µg/mL, with no significant difference observed between the current and prior study.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Ketamine, at the dose administered, did not significantly increase the CI in sheep when determined by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chang
- 1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Michele Barletta
- 2Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- 3Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Daniel M. Sakai
- 1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Rachel A. Reed
- 2Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jane E. Quandt
- 1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Corrêa JMX, Niella RV, Oliveira JNSD, Silva Junior AC, Marques CSDC, Pinto TM, Silva EBD, Beier SL, Silva FL, Lavor MSLD. Antinociceptive and analgesic effect of continuous intravenous infusion of maropitant, lidocaine and ketamine alone or in combination in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:49. [PMID: 34838084 PMCID: PMC8626950 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multimodal analgesia consists of the combination of analgesic drugs at low doses to act in different places along the path of pain. Studies with continuous infusion of analgesic drugs in cats are not common. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of maropitant, lidocaine and ketamine alone or in combination (intravenous bolus + subsequent continuous intravenous infusion) in the management of acute postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Seventy healthy cats undergoing an ovariohysterectomy received a standard anesthetic protocol consisting of acepromazine and morphine, propofol (anesthesia induction), and isoflurane (anesthesia maintenance). The animals were stratified into seven groups (n = 10 in each group): control (CG), maropitant (MG), lidocaine (LG), ketamine (KG), maropitant + lidocaine (LMG), maropitant + ketamine (KMG), and maropitant + lidocaine + ketamine (LKMG). All drugs were injected first as an intravenous bolus and then by continuous intravenous infusion. During surgery, esophageal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, expired isoflurane concentration, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the end of expiration were evaluated at 7 time points. Postoperative pain was evaluated for 6 h after extubation using the visual analogue scale and the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale for assessing postoperative pain in cats. Results Adverse effects related to maropitant, lidocaine and ketamine infusion were not observed. Pain scores were lower in the MG, KG and LG groups when compared to the CG group using both scales. Although pain scores were also lower in all combination groups than CG, more animals in these groups required rescue analgesia compared to MG. This indicates that the postoperative analgesic effect of all drugs, either alone or in combination, confers analgesia, although the combinations did not promote greater analgesia. Conclusions Continuous intravenous infusion of maropitant, lidocaine, and ketamine alone induces postoperative analgesic effect in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, but combinations of these drugs did not increase the analgesic effect. No adverse effect was observed with any drug or their combination.
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Luca GC, Barter LS, Pypendop BH. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:334-340. [PMID: 32222343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of six adult healthy female New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the isoflurane concentration was reduced to 0.75 MAC and ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg kg-1) was administered IV over 5 minutes. Blood samples were collected before and at 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 21, 35, 65, 125, 215 and 305 minutes after initiating the ketamine infusion. Samples were processed immediately and the plasma separated and stored at -80 °C until analyzed for ketamine and norketamine concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the concentration-time data for ketamine and for ketamine plus norketamine using nonlinear mixed-effects (population) modeling. RESULTS A three- and five-compartment model best fitted the plasma concentration-time data for ketamine and for ketamine plus norketamine, respectively. For the ketamine only model, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 3217 mL kg-1, metabolic clearance was 88 mL minute-1 kg-1 and the terminal half-life was 59 minutes. For the model including both ketamine and norketamine, Vss were 3224 and 2073 mL kg-1, total metabolic clearance was 107 and 52 mL minute-1 kg-1 and terminal half-lives were 52 and 55 minutes for the parent drug and its metabolite, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study characterized the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine in isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits following short IV infusion. The results obtained herein will be useful to determine ketamine infusion regimens in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve C Luca
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Linda S Barter
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bruno H Pypendop
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Barletta M, Quandt JE, Reed RA, Hofmeister EH, Messenger KM. Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane that blunts adrenergic responses and the effect of a constant rate infusion of ketamine in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:230-235. [PMID: 31837511 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing sympathetic stimulation under anesthesia prevents activation of the neuroendocrine stress response. The minimum alveolar concentration blunting adrenergic responses in 50% of the population when exposed to a noxious stimulus is defined as MAC-BAR. The purpose of this study was to determine the MAC-BAR of sevoflurane (MAC-BARsevo) in sheep and the MAC-BAR sparing effects of ketamine. Thirteen healthy Dorset-cross adult ewes, 4 ± 1 year old and weighing 74 ± 9 kg, were enrolled in a randomized blinded crossover study design. Ewes were anesthetized twice for MAC-BARsevo determination. After face mask induction with sevoflurane, sheep received intravenous ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg and a constant rate infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h or an equivalent volume of saline (placebo). After 8 day washout, the other treatment was administered. A bracketing technique was used for MAC-BARsevo determination and values were collected in duplicate. The mechanical stimulus (sponge forceps) was applied at the coronary band for 1 min and blood was collected for ketamine plasma concentrations. The MAC-BARsevo values of each treatment were compared using a paired t-test. Mean MAC-BARsevo of the ketamine and placebo were 2.73 ± 0.23% and 2.77 ± 0.31%, respectively and no significant difference was found (p = .638). Average ketamine plasma concentrations was 1.54 ± 0.18 μg/mL maintained through the study. Ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg, followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h, did not decrease the MAC-BARsevo in sheep. Further studies to determine the effect of higher doses of ketamine on inhalational anesthetic agents and their potential adverse effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Jane E Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel A Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Abstract
Adjuvant analgesics (ie, gabapentin, tramadol, and ketamine) are commonly used in small animal practice. Most of these drugs are prescribed for outpatients, when pain is refractory to classic analgesics (ie, local anesthetics, opioids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), or when contraindications exist to the administration of other analgesics, including NSAIDs. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical use, potential adverse effects, and current evidence of adjuvant analgesics in the treatment of acute pain in companion animals. These drugs should be considered as alternatives aimed at reducing or replacing opioids.
