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Breitenlechner A, Bünger M, Ruczizka UK, Dolezal M, Auer U, Buzanich-Ladinig A. Comparison between Intramuscular and Intranasal Administration of Sedative Drugs Used for Piglet Castration. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2325. [PMID: 39199860 PMCID: PMC11350754 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the intranasal administration of different anaesthetics in piglets less than seven days of age undergoing castration for their suitability for providing good-quality sedation and short induction and recovery time with minimal stress. Azaperone alone at a high (5 mg/kg), medium (3 mg/kg) and low dosage (2 mg/kg) and in two combinations with either alfaxalone or midazolam were applied intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) to 120 healthy piglets. Compared to intramuscular application, intranasal application showed longer induction times, shorter recovery times and higher scores for defence and vocalisation. In conclusion, the intranasal protocols did not meet the requirements in all groups and their use can therefore not be recommended. A rapid induction phase and good quality of sedation could not be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breitenlechner
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Moritz Bünger
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Ursula Katharina Ruczizka
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Auer
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andrea Buzanich-Ladinig
- Clinical Centre for Population Medicine in Fish, Pig and Poultry, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (U.K.R.); (A.B.-L.)
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Mirra A, Gamez Maidanskaia E, Carmo LP, Levionnois O, Spadavecchia C. How is depth of anaesthesia assessed in experimental pigs? A scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283511. [PMID: 36952576 PMCID: PMC10035875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the large number of pigs involved in translational studies, no gold standard depth of anaesthesia indicators are available. We undertook a scoping review to investigate and summarize the evidence that sustains or contradicts the use of depth of anaesthesia indicators in this species. METHODS Medline, Embase and CAB abstract were searched up to September 22nd 2022. No limits were set for time, language and study type. Only original articles of in vivo studies using pigs or minipigs undergoing general anaesthesia were included. The depth of anaesthesia indicators reported in the selected papers were divided in two categories: A, indicators purposely investigated as method to assess depth of anaesthesia; B, indicators reported but not investigated as method to assess depth of anaesthesia. RESULTS Out of 13792 papers found, 105 were included after the screening process. Category A: 17 depth of anaesthesia indicators were found in 19 papers. Studies were conducted using inhalant anaesthetics as the main anaesthetic agent in the majority of the cases (13/19 = 68.4%), while 3/19 (15.8%) used propofol. The most investigated depth of anaesthesia indicators were bispectral index (8/19 = 42.1%) and spectral edge frequency 95% (5/19 = 26.3%). Contrasting results about the specific usefulness of each depth of anaesthesia indicators were reported. Category B: 23 depth of anaesthesia indicators were found in 92 papers. The most reported depth of anaesthesia indicators were: motor response following a stimulus (37/92 = 40.2%), depth of anaesthesia scores (21/92 = 23.3%), bispectral index (16/92 = 17.8%) and spectral edge frequency 95% (9/92 = 9.8%). CONCLUSION Results highlight the lack of scientifically valid and reliable indicators to ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mirra
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Gamez Maidanskaia
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Department of Clinical Research und Public Health (DCR-VPH), Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Levionnois
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Weisskopf M, Glaus L, Trimmel NE, Hierweger MM, Leuthardt AS, Kukucka M, Stolte T, Stoeck CT, Falk V, Emmert MY, Kofler M, Cesarovic N. Dos and don'ts in large animal models of aortic insufficiency. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:949410. [PMID: 36118338 PMCID: PMC9478759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.949410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic insufficiency caused by paravalvular leakage (PVL) is one of the most feared complications following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) in patients. