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Pathman T, Shafa A, Vogt EA, Bauer PJ. Children's and adults' memory for the order of events in a museum: A preliminary study about temporal memory and its development using photo-taking and event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108835. [PMID: 38373517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Remembering personal past events and their order is important. These capacities are essential to episodic and autobiographical memory theories, are needed in the creation of life stories and vital in forensic settings. As important as memory for events and their order are, relatively little is known about their development and the underlying neural processes that support them. Further, there is a paucity of studies that have examined memory and its development for autobiographical, yet controlled, events. The objective of this study was to examine memory for the temporal order of naturalistic "real world" events by directly comparing 7-11-year-olds and adults using both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures. Participants photographed events at a local museum and after a delay, we used their photographs to test their memory for the temporal order of pairs of the events. We experimentally manipulated the temporal distance between the event pairs (whether the two events photographed in the pair had a short or long temporal distance between them). A memory asymmetry manipulation was also included such that at retrieval, photographs were either presented in forward direction (photograph on the top configuration was taken before photograph shown on the bottom) or vice versa. Children and adults showed sensitivity to temporal distance between events based on behavior (in some instances accuracy was higher for long compared to short temporal distance) and ERP (differential neural processing for short and long temporal distance conditions). Only adults showed sensitivity to the memory asymmetry manipulation, and only when the events occurred within a short temporal distance. A larger study is needed to confirm the present "proof of concept" study results. There is strong potential of this photo paradigm approach, combining naturalistic events with ERP, in future developmental studies, and would further our understanding of how memory behavior and the neural processes underlying memory operate in the "real world."
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanujeni Pathman
- Department of Psychology, York University, Behavioural Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Anousheh Shafa
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vogt
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Patricia J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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2
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Sweatman H, Lewis-de los Angeles CP, Zhang J, de los Angeles C, Ofen N, Gabrieli JDE, Chai XJ. Development of the neural correlates of recollection. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6028-6037. [PMID: 36520501 PMCID: PMC10183736 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recollection of past events has been associated with the core recollection network comprising the posterior medial temporal lobe and parietal regions, as well as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The development of the brain basis for recollection is understudied. In a sample of adults (n = 22; 18-25 years) and children (n = 23; 9-13 years), the present study aimed to address this knowledge gap using a cued recall paradigm, known to elicit recollection experience. Successful recall was associated with activations in regions of the core recollection network and frontoparietal network. Adults exhibited greater successful recall activations compared with children in the precuneus and right angular gyrus. In contrast, similar levels of successful recall activations were observed in both age groups in the mPFC. Group differences were also seen in the hippocampus and lateral frontal regions. These findings suggest that the engagement of the mPFC in episodic retrieval may be relatively early maturing, whereas the contribution to episodic retrieval of more posterior regions such as the precuneus and angular gyrus undergoes more protracted maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sweatman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - C Paula Lewis-de los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carlo de los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Noa Ofen
- Department of Psychology and the Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 524 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoqian J Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Brunetta J, Fahner J, Legemaat M, van den Bergh E, Krommenhoek K, Prinsze K, Kars M, Michiels E. Age-Appropriate Advance Care Planning in Children Diagnosed with a Life-Limiting Condition: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060830. [PMID: 35740767 PMCID: PMC9221719 DOI: 10.3390/children9060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric advance care planning (pACP) is an important strategy to support patient-centered care. It is known to be difficult, yet paramount, to involve the child in pACP while adjusting treatment to age and the corresponding stage of development. This systematic review was aimed to evaluate the age appropriateness of pACP interventions by assessing their characteristics, content, and evidence. CINAHL, Embase and MEDLINE were searched from 1 January 1998 to 31 August 2020 in order to identify peer-reviewed articles containing strategies and tools to facilitate pACP in both children (0–18 years) with life-limiting conditions and their families. An assessment of quality was performed using Cochrane tools and COREQ. The full protocol is available as PROSPERO CRD42020152243. Thirty-one articles describing 18 unique pACP tools were included. Most tools were developed for adolescents and young adults. In most cases, the interventions tried to assess the child’s and family’s preferences concerning their current and future hopes, wishes, and goals of the care. This was aimed to enhance communication about these preferences between children, their families, and health-care providers and to improve engagement in pACP. The relevance of an age-appropriate approach was mentioned in most articles, but this was mainly implicit. Seven articles implemented age-appropriate elements. Six factors influencing age appropriateness were identified. Tools to support pACP integrated age-appropriate elements to a very limited extent. They mainly focused on adolescents. The involvement of children of all ages may need a more comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brunetta
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jurrianne Fahner
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Monique Legemaat
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Esther van den Bergh
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Koen Krommenhoek
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Kyra Prinsze
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Marijke Kars
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Erna Michiels
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (E.v.d.B.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (E.M.)