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8
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Tayari H, Cuypers C, Schäffler L, Proost K, Schauvliege S. Fatal cardiac arrest in a calf with uroperitoneum. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Cuypers
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic AnimalsUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Lisa Schäffler
- Department of Large Animal Internal MedicineUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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9
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Hamp T, Baron-Stefaniak J, Krammel M, Reiter B, Langauer A, Stimpfl T, Plöchl W. Effect of intravenous S-ketamine on the MAC of sevoflurane: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:1242-1248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Robertson SA, Gogolski SM, Pascoe P, Shafford HL, Sager J, Griffenhagen GM. AAFP Feline Anesthesia Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:602-634. [PMID: 29989502 PMCID: PMC10816483 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18781391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The overarching purpose of the AAFP Anesthesia Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the 'Guidelines') is to make anesthesia and sedation safer for the feline patient. Scope and accessibility: It is noteworthy that these are the first exclusively feline anesthesia guidelines authored by an expert panel, making them particularly useful as an extensively referenced, practical resource for veterinary practice teams. Because much of the key content is presented in tabular or visual format, the Guidelines have a high level of accessibility and convenience that invites regular usage. While the recommendations in the Guidelines focus primarily on client-owned cats, the content is also applicable to community-sourced animals with an unknown medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Gogolski
- AMEDDC&S Department of Veterinary Science, 3630 Stanley Rd, Bldg 2618, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Peter Pascoe
- Emeritus Professor, University of California, 1536 Notre Dame Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heidi L Shafford
- Veterinary Anesthesia Specialists, PO Box 418, Clackamas, OR 97015, USA
| | - Jennifer Sager
- University of Florida Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE AND KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE-MIDAZOLAM ANESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS)-COMPARISON OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:363-370. [PMID: 28749272 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0128r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six clinically healthy captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) were anesthetized twice using two different drug combinations to investigate if blood pressure and kidney blood flow are affected by medetomidine dosage. Protocol KM (2.0 mg/kg ketamine and 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine) was compared with protocol KMM (2.0 mg/kg ketamine, 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.1 mg/kg midazolam). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (ETCO2), and anesthetic depth were monitored every 10 min. Noninvasive mean (MAP), systolic (SAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressure were measured, and Duplex Doppler ultrasonography was performed on the kidneys. The mean arterial resistive index (RI) was determined and the pulse pressure index (PPI) was calculated, as indicators for kidney blood flow. There were no significant differences in induction and recovery times. MAP was significantly higher with KM than KMM at 35 min, and in both protocols decreased significantly after atipamezole administration. DAP was significantly higher at 25 and 35 min in animals anesthetized with KM; it also decreased significantly with both protocols after atipamezole administration. The PPI was significantly lower throughout the procedure with KM, and with both protocols increased significantly after atipamezole administration. Both the higher blood pressure and the reduced PPI with KM were likely a direct effect of the higher medetomidine dosage, and these findings indicate that lower medetomidine dosages might reduce hypertension and lead to a better PPI in cheetah immobilization.
