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Khokhlova ON, Tukhovskaya EA, Kravchenko IN, Sadovnikova ES, Pakhomova IA, Kalabina EA, Lobanov AV, Shaykhutdinova ER, Ismailova AM, Murashev AN. Using Tiletamine-Zolazepam-Xylazine Anesthesia Compared to CO 2-inhalation for Terminal Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, and Coagulation Analysis in Mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 84:11-19. [PMID: 27773843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is important that the method of anesthesia of mice does not considerably alter the animal's physiological and metabolic status before terminal blood sampling taken in order to analyze clinical pathology parameters. METHODS Hematology, hemostasis, and clinical chemistry parameters were compared in male and female BALB/c mice exposed to either tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine (TZX) anesthesia or euthanasia in carbon dioxide (CO2) chamber to reveal an alternative method of anesthesia vs. the recommended CO2 inhalation. Blood samples were taken from the inferior vena cava. RESULTS Clinical blood parameters in mice exposed to CO2 inhalation or TZX anesthesia proved to be substantially different. The TZX group had lower activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (statistically in males and tending in females) and lower platelets (PLT), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), and white blood cells (WBC) in both sexes. TZX anesthesia resulted in lower blood serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulins, creatinine in males (higher in females); cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (АLT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in both sexes, and bilirubin in males. The calcium level decreased in TZX-anesthetized males and females while the phosphates decreased only in females. The volume of serum obtained from females of TZX group was approximately two times higher than in the CO2-anesthetized group, with the degree of hemolysis tending to decrease. DISCUSSION The studied method of mouse anesthesia, followed by terminal blood sampling and analysis of clinical pathology parameters, suggests that TZX is a good alternative to CO2 inhalation in toxicological and other nonclinical studies. The differences in hemostasis, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters between these groups are supposedly associated with alterations in physiological and metabolic status of mice under conditions of increasing hypoxia, respiratory standstill, and circulatory arrest after CO2 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana N Khokhlova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Irina N Kravchenko
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elena S Sadovnikova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Irina A Pakhomova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elena A Kalabina
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Lobanov
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elvira R Shaykhutdinova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Alina M Ismailova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
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Kruger MC, Morel PCH. Experimental Control for the Ovariectomized Rat Model: Use of Sham Versus Nonmanipulated Animal. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:73-80. [PMID: 26709629 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of 2 models required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for registration of a treatment for osteoporosis, the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, is widely used in scientific studies investigating sex hormone-deficient bone loss. The use of control nonhuman animals is critical because bone turnover may be affected by animal stress, use of anesthetic, and the mechanisms involved in wound healing. Historically, researchers have used sham-operated animals who undergo the same manipulations as the OVX rats, but ethical concerns require consideration of unmanipulated (unoperated) control animals to minimize animal distress and unnecessary procedures. Herein, we report the results of 3 studies including OVX, sham, and unmanipulated rats and the effects on bone mineral density and content (BMD/BMC) during 2 to 6 months postsurgery. Our data indicate that while OVX animals generally had lower BMD and BMC than animals in either of the control groups, no differences were observed between sham and unmanipulated animals at any of the time points assessed. However, because bone turnover is a long-term process, studies with longer duration and multiple endpoints are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena C Kruger
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Patrick C H Morel
- b Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Seger RL, Cross RA, Rosen CJ, Causey RC, Gundberg CM, Carpenter TO, Chen TC, Halteman WA, Holick MF, Jakubas WJ, Keisler DH, Seger RM, Servello FA. Investigating the mechanism for maintaining eucalcemia despite immobility and anuria in the hibernating American black bear (Ursus americanus). Bone 2011; 49:1205-12. [PMID: 21893223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ursine hibernation uniquely combines prolonged skeletal unloading, anuria, pregnancy, lactation, protein recycling, and lipolysis. This study presents a radiographic and biochemical picture of bone metabolism in free-ranging, female American black bears (Ursus americanus) that were active (spring bears and autumn bears) or hibernating (hibernating bears). Hibernating bears included lactating and non-lactating individuals. We measured serum calcium, albumin, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSALP), CTX, parathyroid hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-l), leptin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] and sclerostin from 35 to 50 tranquilized hibernating bears and 14 to 35 tranquilized spring bears. We compared metacarpal cortical indices (MCI), measured by digital X-ray radiogrammetry, from 60 hunter-killed autumn bears and 79 tranquilized, hibernating bears. MCI was greater in autumn than winter in younger bears, but showed no seasonal difference in older bears. During hibernation eucalcemia was maintained, BSALP was suppressed, and CTX was in the range expected for anuria. During hibernation 1,25(OH)(2)D was produced despite anuria. 1,25(OH)(2)D and IGF-I were less in hibernating than spring bears. In a quarter of hibernating bears, sclerostin was elevated. Leptin was greater in hibernating than spring bears. In hibernating bears, leptin correlated positively with BSALP in non-lactating bears and with CTX in lactating bears. Taken together the biochemical and radiographic findings indicate that during hibernation, bone turnover was persistent, balanced, and suppressed; bone resorption was lower than expected for an unloaded skeleton; and there was no unloading-induced bone loss. The skeleton appears to perceive that it was loaded when it was actually unloaded during hibernation. However, at the level of sclerostin, the skeleton recognized that it was unloaded. During hibernation leptin appeared anabolic in non-lactating bears and catabolic in lactating bears. We hypothesize that ursine hibernation may represent a natural model in which suppression of the sympathetic nervous system prevents unloading-induced bone loss by influencing leptin's skeletal effects and preventing transmission of loading information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Seger
- University of Maine, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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