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Salameh AA, Akhtar H, Gul R, Omar AB, Hanif S. Personality Traits and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Financial Risk-Taking as Mediator. Front Psychol 2022; 13:927718. [PMID: 35967694 PMCID: PMC9369250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between environment and individual personality determines career. Over the past decades, the role of personality traits in explaining entrepreneurship cannot get much attention of researchers. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate the effect of personality traits (extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness) on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) along with the mediating role of financial risk taking (FRT). Sample size consists of 500 students of business and management of different universities of Pakistan, out of which 466 useable questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The results of the study are consistent with conventional wisdom as explored by past studies. In line with past studies and proposed hypothesis, we found that both extraversion and openness to experience have a positive association with FRT, whereas neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness have negative association with FRT. The results also revealed that there is positive association between FRT and EI; however, FRT did not mediate the relationship between agreeableness and EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A. Salameh
- Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hameeda Akhtar
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rani Gul
- Department of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Bin Omar
- Department of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Abdullah Bin Omar,
| | - Sobia Hanif
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wen X, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Du J, Xu W. Mindfulness and intimate relationship satisfaction in daily life: The role of empathy. Psych J 2022; 11:500-509. [PMID: 35343083 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of empathy in the relationship between mindfulness and intimate relationship satisfaction (IRS). Using ecological momentary assessment, 100 pairs of university students who were in relationships participated in the study. The participants were invited to complete a questionnaire measuring their current states of mindfulness, IRS, and empathy three times a day for 14 days. The results showed that empathy at the within-person level played a mediating role in the relationship between acceptance and IRS. Empathy at the within-person level also moderated the relationship between monitoring and IRS. Findings illustrated the vital role of empathy in an intimate relationship. Limitations of the study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yuyang Zhou
- Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxuan Du
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a psychometric instrument and as a reflection of Jung's personality typology was reviewed. Its applications in education, business, the artistic world, and in decision-making processes of business have been extensive and well received.
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Schwalbe ML. Role Taking, Self-Monitoring, and the Alignment of Conduct with Others. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167291171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snyder's original theory of self-monitoring implies that high self-monitors use role taking to control their expressive behavior and to align their conduct with others. But the evidence for this is mixed; it is not clear what kind of social cognition is associated with the alignment strategies used by high and low self-monitors. This issue is explored here by examining the relationships between self-monitoring and role-taking accuracy and propensity. High self-monitoring is found to be negatively correlated with role-taking propensity. This relationship is strongest for those who score high on the Other-Directedness factor of the Self Monitoring Scale. Scores on the Public Performing factor are found to be positively correlated with role-taking accuracy, whereas scores on the Other-Directedness factor are not. It is therefore suggested that some high self-monitors rely on imagery or behavioral scripts rather than role taking to align their conduct with others.
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Bhardwaj A, Qureshi I, Konrad AM, Lee SH(M. A Two-Wave Study of Self-Monitoring Personality, Social Network Churn, and In-Degree Centrality in Close Friendship and General Socializing Networks. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601115608027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examine the role of self-monitoring personality in shaping network change in two important types of social relationships. In a two-wave social network study, we find that individuals with higher levels of self-monitoring derive persistent personality-linked in-degree centrality benefits in the general socializing network but have fading benefits over time in the close friendship network. Simultaneous examination of the formation and dissolution of relationships over time (network churn) reveals that this pattern of network change is shaped by differential reactions of relationship partners to individuals based upon level of self-monitoring in the two network types. Overall, by incorporating the dynamic reactions of relationship partners, the findings contribute to the understanding of the complex relationship between personality and social network development.
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Cowley E, Czellar S. The Moderating Role of Self-Monitoring on the Interpersonal Aspects of Attitude Ambivalence. J Pers 2012; 80:949-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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KNYAZEV GENNADYG, BARCHARD KIMBERLYA, RAZUMNIKOVA OLGAM, MITROFANOVA LARISAG. The relationship of positive and negative expressiveness to the processing of emotion information. Scand J Psychol 2012; 53:206-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This article explores the role of self-monitoring in the adaptation to different linguistic environments (dialects and foreign languages). An internet study (N = 505) found the motivation and ability of speakers of local German dialects to switch to the German high language (as measured by a specifically developed scale) to be moderately related (r = .24) to their self-monitoring scores. Further analyses found this relationship to be stronger for people with stronger dialects. Also, in a survey of German first-year students (N = 88) at a Dutch university, self-monitoring was strongly related (r = .43) to a scale measuring various aspects of adaptation to the Dutch language; high self-monitors also reported less social and study-related problems due to language. We conclude from these results that self-monitoring is an important determinant of oral linguistic adaptation. Put differently, our findings extend the reach of the self-monitoring construct to the domain of language.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica de Bloom
- Behavioral Science Institute, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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HAFERKAMP CLAUDIAJ. Implications of Self-Monitoring Theory for Counseling Supervision. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.1989.tb01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sabini J, Cosmas K, Siepmann M, Stein J. Underestimates and Truly False Consensus Effects in Estimates of Embarrassment and Other Emotions. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2103_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Kilduff M, Chiaburu DS, Menges JI. Strategic use of emotional intelligence in organizational settings: Exploring the dark side. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Taub JM. Eysenck's Descriptive and Biological Theory of Personality: A Review of Construct Validity. Int J Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00207459808986443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hall JA, Andrzejewski SA, Yopchick JE. Psychosocial Correlates of Interpersonal Sensitivity: A Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-009-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bachner-Melman R, Zohar AH, Kremer I, Komer M, Blank S, Golan M, Ebstein RP. Self-monitoring in anorexia nervosa. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2009; 55:170-9. [PMID: 19240206 DOI: 10.1177/0020764008094647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A possible connection between Mark Snyder's concept of self-monitoring and anorexia nervosa (AN) has not previously been examined. AIMS We hypothesized that AN symptomatology correlates positively with the Other-Directedness aspect of Snyder's self-monitoring construct and negatively with its Extraversion aspect. METHOD 194 women with a history of AN were classified as currently ill (n = 17), partially recovered (n = 106) and recovered (n = 71).These women and 100 female controls with no history of an eating disorder completed Snyder's Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). ;Other-Directedness' and ;Acting and Extraversion'subscales were derived from an exploratory factor analysis of the Hebrew version of the SMS. Mean total and subscale scores were compared across groups, and correlations were calculated between EAT-26 scores and SMS total and subscale scores. RESULTS Both subscales of the SMS correlated significantly with total scores but not with one another. As expected, AN symptomatology and EAT-26 scores were associated positively with Other-Directedness yet negatively with Acting and Extraversion, rendering the correlation with total SMS scores insignificant. CONCLUSION Different aspects of Snyder's self-monitoring construct correlate in opposite directions with eating pathology and AN symptomatology. AN appears to be associated with high Other-Directedness but low Acting and Extroversion.