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Beattie C. High court should not restrict access to puberty blockers for minors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2022; 48:71-76. [PMID: 33593872 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gender dysphoria (GD) is a clinically significant incongruence between expressed gender and assigned gender, with rapidly growing prevalence among children. The UK High Court recently conducted a judicial review regarding the service provision at a youth-focussed gender identity clinic in Tavistock. The high court adjudged it 'highly unlikely' that under-13s, and 'doubtful' that 14-15 years old, can be competent to consent to puberty blocker therapy for GD. They based their reasoning on the limited evidence regarding efficacy, the likelihood of progressing to cross-sex hormone therapy and the 'life-changing consequences' of puberty blockers. In this article, I offer two concurrent arguments to dispute their reasoning. First, I argue that minors can be competent to consent to puberty blockers for GD, because the decision to undergo puberty blocker therapy is no more complex or far-reaching than other medical decisions that we accept a child should be able to make. Second, I argue that-irrespective of competence-such legal restriction for all children fundamentally contradicts the central ethical tenet of child healthcare: best interests. For these two reasons, the high court should not restrict access to puberty blockers for competent GD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Beattie
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Haese A, Czernochowski D. Using temporo-spatial principal component analysis as tool to dissociate latent ERP components of episodic memory retrieval: Objectifying time-window selection for overlapping ERP components. Brain Cogn 2021; 157:105833. [PMID: 34979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This report details how principal component analysis (PCA) can be used as a valuable tool to dissociate latent ERP components, even when considerable temporal and spatial overlap makes it difficult to discern ERP effects in standard time windows. We illustrate our methodological approach in a data set from a recognition memory paradigm, in which event-related potential (ERP) correlates of familiarity, recollection and the late parietal negativity (LPN) were partially overlapping. By adapting standard time windows based on the results of a temporo-spatial PCA, small yet reliable ERP correlates reflecting familiarity and recollection for identical items and late recollection for changed items were identified, complementing the result pattern observed in behavioral performance. Due to similar temporo-spatial characteristics and opposing polarities in late parietal ERP correlates associated with memory retrieval, component overlap is often observed in this field of research. Hence, the complex interplay of several processes underlying higher cognitive functions such as memory retrieval may interfere with standard ERP assessment. In such instances, PCA can provide promising ways to objectively assess time window selection for subsequent ERP analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Haese
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniela Czernochowski
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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6
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Kohler M, Sandiford C, Schilds L, Payne JD. Memory for emotional images across sleep versus wake in school-aged children. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 214:105308. [PMID: 34715399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is important for emotional well-being, memory, and development in children. Regarding memory, sleep has been shown to advantage accuracy for declarative tasks but not procedural tasks. There is some evidence to suggest that sleep provides a relatively greater benefit for memory of negative emotional versus neutral images. However, the extent to which sleep benefits emotionally positive memories in children is not clear. This study assessed memory after nocturnal sleep versus daytime wake in a within-person design involving a sample of 40 children aged 7 to 14 years (M = 10.6 ± 1.9 years; 18 boys and 22 girls) for images of negative, neutral, and positive valences. Results show that after accounting for response time, memory accuracy overall was greater after sleep compared with equivalent time of wake and memory accuracy was greatest for positive images compared with both negative and neutral images. However, there was no difference between memory for negative images and that for neutral images in children, and there was no condition by valence interaction. Sleep characteristics as recorded using actigraphy, diary, and parent report were not predictive of memory performance after sleep when correcting for multiple comparisons. Overall, the results suggest that sleep may benefit memory in otherwise healthy children but that despite a bias toward memory for positive items over both negative and neutral items, there is not a relatively greater benefit for emotional versus neutral memory consolidation across sleep periods compared with wake periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kohler
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Carol Sandiford
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lauren Schilds
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jessica D Payne