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) are a popular large animal model to study such conditions and develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, the models based on prosthetic valve implantation are time intensive, costly, and often hamper further hemodynamic measurements such as PV loop and 4D MRI flow by causing implantation-related wall motion abnormalities and degradation of MR image quality. This study describes in detail, the establishment of a minimally invasive porcine model suitable to study the effects of mild-to-moderate “paravalvular“ aortic regurgitation on left ventricular (LV) performance and blood flow patterns, particularly under the influence of altered afterload, preload, inotropic state, and heart rate. Six domestic pigs (Swiss large white, female, 60–70 kg of body weight) were used to establish this model. The defects on the hinge point of aortic leaflets and annulus were created percutaneously by the pierce-and-dilate technique either in the right coronary cusp (RCC) or in the non-coronary cusp (NCC). The hemodynamic changes as well as LV performance were recorded by PV loop measurements, while blood flow patterns were assessed by 4D MRI. LV performance was additionally challenged by pharmaceutically altering cardiac inotropy, chronotropy, and afterload. The presented work aims to elaborate the dos and don'ts in porcine models of aortic insufficiency and intends to steepen the learning curve for researchers planning to use this or similar models by giving valuable insights ranging from animal selection to vascular access choices, placement of PV Loop catheter, improvement of PV loop data acquisition and post-processing and finally the induction of paravalvular regurgitation of the aortic valve by a standardized and reproducible balloon induced defect in a precisely targeted region of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Weisskopf
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Glaus
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina E. Trimmel
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M. Hierweger
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea S. Leuthardt
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marian Kukucka
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorald Stolte
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian T. Stoeck
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikola Cesarovic
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Zhang Z, Bai H, Zhang B, Shen M, Gao L. Comparison of cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam-xylazine-sufentanil and tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine in miniature pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271325. [PMID: 35819978 PMCID: PMC9275679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and adequate anesthesia is conducive to better restrain for pigs during surgical or diagnostic procedures This study aimed to evaluate cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam-xylazine-sufentanil or tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine as general anesthetics in miniature pigs. In phase 1, one of the combinations was administered intramuscularly to miniature pigs. The KMXS protocol combined 10 mg kg-1 ketamine, 0.5 mg kg-1 midazolam, and 2 mg kg-1 xylazine with 2 μg kg-1 sufentanil. The TZX protocol combined 2.2 mg kg-1 tiletamine, 2.2 mg kg-1 zolazepam, and 1.4 mg kg-1 xylazine. After treatment, the mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, and anesthesia quality were recorded. In phase 2, the feasibility of KMXS and TZX as general anesthetics were evaluated for pig castration. In phase 1, both drug combinations provided smooth induction with similar anesthetic effects. The KMXS protocol provided moderate anesthesia for 60–70 minutes in pigs, while the TZX protocol provided 30–45 minutes. In phase 2, castration was completed smoothly in all pigs with little fluctuation in physiological variables. The KMXS protocol is better for medium-term anesthesia, while the TZX protocol is preferable for short-term anesthesia in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meilun Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Carbonari A, Lillo E, Cicirelli V, Sciorsci RL, Rizzo A. The Use of Abdominal Ultrasound to Improve the Cryptorchidectomy of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141763. [PMID: 35883311 PMCID: PMC9312328 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both the testes to descend in the scrotum. In pigs, the incidence of cryptorchidism varies from 4% to 12%, and the most frequent localisation of retained testes is the abdominal region. In other species, transabdominal ultrasound is the most reliable diagnostic tool to localize the retained testis. This study aimed to evaluate the value of ultrasound in correctly identifying the location of retained testes, to improve the cryptorchidectomy in pigs. The ultrasound examination reduced the duration of anaesthesia, surgery, and postoperative pain. Indeed, the technique used is safe, effective, and rapid. To locate