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Steagall PVM, Aucoin M, Monteiro BP, Moreau M, Simon BT, Burns PM. Clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:976-81. [PMID: 25875668 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.9.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. ANIMALS 23 cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURES Cats were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine; anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Cats were given constant rate infusions of remifentanil (20 μg/kg/h [9 μg/lb/h], IV; n = 8), remifentanil and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb], then 1.8 mg/kg/h [0.82 mg/lb/h], IV; 7), or crystalloid fluids (8). The anesthesiologist was blinded to treatment group, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and vaporizer setting. Heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, temperature, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were monitored; recovery scores were assigned. RESULTS There were no significant differences among treatment groups with respect to age, body weight, surgery time, anesthesia time, time to extubation, recovery score, or cardiorespiratory variables. End-tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly reduced in cats given remifentanil and ketamine (mean ± SD, 0.63 ± 0.4%), compared with concentration in cats given crystalloid fluids (1.22 ± 0.5%) but not compared with concentration in cats given remifentanil alone (1.03 ± 0.4%). Compared with cats given crystalloid fluids, mean isoflurane requirement was reduced by 48.3% in cats given remifentanil-ketamine and 15.6% in cats given remifentanil alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE At the dosages administered, a constant rate infusion of remifentanil-ketamine resulted in a significant decrease in the isoflurane requirement in healthy cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. However, significant differences in cardiovascular variables were not observed among treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V M Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:178-81. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH. A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in domestic cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Ambros B, Duke T. Effect of low dose rate ketamine infusions on thermal and mechanical thresholds in conscious cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:e76-82. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Aranake A, Mashour G, Avidan M. Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:512-22. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Aranake
- Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis; Missouri; USA
| | - G.A. Mashour
- University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor; Michigan; USA
| | - M.S. Avidan
- Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis; Missouri; USA
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Shilo Y, Pypendop BH, Barter LS, Epstein SE. Thymoma removal in a cat with acquired myasthenia gravis: a case report and literature review of anesthetic techniques. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 38:603-13. [PMID: 21988817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HISTORY AND PRESENTATION: A 12 year old, 4.2 kg, domestic long hair, castrated male cat was presented with regurgitation, inability to retract the claws, general weakness, cervical ventroflexion and weight loss. A thymic mass was evident on radiographs. Acetylcholine receptor antibody titer was positive for acquired myasthenia gravis (MG). Thymectomy via midline sternotomy was scheduled. ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT: Oxymorphone and atropine were administered subcutaneously as premedication, and anesthesia was induced with etomidate and diazepam given intravenously to effect. The cat's trachea was intubated and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, and continuous infusions of remifentanil and ketamine. Epidural analgesia with preservative-free morphine was administered prior to surgery. Postoperative analgesia was provided by oxymorphone subcutaneously, interpleural bupivacaine, and fentanyl infusion. Postoperative complications included airway obstruction, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. FOLLOW-UP The cat was discharged 3 days after surgery. Discharge medications included pyridostigmine and prednisone. Nine days after surgery, the cat had a significant increase in its activity level, and medications were discontinued. Histopathologically, the mass was consistent with a thymoma. Approximately 6 weeks later the cat became weak again and pyridostigmine and prednisone administration was resumed. CONCLUSION The perioperative management of patients with MG for transsternal thymectomy is a complex task. The increased potential for respiratory compromise requires the anesthesiologist to be familiar with the underlying disease state, and the interaction of anesthetic and non-anesthetic drugs with MG. Careful monitoring of ventilation and oxygenation is indicated postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shilo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Raske TG, Pelkey S, Wagner AE, Turner AS. Effect of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on isoflurane requirement in sheep undergoing orthopedic surgery. Lab Anim (NY) 2010; 39:76-9. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0310-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Ferreira TH, Aguiar AJA, Valverde A, Neto FJT, Steagall PVM, Soares JHN. Effect of remifentanil hydrochloride administered via constant rate infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:581-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Lamont LA. Adjunctive analgesic therapy in veterinary medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 38:1187-203, v. [PMID: 18954680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adjunctive analgesic therapies are interventions for pain that involve agents or techniques other than the traditional analgesics (opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and local anesthetics). Adjunctive therapies may be pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic in nature. The focus of this article is on pharmacologic interventions with potential utility as adjunctive analgesics in veterinary medicine. Pharmacology of selected agents, including medetomidine, ketamine, amantadine, gabapentin, systemic lidocaine, and pamidronate, is discussed in addition to evidence for their safety and efficacy and guidelines for their use in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Lamont
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
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21
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Mathews KA. Neuropathic pain in dogs and cats: if only they could tell us if they hurt. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 38:1365-414, vii-viii. [PMID: 18954689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is difficult to diagnose in veterinary patients because they are unable to verbalize their pain. By assuming that neuropathic pain may exist based on the history of events that each patient has experienced, a focused client history and neurologic examination may identify a lesion resulting in persistent or spontaneous pain. Once neuropathic pain is diagnosed, a trial analgesic or acupuncture session(s) should be prescribed with instructions for owners to observe behavior. Dosing of the analgesic can be titrated to the patient's needs while avoiding adverse effects. When a particular analgesic may be ineffectual, an alternate class should be tried. As research into the neurobiologic mechanisms of neuropathic pain continues, specific therapies for its management should eventually appear in the human clinical setting and subsequently be investigated for veterinary clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol A Mathews
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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