- Sleep, Stress, and Memory Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Rollins L, Riggins T. Adapting event-related potential research paradigms for children: Considerations from research on the development of recognition memory. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22159. [PMID: 34333779 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most developmental event-related potential (ERP) research uses experimental paradigms modified from research with adults. One major challenge is identifying how to adapt these paradigms effectively for use with younger individuals. This paper provides guidance for developmental adaptations by considering research on the development of recognition memory. We provide a brief overview of recognition memory tasks and ERP components associated with recognition memory in children and adults. Then, we provide some general recommendations, discuss common differences between ERP studies of recognition memory in adults and children (e.g., the type of stimuli presented, response modalities), and provide suggestions for assessing the effect of task modifications on ERP components of interest. Specifically, we recommend (a) testing both children and adults on the modified paradigm to allow for a continuity of findings across development, (b) comparing children of different ages on the modified paradigm based on expectations regarding when developmental change occurs for the cognitive process of interest, and (c) empirically assessing the effect of methodological differences between paradigms. To illustrate the latter, we analyzed data from our lab comparing memory-related ERP components when children experienced a 1-day, 2-day, or 1-week delay between encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Bettencourt KM, Everett LH, Chen Y, Pathman T. Examining the development of memory for temporal context and its underlying neural processes using event-related potentials. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100932. [PMID: 33588211 PMCID: PMC7890374 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory for temporal context, vital for episodic memory, shows prolonged development. Cognitive processes and neural mechanisms driving age-related improvements unclear. Event-related potentials (ERP) used with 7−9-year-olds, 10−12-year-olds, and adults. We found age-related improvements, ERP effects, and brain-behavior relations. Implications for temporal memory and episodic memory development discussed.
Time is a critical feature of episodic memory—memory for events from a specific time and place (Tulving, 1972). Previous research indicates that temporal memory (memory for ‘when’) is slower to develop than memory for other details (e.g., ‘what’ and ‘where’), with improvements observed across middle and late childhood. The factors that drive these changes are not yet clear. We used an event-related potential (ERP) recognition memory paradigm to investigate the underlying processes of memory for temporal context in middle to late childhood (7−9-year-olds; 10−12-year-olds) and young adulthood. Behaviorally, we observed age-related improvements in the ability to place events in temporal context. ERP analyses showed old/new effects for children and adults. We also found brain-behavior relations for 1) episodic memory (ERP mean amplitude difference between source hits and correctly identified new trials was correlated to behavioral accuracy), and 2) temporal memory (ERP mean amplitude difference between source hits and source error trials was correlated to accuracy of temporal memory judgments). This work furthers our understanding of the cognitive processes and neural signatures supporting temporal memory development in middle to late childhood, and has implications for episodic memory development more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yixin Chen
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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9
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Canada KL, Geng F, Riggins T. Age- and performance-related differences in source memory retrieval during early childhood: Insights from event-related potentials. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:723-736. [PMID: 31876294 PMCID: PMC7505688 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Across early childhood, children's ability to remember individual items and the details that accompany these items (i.e., episodic memory) improves greatly. Given that these behavioral improvements coincide with increases in age, effects of age and performance are often confounded. This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate age- and performance-related differences in the neural processes underlying the development of memory for details during early childhood. Using a source memory paradigm, ERP components related to episodic memory, the negative component (Nc), and late slow wave (LSW) were examined in 4- to 8-year-old children. Analyses focused on trials for which children correctly remembered the source related to an item versus trials where the item was remembered but the source was forgotten. Results revealed LSW, but not Nc, differed as a function of age and performance. Specifically, LSW effects were similar across source correct and source incorrect trials in all high-performing children and in low-performing older children; however, LSW effects differed across conditions in low-performing younger children. Results show developmental differences in retrieval processes across early childhood and highlight the importance of considering age and performance when examining electrophysiological correlates of episodic memory during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L. Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310007
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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10
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Picture-evoked changes in pupil size predict learning success in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 192:104787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peters R, White D, Cleeland C, Scholey A. Fuel for Thought? A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies into Glucose Enhancement of Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:234-250. [PMID: 32162177 PMCID: PMC7305087 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A transient improvement in cognitive performance can be observed following the ingestion of a glucose drink, a phenomenon known as the ‘glucose facilitation effect’. The effect has been studied thoroughly in the last three decades, but its neural underpinnings remain a matter of speculation. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the current evidence from studies applying neuroimaging or neurophysiological methods to investigate the glucose enhancement effect. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria of using neuroimaging in conjunction with cognitive outcomes. Six studies employed electroencephalography (EEG), four used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and one employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). All but one study reported modulation of neurophysiology or neuroimaging markers following glucose, while only five studies reported significant changes in cognitive outcomes. The evidence suggests that glucose administration enhances neurocognitive markers of episodic memory and attentional processes underpinned by medial temporal and frontal activation, sometimes in the absence of measurable behavioural effects. Further exploration of glucose facilitation using neuroimaging measures with increased sample sizes is warranted to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - David White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Carlee Cleeland