the testis, it should recognise the echo structure of the testicle and the mediastinum is well always recognisable for its hyperechogenicity. The routine use of the ultrasound examination is considered a useful alternative before the cryptorchidectomy in the pig because it allows the exact location of the retained testicle, ensuring reduced manipulation of the viscera. Abstract This study aimed to describe a technique to locate retained testes in pigs by means of ultrasound examination and thereafter proceed with cryptorchidectomy. Fifty-two monolateral cryptorchid pigs were enrolled. After anaesthesia, 42 pigs (Group U) underwent ultrasound examination before cryptorchidectomy, and 10 pigs (Group C) were used as control group without ultrasonography. The total duration of anaesthesia, ultrasound examination, and surgery was evaluated. In 10 pigs of Group U and 10 pigs of Group C, the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and body temperature (T) were monitored to assess intraoperative pain response. An operator used the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) to assess postoperative pain. In Group U, the total time required for anaesthesia and surgery was less than Group C. No intra- or postoperative complications were reported in both groups. For HR, RR, and T, no statistically significant differences were observed. During the postoperative pain assessment, the highest pain scores were recorded at T6 (6 h after surgery). Ultrasound examination was found to be a valid technique for locating the retained testis in the abdomen in cryptorchid pigs and to reduce the duration of the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Carbonari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Lillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cicirelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70121 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70121 Bari, Italy
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Physiological and Clinical Responses in Pigs in Relation to Plasma Concentrations during Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, and Butorphanol. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061482. [PMID: 34063808 PMCID: PMC8224090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reliable protocols are needed for short-term anesthesia in pigs. The study’s aim is to identify an anesthetic procedure that, without the use of sophisticated equipment, ensures an acceptable depth and length of anesthesia, a regular spontaneous breathing pattern, and a stable hemodynamic condition for the animal. A total of 12 pigs were given a single intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine, zolazepam, and butorphanol. To investigate the possibility of prolonging the anesthesia, six of the pigs also received an intravenous dose of the drug combination after one hour. Physiological and clinical responses and drug plasma concentrations were examined. The main results suggest that intramuscular administration of the drug combination provides up to two hours of anesthesia with stable physiological parameters and an acceptable level of analgesia. An intravenous administration of one-third of the original dosage prolonged the anesthesia for another 30 min. Since the pigs were able to breathe spontaneously, none of them were intubated. The study also provides new information about each drug’s plasma concentrations and the impact of the drug combination in pigs. This technique can be used to perform nonsurgical operations or transports when short-term anesthesia is required. Abstract Reliable protocols for short-term anesthetics are essential to safeguard animal welfare during medical investigations. The aim of the study was to assess the adequacy and reliability of an anesthetic protocol and to evaluate physiological and clinical responses, in relation to the drug plasma concentrations, for pigs undergoing short-term anesthesia. A second aim was to see whether an intravenous dosage could prolong the anesthesia. The anesthesia was induced by an intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and butorphanol in 12 pigs. In six of the pigs, a repeated injection intravenously of one-third of the initial dose was given after one hour. The physiological and clinical effects from induction to recovery were examined. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Each drug’s absorption and time to maximal concentration were rapid. All pigs were able to maintain spontaneous respiration. The route of administration did not alter the half-life of the drug. The results suggest that intramuscular administration of the four-drug combination provides up to two hours of anesthesia with stable physiological parameters and an acceptable level of analgesia while maintaining spontaneous respiration. A repeated intravenous injection may be used to extend the time of anesthesia by 30 min.