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Ickes W, Holloway R, Stinson LL, Hoodenpyle TG. Self-monitoring in social interaction: the centrality of self-affect. J Pers 2006; 74:659-84. [PMID: 16684249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the role of self-monitoring in social interaction. We first note that the presumed ease with which self-monitors adapt to new social contexts is more apparent than real, being the self-conscious outcome of (1) high self-monitors' preference for clearly defined situations, (2) their use of scripts regarding typical situations, (3) their ability to formulate effective plans of action before social encounters, and (4) their ability to use other people's behavior as a guide. We then examine the strong motive of high self-monitors to express and evoke high levels of positive affect in their interpersonal relationships. Two recent unstructured dyadic interaction studies lead us to argue that the primary concern of high self-monitors during social interaction is to regulate their own self-affect through effective impression management. In this sense, it really is the self that is closely monitored whenever self-monitoring processes influence social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ickes
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, 76019, USA.
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Flynn FJ. “How Much is it Worth to You? Subjective Evaluations of Help in Organizations”. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-3085(06)27004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ibarra H, Kilduff M, Tsai W. Zooming In and Out: Connecting Individuals and Collectivities at the Frontiers of Organizational Network Research. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1050.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lieberman MD, Rosenthal R. Why introverts can't always tell who likes them: multitasking and nonverbal decoding. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 80:294-310. [PMID: 11220447 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite personality theories suggesting that extraversion correlates with social skill, most studies have not found a positive correlation between extraversion and nonverbal decoding. The authors propose that introverts are less able to multitask and thus are poorer at nonverbal decoding, but only when it is a secondary task. Prior research has uniformly extracted the nonverbal decoding from its multitasking context and, consequently, never tested this hypothesis. In Studies 1-3, introverts exhibited a nonverbal decoding deficit, relative to extraverts, but only when decoding was a secondary rather than a primary task within a multitasking context. In Study 4, extraversion was found to correlate with central executive efficiency (r = .42) but not with storage capacity (r = .04). These results are discussed in terms of arousal theories of extraversion and the role of catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) in prefrontal function.
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Abstract
Theory and research on self-monitoring have accumulated into a sizable literature on the impact of variation in the extent to which people cultivate public appearances in diverse domains of social functioning. Yet self-monitoring and its measure, the Self-Monitoring Scale, are surrounded by controversy generated by conflicting answers to the critical question, Is self-monitoring a unitary phenomenon? A primary source of answers to this question has been largely neglected--the Self-Monitoring Scale's relations with external criteria. We propose a quantitative method to examine the self-monitoring literature and thereby address major issues of the controversy. Application of this method reveals that, with important exceptions, a wide range of external criteria tap a dimension directly measured by the Self-Monitoring Scale. We discuss what this appraisal reveals about with self-monitoring is and is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Gangestad
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA.
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Interperting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00990295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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SCHWALBE MICHAELL. Role Taking Reconsidered: Linking Competence and Performance to Social Structure. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.1988.tb00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anderson L. Self-Monitoring and Performance in Nontraditional Occupations. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp0801&2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
The present research employs a variety of methods to examine social acuity, the ability and inclination to perceive the psychological state of others and act accordingly. Sources of data include three self-report inventories (Self-Monitoring, Attributional Complexity, and Empathy), a direct measure of perceptual performance (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), and comprehensive Q-sort descriptions of personality provided by subjects peers and by the subjects themselves. The four measures of social acuity were found to be coherently interrelated; Self-Monitoring and Empathy were related to each other particularly closely. Examination of the Q-sort correlates, from both self-reports and peers' judgments, yielded an improved conceptual understanding of social acuity and demonstrated the close relationship between these measure and interpersonal effectiveness. The results are discussed in terms of the construct validity of social acuity and the usefulness of multiple methods and approaches in assessing personality.
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