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Ma X, Li T, Li Z, Zhou A. Episodic context reinstatement promotes memory retention in older but not younger elementary schoolchildren. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 38:304-318. [PMID: 31960469 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reinstatement of spatial and temporal background information during learning can promote memory retention in adults. However, the effect in children is unclear. In order to explore the effect of episodic context reinstatement on the memory retention of different age groups, first-grade students, third-grade students, and third-year college students studied two word lists. When the words were presented mixed together, the participants were told to either restudy the words under intentional learning conditions or make list discrimination judgements by indicating the list from which each word had originated. Results revealed that the retrieval practice based on the episodic context reinstatement paradigm showed a phased development trend in the participants compared to restudy. Episodic context reinstatement only promoted memory retention in the third-grade children and college students, but not in the first-grade children. During the early elementary school years, children do not have relatively mature episodic memory ability and cannot output memories according to context clues. Our finding suggests important guidance for the age-appropriate use of tests as instructional tools in basic education. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? One recent theory of retrieval-based learning is the episodic context account; it promotes memory retention by reinstate the context of a prior learning episode. Previous studies have confirmed in the adults that the episodic context reinstatement was the main reason for retrieval practice to promote memory retention through the list discrimination tasks What does this study add? This study revealed that the retrieval practice based on the episodic context reinstatement paradigm showed a phased development trend in the participants. Episodic context reinstatement only promoted memory retention in the third-grade children and college students, but not in the first-grade children, and the results support the episodic context assumption, namely that episodic context reinstatement is the key factor in memory retention. The results of this study can explain why most prior work has observed the effect of retrieval practice in the groups above grade three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengyan Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - AiBao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Lanzhou, China
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Assari S, Akhlaghipour G, Saqib M, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Prefrontal Cortex Response to Threat: Race by Age Variation in 9-10 Year Old Children. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 4:1-12. [PMID: 33241232 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research has suggested that race and age are two major determinants of brain development, including but not limited to development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggests that race (as a proxy of racism) may interact with various determinants of human and brain development. Minimal knowledge, however, exists on whether age and race also interact on shaping PFC response to threat among American children. PURPOSE Using data from a task-based functional brain imaging study and considering race as a sociological rather than a biological construct, we investigated combined effects of race and age on prefrontal cortical (PFC) response to threat. We explored racial heterogeneities in the association between age and PFC response to threat by comparing Black and White children. METHODS This study used the task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data from the Adolescents Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a national, landmark, multi-center brain imaging investigation of 9-10 years old children in the US. The primary outcomes were mean beta weights of n-back runs measuring PFC response to threating versus neutral face contrast in the following regions of interest (ROIs): left hemisphere-lateral orbito-frontal, left hemisphere -superior-frontal, right hemisphere -caudal middle frontal, and right hemisphere -superior frontal cortex. The independent variable was age. Covariates were sex, ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Race was the focal moderator. To analyze the data, we used linear regression models without and with interactions and SES as covariates. RESULTS We included 5,066 9-10 years old children. Age and race did not show direct effects on PFC response to threatening relative to neutral faces. While ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status were controlled, age and race showed a systematic interaction on PFC response to threatening relative to neutral faces. CONCLUSIONS For American children, race and age do not have direct effects but multiplicative effects on PFC response to threat. The results may be reflective of social inequalities in how Black and White children are socialized and developed. The results are important given the role of the PFC in regulating the limbic system response to threat. Coordinated work of the limbic system and PFC is a core element of children's behavioral and emotional development. Future research is needed on how social stratification and racism shape emotion processing and regulation of American children in response to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mohammed Saqib