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Chang LJ, Ko JC, Weil AB, Weng HY. Comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-detomidine-butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol, and ketamine-detomidine-butorphanol in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:883-891. [PMID: 33825528 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.8.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the anesthetic, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-detomidine-butorphanol (TZDB), tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol (TZXB), and ketamine-detomidine-butorphanol (KDB) in pigs and to assess anesthetic recovery duration and quality following administration of tolazoline as a reversal agent. ANIMALS 11 healthy 2.5-month-old castrated male Landrace mixed-breed pigs. PROCEDURES In a randomized, blinded crossover study design, pigs received the following anesthetic combinations, IM: TZDB (tiletamine-zolazepam [3 mg/kg {1.36 mg/lb}], detomidine [0.18 mg/kg {0.08 mg/lb}], and butorphanol [0.12 mg/kg {0.05 mg/lb}]); TZXB (tiletamine-zolazepam [4 mg/kg {1.8 mg/lb}], xylazine [4 mg/kg], and butorphanol [0.2 mg/kg {0.09 mg/lb}]); and KDB (ketamine [8 mg/kg {3.63 mg/lb}], detomidine [0.18 mg/kg], and butorphanol [0.3 mg/kg {0.14 mg/lb}]). A 7-day washout period was provided between treatments. At 45 minutes of anesthesia, pigs received tolazoline (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IM; n = 6) treatment or control (5) treatment with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. RESULTS All anesthetic combinations induced anesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was completed within 5 minutes after anesthetic administration in all pigs, except in 2 pigs following administration of KDB. Durations (mean ± SD) of endotracheal intubation and lateral recumbency in pigs that did not receive tolazoline were 55.3 ± 4.8 minutes, 83.8 ± 15.8 minutes, and 28.2 ± 4.5 minutes and 112.4 ± 18.7 minutes, 117.2 ± 16.7 minutes, and 79.7 ± 6.0 minutes, respectively, for the TZDB, TZXB, and KDB anesthetic treatments. Tolazoline significantly shortened the duration of anesthetic recovery for all anesthetic treatments without affecting the recovery quality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE All 3 anesthetic combinations were suitable for providing anesthesia in pigs. Tolazoline administration shortened the duration of anesthetic recovery without affecting the quality of recovery.
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Morelli J, Rossi S, Fuchs B, Richard E, Barros DSB, Küker S, Arnemo JM, Evans AL. Evaluation of Three Medetomidine-Based Anesthetic Protocols in Free-Ranging Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655345. [PMID: 33855059 PMCID: PMC8039318 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three medetomidine-based drug protocols were compared by evaluating time courses, reliability and physiological effects in wild boars. A total of 21 cage-trapped wild boars (Sus scrofa) were immobilized using one of the following drug combinations; MTZ: medetomidine (0.2 mg/kg) + tiletamine-zolazepam (2.0 mg/kg), MK: medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg) + ketamine (5 mg/kg), and MKB: medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) + ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) + butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Induction time, recovery time, and physiological variables were recorded and arterial blood gas analysis measured twice, before and after 15 min of oxygen supplementation (0.5–1.0 L/min). For reversal, 4 mg of atipamezole per mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly. The boars recovered in the cage and were released once ataxia resolved. The MK group had significantly longer recovery times (mean 164 min ± 79 SD) compared to the other groups. MKB elicited longer and incomplete induction compared to the other groups (mean induction time 20 min ± 10 SD), decreasing the efficiency of the capture and increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Both ketamine-based protocols required additional ketamine intramuscularly to prolong the anesthesia after 20–40 min from induction. Agreement between the pulse oximeter and the blood gas analyzer was low, with the pulse oximeter underestimating the real values of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, particularly at higher readings. Mild acute respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 45–60 mmHg) and mild to moderate hypoxemia (PaO2 69–80 mmHg) occurred in most boars, regardless of the treatment group but especially in the MKB group. The acid-base status improved and hypoxemia resolved in all boars during oxygen supplementation, with the PaO2 rising above the physiological reference range (81.6–107.7 mmHg) in many individuals. MK and MKB induced safe and reliable immobilization of wild boars for at least 20 min. Supplemental oxygen delivery is recommended in order to prevent hypoxemia in wild boars immobilized with the protocols used in the present study. Long and ataxic recoveries occurred in most animals, regardless of the protocol, but especially in the MKB group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Morelli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Wildlife Diseases Unit, French Agency for Biodiversity, Gap, France
| | - Boris Fuchs
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Daniela S B Barros
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Susanne Küker
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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Analgesia and/or anaesthesia during piglet castration – part I: efficacy of farm protocols in pain management. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1873707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Haen SM, Heinonen M, Bjorkman S, Soede NM, Peltoniemi OAT. Progesterone and Luteinizing hormone secretion patterns in early pregnant gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:795-804. [PMID: 32298513 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility and episodic progesterone release of the corpus luteum (CL) on Day 11 and Day 21 in inseminated gilts and aimed to establish a relationship between these two hormones. Blood was collected at 15-min intervals for 12 hr on Days 11, 16 and 21 from a vena cava caudalis catheter. At euthanasia, eight gilts were pregnant and six gilts were not pregnant. Progesterone parameters (basal, mean, pulse frequency and pulse amplitude) did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant gilts on Day 11, LH pulse frequency and amplitude tended to differ (p = .07 and p = .079). In pregnant gilts, basal and mean progesterone, progesterone pulse amplitude and frequency declined significantly from Day 11 to Day 21 (p < .05). A significant decline was also seen in the LH pulse amplitude from Day 11 to Day 21 (p < .05). None of the LH pulses was followed by a progesterone pulse within 1 hr on Day 21. On Day 11 and Day 21 appeared a synchronicity in the LH pulse pattern, as there were two or three LH pulses in 12 hr and these LH pulses appeared in the same time window. We conclude that on Day 11 and Day 21 of pregnancy in gilts, progesterone pulses do not follow an LH pulse within one hour. Further we demonstrated that the successful or not successful formation of a CL of pregnancy is independent of progesterone release on Day 11 after insemination. We confirmed the decline of progesterone from Day 11 to Day 21 in the vena cava caudalis and could demonstrate that this decline is partly due to lower progesterone pulse amplitude and frequency and that the decline occurs simultaneously with a decline in LH pulse amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M Haen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Stefan Bjorkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olli A T Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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Is the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) a Useful Welfare Indicator to Assess Pain after Cryptorchidectomy in Growing Pigs? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030412. [PMID: 32131424 PMCID: PMC7143901 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig cryptorchidism is a congenital anomaly, which requires surgical intervention. Pain assessment in pig farming has some limitations and consumers are increasingly concerned about suffering linked to on-farm procedures. The PGS seems to be a promising tool for pain assessment in piglets, although it has not been investigated whether this tool is applicable to growing pigs. This study was designed to determine whether the PGS could be useful to assess pain in growing pigs undergoing on-farm cryptorchidectomy. Ten mixed-breed cryptorchid pigs were pre-medicated with azaperone and ketamine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using IV sodium based. Pigs were filmed pre- and 6 h post-surgery to evaluate their behavior (scan sampling every minute). Besides, 36 pictures of the face expressions (18 pre- and 18 6 h post-surgery) were scored with the PGS by three treatment-blind observers. The pre-surgery pig's activity ratio was 59%, while it was 2% 6 h post-surgery. While the PGS inter-observer reliability was excellent (Interclass Correlation Coefficient value of 0.87), the PGS score increased significantly in pigs 6 h post-surgery (Paired sample t-test, p = 0.02). The PGS proved to be a potentially effective method to assess pain associated with cryptorchidectomy. However, further validation studies are required to validate this tool for other potentially painful procedures.
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Studer N, Gurtner C, Levionnois OLR, Droegemueller C, Grahofer A. Suspected unusual hypermetabolic syndrome after chemical immobilisation in two Mangalica pigs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Studer
- Veterinary Anaesthesiology and Pain TherapyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Veterinary PathologyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Cord Droegemueller
- Institute of GeneticsVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernBernSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Grahofer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineClinic for SwineVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone and midazolam after intramuscular administration in pigs. Fourteen pigs, weighing 18 to 22 kg, aged between 55 and 70 days, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 2, affected by congenital reducible umbilical hernia, were included in the study. Alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) mixed in the same syringe were administered into the neck muscle. Pain on injection, quality of sedation and time to achieve lateral recumbency were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 0 (baseline: before drug administration), 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), arterial blood pH, arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-) were recorded at 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. Continuous data were analysed using a repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and aP-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Ten animals out of fourteen showed no pain on injection, whereas the remaining four exhibited mild pain. The time from the end of injection to lateral recumbency was 266 ± 40 s. The quality of sedation ranged between good to very good. No significant changes in the variables monitored were observed between the time points. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and midazolam in pigs at the doses used induced reliable and fast sedation, without pain on injection and moderate respiratory effects.