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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The costs of target prioritization and the external requirements for using a recall-to-reject strategy in memory exclusion tasks: a meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 24:1844-1855. [PMID: 28299598 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In event-related potential (ERP) studies, the left-parietal old/new effect is commonly considered as a neural correlate of recollection. In memory exclusion tasks, the effect is usually observed when the targeted information is identified, but it is not necessarily present when studied items are rejected as nontargets. Interestingly, both the presence and the absence of such old/new effects to nontargets have been regarded as indicator for strategic retrieval. We reviewed previous ERP studies using memory exclusion tasks to analyze the reaction time (RT) pattern in such studies, as well as the influence of task difficulty on the occurrence of nontarget retrieval. We identified 44 test conditions, reported in 24 studies, and subjected the behavioral data to a meta-analysis. The RTs to correctly rejected new items were shorter than the RTs to hits, in particular in studies that required differentiating conceptual or perceptual information at test. When the retrieval of target information was prioritized, RTs to nontargets were delayed relative to targets. Without such prioritization, no such RT differences were observed. For test conditions with nontarget retrieval, the retrieval accuracy was poorer compared with test conditions without such retrieval. The findings support previous studies that claimed that nontarget retrieval becomes more likely when target retrieval is difficult, but the strong overlap in task difficulty between conditions with and without nontarget retrieval indicates that other, partly yet to-be-identified factors contribute to the occurrence of nontarget retrieval as well.
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15
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Rollins L, Riggins T. Age-related differences in subjective recollection: ERP studies of encoding and retrieval. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12583. [PMID: 28677331 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mentally re-experience past events improves significantly from childhood to young adulthood; however, the mechanisms underlying this ability remain poorly understood, partially because different tasks are used across the lifespan. This study was designed to address this gap by assessing the development of event-related potential (ERP) correlates associated with subjective indices of recollection. Children, adolescents, and adults performed Tulving's () remember/know paradigm while ERPs were recorded during memory encoding (Experiment 1) and retrieval (Experiment 2). Behaviorally, children recognized fewer items than adolescents and adults. All age groups reliably made subjective judgments of recollection, although the ability to make these judgments improved with age. At encoding, the ERP effect associated with recollection was present and comparable across age groups. In contrast, the ERP effect associated with recollection at retrieval differed as a function of age group; specifically, this effect was absent in children, topographically widespread in adolescents, and, consistent with previous literature, maximal over left centro-parietal leads in adults. These findings suggest that encoding processes associated with the subsequent subjective experience of recollection may be similar among children, adolescents, and adults and that age-related improvement in recollection may be primarily attributable to the development of processes that follow the initial encoding of stimuli (i.e., consolidation, storage, retrieval).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Grootens-Wiegers P, Hein IM, van den Broek JM, de Vries MC. Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:120. [PMID: 28482854 PMCID: PMC5422908 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various international laws and guidelines stress the importance of respecting the developing autonomy of children and involving minors in decision-making regarding treatment and research participation. However, no universal agreement exists as to at what age minors should be deemed decision-making competent. Minors of the same age may show different levels of maturity. In addition, patients deemed rational conversation-partners as a child can suddenly become noncompliant as an adolescent. Age, context and development all play a role in decision-making competence. In this article we adopt a perspective on competence that specifically focuses on the impact of brain development on the child’s decision-making process. Main body We believe that the discussion on decision-making competence of minors can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. We adopted such an approach in order to contribute to the understanding on how to deal with children in decision-making situations. Evidence emerging from neuroscience research concerning the developing brain structures in minors is combined with insights from various other fields, such as psychology, decision-making science and ethics. Four capacities have been described that are required for (medical) decision-making: (1) communicating a choice; (2) understanding; (3) reasoning; and (4) appreciation. Each capacity is related to a number of specific skills and abilities that need to be sufficiently developed to support the capacity. Based on this approach it can be concluded that at the age of 12 children can have the capacity to be decision-making competent. However, this age coincides with the onset of adolescence. Early development of the brain’s reward system combined with late development of the control system diminishes decision-making competence in adolescents in specific contexts. We conclude that even adolescents possessing capacities required for decision-making, may need support of facilitating environmental factors. Conclusion This paper intends to offer insight in neuroscientific mechanisms underlying the medical decision-making capacities in minors and to stimulate practices for optimal involvement of minors. Developing minors become increasingly capable of decision-making, but the neurobiological development in adolescence affects competence in specific contexts. Adequate support should be offered in order to create a context in which minors can make competently make decisions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Grootens-Wiegers
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Irma M Hein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and de Bascule, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M van den Broek