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Haen SM, Heinonen M, Kauffold J, Heikinheimo M, Hoving LL, Soede NM, Peltoniemi OAT. GnRH-agonist deslorelin implant alters the progesterone release pattern during early pregnancy in gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:464-472. [PMID: 30431675 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of progesterone (P) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during recognition and establishment of pregnancy in the gilt. Therefore, the effects of eliminating episodic LH pulses on P patterns were determined during early pregnancy. To this end, a slow-release GnRH implant deslorelin was used for GnRH down-regulation. A group of gilts (GnRHa, n = 8) was implanted with the GnRH-agonist on Day 11 of pregnancy, while a control group (C, n = 5) was treated with a non-impregnated placebo implant. Blood was collected via a vena cava caudalis catheter at 10-min intervals for 8 hr on Day 16 and 21 of pregnancy. As expected, the GnRH implant reduced LH secretion (p < 0.01) and abolished LH pulses completely at Day 16 and Day 21 of pregnancy. On Day 16, there was no difference in P levels between the treatments. However, on Day 21, the GnRH-agonist treatment led to significantly increased P concentrations (p < 0.01) compared with the control gilts. Progesterone was secreted in a pulsatile manner in both treatment groups and no relationship between LH pulsatility and P pulsatility was observed. In conclusion, abolishment of LH pulsatility did not affect the pulsatile pattern of P secretion but led to an unexpected overall increase in P on Day 21 of pregnancy; this effect was delayed and occurred 10 days after commencing treatment with the GnRH depot agonist. The elevation of P on Day 21 of pregnancy in the GnRHa group suggests either a reduced negative feedback effect or an increased autocrine response by the corpora lutea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M Haen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lia L Hoving
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olli A T Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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Viscardi AV, Turner PV. Efficacy of buprenorphine for management of surgical castration pain in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:318. [PMID: 30352586 PMCID: PMC6199726 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical castration is a painful procedure, performed routinely on commercial pig farms to prevent boar taint and reduce aggression. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of 0.04 mg/kg buprenorphine (BUP) in reducing pain in castrated piglets, using behavioral indicators and vocalization analysis. This study also sought to further validate the Piglet Grimace Scale (PGS) as a pain assessment tool. A pilot study first assessed the safety of BUP or 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol administration to piglets (n = 4 per treatment). When no side effects were noted with BUP, ten litters of 5-day old piglets (n = 60 total, 15 per treatment group) were used, and randomly assigned to one of four possible treatments: BUP (castrated or uncastrated), saline, or sham. Treatments were administered as an intramuscular injection 20 min prior to surgical castration. Piglets were video recorded 1 h pre-procedure, post-castration for 8 h and for another hour, 24 h post-procedure. Behaviors were scored continuously for the first 15 min of each hour and 511 still-images of piglet faces were scored using the PGS. Vocalizations were recorded from each piglet at three points in the study: at initial handling, injection, and castration. Results Butorphanol caused some piglets to become groggy and vomit and was not further evaluated. BUP-castrated piglets demonstrated significantly fewer pain behaviors and less facial grimacing compared to saline-treated pigs (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0073, respectively). There was no difference between the pain behaviours displayed by BUP-castrated piglets compared to BUP-uncastrated and sham piglets (P = 0.9986 and P = 0.7484). There was also no difference in PGS score between BUP-castrated and BUP-uncastrated piglets (P = 0.9376). Piglets in the BUP-castrated group produced vocalizations of similar frequency, amplitude, power, and energy to saline-treated piglets. Conclusions Buprenorphine was highly effective in alleviating castration-associated pain behaviors and facial grimacing in piglets, without causing any obvious side effects. Its administration did not reduce piglet vocalizations at the time of castration. The PGS corresponded well to piglet pain behaviors and has utility as a pain assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie V Viscardi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Lehmann HS, Blache D, Drynan E, Tshewang P, Blignaut DJC, Musk GC. Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7080061. [PMID: 28796153 PMCID: PMC5575573 DOI: 10.3390/ani7080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pigs are notoriously challenging patients. They are difficult to handle so the use of predictable and safe sedation techniques is required for husbandry and surgical procedures. Various combinations of sedative and analgesic drugs have been previously investigated in this species, though the combination of midazolam and detomidine with either butorphanol or morphine has not been reported for sedation in pigs. The use of these combinations was investigated in the context of adequate sedation to allow castration of boars with the aid of local anaesthetic infiltration. The combination of midazolam, detomidine with butorphanol provided a more reliable sedation combination than that including morphine. It is proposed that this combination of drugs would be useful for sedation during painful husbandry procedures in pigs. Abstract Juvenile male pigs were sedated for castration. Eight five-month old boars were sedated twice (two weeks apart) with a combination of detomidine (0.1 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and either butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDB, n = 8) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDM, n = 8) intramuscularly. The boars were positioned in lateral recumbency and lidocaine (200 mg total) was injected into the testicle and scrotal skin. Castration of a single testicle was performed on two occasions. Sedation and reaction (to positioning and surgery) scores, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial blood gas parameters and the times to immobility and then recovery were recorded. Atipamezole was administered if spontaneous recovery was not evident within 60 min of sedative administration. Data were compared with either a paired-sample t-test or a Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test. There was no difference in sedation score, body temperature, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation between MDB and MDM. Mild hypoxaemia was noted in both groups. There was less reaction to castration after MDB. The pulse rate was higher after MDM sedation. The times to immobility and then recovery were similar. The combination of MDB provided more reliable sedation than MDM. MDB may be useful for sedation for short procedures in pigs, though oxygen supplementation is recommended to avoid hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S Lehmann
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Drynan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Pema Tshewang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - David J C Blignaut
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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Björkman S, Yun J, Niku M, Oliviero C, Soede NM, Peltoniemi OAT. Serial transvaginal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the porcine corpus luteum in vivo. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:931-939. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study was to develop and describe a transvaginal ultrasound-guided biopsy method for luteal tissue in the porcine and to evaluate the effects of the method on the reproductive tract, ovarian status and pregnancy status. Biopsies were performed in four multiparous sows on Days 9 and 15 of three consecutive oestrous cycles; the size and histological composition of the samples obtained were evaluated and the reproductive tract of the sows was monitored. Furthermore, biopsies were performed in 26 multiparous sows on Days 10 and 13 after insemination, and the pregnancy rate, gestation length and subsequent litter size were evaluated. RNA was extracted from the samples obtained and the quality and quantity were determined. Altogether, 76 biopsies were performed and 38 samples were obtained. Compared with sows from which no samples were obtained (n = 6), sows from which one or more samples were obtained (n = 24) were older (parity 5.0 ± 2.8 vs 2.2 ± 0.4, mean ± s.d.), heavier (290 ± 26 vs 244 ± 27 kg) and had higher back fat (11.4 ± 2.7 vs 6.4 ± 2.5 mm; P < 0.05 for all). No effect of the biopsies (P > 0.05) was observed on the cyclicity and reproductive organs of the sows, or on corpus luteum diameter on Day 13 (8.9 ± 1.0 vs 9.2 ± 1.1 mm), pregnancy rate (95% vs 96%), gestation length (115 ± 1 vs 115 ± 1 days) and subsequent litter size (12.7 ± 2.5 vs 13.3 ± 2.8) between sows from which samples were obtained and those from which no samples were obtained. The samples obtained had a diameter of 1 mm and contained heterogeneous tissue with various cell types. The RNA quantity was 520 ± 160 µg per sample and the RNA integrity number was 8.5 ± 1.0. In conclusion, an ultrasound-guided biopsy method for ovarian tissue, which can be used for gene expression studies, was established in the porcine. No effect on corpus luteum function was found.
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Ekstrand C, Sterning M, Bohman L, Edner A. Lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia as a complement to dissociative anaesthesia during scrotal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:33. [PMID: 26104188 PMCID: PMC4491221 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Sweden, scrotal or inguinal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field has traditionally been an important part of the surgical skills training of veterinary students. Few substances meet the legal requirements for field anaesthesia of production animals in the European Union but a protocol based on azaperone-detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine does. Unfortunately the anaesthesia is characterised by unpredictable duration and depth and of abrupt awakenings which is not acceptable from an animal welfare perspective and impedes surgical training. Lumbo-sacral epidural analgesia is proven to provide sufficient analgesia to allow abdominal surgery, but there are few reports on the field use of this loco-regional technique. The study aim was to evaluate whether lumbo-sacral anaesthesia can be safely and successfully used in the field by a veterinary student and whether the combination of dissociative and lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia improves analgesia and anaesthesia to guarantee animal welfare during herniorrhaphy in livestock pigs, enabling surgical skills training. Results Pigs in the control-group (placebo) responded significantly stronger to surgery, with five out of 11 requiring additional doses of detomidine and ketamine. There were no significant differences between groups in respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 or blood gases. SpO2 levels <94 % were recorded in several pigs in both groups. No post-injection complications were reported at follow-up. Conclusions The results from this study showed that lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine could successfully be administered during dissociative anaesthesia of livestock pigs by a veterinary student and without reported post-injection complications. It improved analgesia and anaesthesia during herniorrhaphy of sufficient duration to enable surgical skills training. The risks and consequences of hypoxaemia and hypoventilation should be considered.
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De Monte V, Staffieri F, Di Meo A, Vannucci J, Bufalari A. Comparison of ketamine-dexmedetomidine-methadone and tiletamine-zolazepam-methadone combinations for short-term anaesthesia in domestic pigs. Vet J 2015; 205:364-8. [PMID: 26070949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory effects, quality of induction, depth of anaesthesia and quality of recovery were compared in pigs anaesthetised with 8 mg/kg ketamine, 20 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (KDM, n = 18) or 8 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (TZM, n = 9). Anaesthesia with KDM was partially reversed in nine animals with 0.2 mg/kg atipamezole (KDMat). Sedation was observed earlier in the TZM group (47.2 ± 25.3 s) than the KDM group (91.5 ± 37.4 s). Sternal and lateral recumbency were achieved earlier in the TZM group (76.3 ± 36.5 s and 132.1 ± 30.5 s, respectively) than in the KDM group (149.1 ± 58.7 s and 249.2 ± 84.0 s, respectively). PaO2, SaO2 and PaO2:FiO2 were lower in the TZM group (68.7 ± 4.1 mmHg, 93.4 ± 1.4% and 327.2 ± 19.9 mmHg, respectively) than in the KDM group (80.4 ± 5.9 mmHg, 95.7 ± 1.0% and 380.4 ± 25.6 mmHg, respectively). Fshunt and P(A-a)O2 were higher in the TZM group (24.0 ± 11.8% and 31.4 ± 3.8 mmHg, respectively) than in the KDM group (13.4 ± 3.2% and 20.7 ± 7.4 mmHg, respectively). Times from drug injection to first head movements, sternal recumbency and standing/walking were significantly shorter in the KDM group (45.1 ± 10.5, 48.4 ± 12.6 and 54.4 ± 17.8 min, respectively) than in the TZM group (57.8 ± 11.4, 93.1 ± 14.2 and 165.7 ± 56.6 min, respectively). The median recovery score was higher in the TZM group than in the KDMnoat and KDMat subgroups. Both drug combinations provided adequate anaesthesia for minor procedures lasting about 30 min, but TZM was associated with a poor recovery and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Monte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - F Staffieri
- Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, University of Bari, Str per Casamassima km3, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - A Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Vannucci
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia Loc. S. Andrea Fratte, 06134, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Bufalari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Ajadi AR, Olusa TA, Smith OF, Ajibola ES, Adeleye OE, Adenubi OT, Makinde FA. Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:562-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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