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C de Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Brod G, Lindenberger U, Shing YL. Neural activation patterns during retrieval of schema-related memories: differences and commonalities between children and adults. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 29076268 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schemas represent stable properties of individuals' experiences, and allow them to classify new events as being congruent or incongruent with existing knowledge. Research with adults indicates that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in memory retrieval of schema-related information. However, developmental differences between children and adults in the neural correlates of schema-related memories are not well understood. One reason for this is the inherent confound between schema-relevant experience and maturation, as both are related to time. To overcome this limitation, we used a novel paradigm that experimentally induces, and then probes for, task-relevant knowledge during encoding of new information. Thirty-one children aged 8-12 years and 26 young adults participated in the experiment. While successfully retrieving schema-congruent events, children showed less medial PFC activity than adults. In addition, medial PFC activity during successful retrieval correlated positively with children's age. While successfully retrieving schema-incongruent events, children showed stronger hippocampus (HC) activation as well as weaker connectivity between the striatum and the dorsolateral PFC than adults. These findings were corroborated by an exploratory full-factorial analysis investigating age differences in the retrieval of schema-congruent versus schema-incongruent events, comparing the two conditions directly. Consistent with the findings of the separate analyses, two clusters, one in the medial PFC, one in the HC, were identified that exhibited a memory × congruency × age group interaction. In line with the two-component model of episodic memory development, the present findings point to an age-related shift from a more HC-bound processing to an increasing recruitment of prefrontal brain regions in the retrieval of schema-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Brod
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.,European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
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18
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Task characteristics are critical for the use of familiarity: An ERP study on episodic memory development in middle childhood. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Boucher O, Chouinard-Leclaire C, Muckle G, Westerlund A, Burden MJ, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL. An ERP study of recognition memory for concrete and abstract pictures in school-aged children. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 106:106-14. [PMID: 27329352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory for concrete, nameable pictures is typically faster and more accurate than for abstract pictures. A dual-coding account for these findings suggests that concrete pictures are processed into verbal and image codes, whereas abstract pictures are encoded in image codes only. Recognition memory relies on two successive and distinct processes, namely familiarity and recollection. Whether these two processes are similarly or differently affected by stimulus concreteness remains unknown. This study examined the effect of picture concreteness on visual recognition memory processes using event-related potentials (ERPs). In a sample of children involved in a longitudinal study, participants (N=96; mean age=11.3years) were assessed on a continuous visual recognition memory task in which half the pictures were easily nameable, everyday concrete objects, and the other half were three-dimensional abstract, sculpture-like objects. Behavioral performance and ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection (respectively, the FN400 and P600 repetition effects) were measured. Behavioral results indicated faster and more accurate identification of concrete pictures as "new" or "old" (i.e., previously displayed) compared to abstract pictures. ERPs were characterized by a larger repetition effect, on the P600 amplitude, for concrete than for abstract images, suggesting a graded recollection process dependent on the type of material to be recollected. Topographic differences were observed within the FN400 latency interval, especially over anterior-inferior electrodes, with the repetition effect more pronounced and localized over the left hemisphere for concrete stimuli, potentially reflecting different neural processes underlying early processing of verbal/semantic and visual material in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucher
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gina Muckle
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Matthew J Burden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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20
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Liverani MC, Manuel AL, Nahum L, Guardabassi V, Tomasetto C, Schnider A. [Formula: see text]Children's sense of reality: The development of orbitofrontal reality filtering. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:408-421. [PMID: 26678872 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1120861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Orbitofrontal reality filtering denotes a memory control mechanism necessary to keep thought and behavior in phase with reality. In adults, it is mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex and subcortical connections and its failure induces reality confusion, confabulations, and disorientation. Here we investigated for the first time the development of this mechanism in 83 children from ages 7 to 11 years and 20 adults. We used an adapted version of a continuous recognition task composed of two runs with the same picture set but arranged in different order. The first run measures storage and recognition capacity (item memory), the second run measures reality filtering. We found that accuracy and reaction times in response to all stimulus types of the task improved in parallel across ages. Importantly, at no age was there a notable performance drop in the second run. This means that reality filtering was already efficacious at age 7 and then steadily improved as item memory became stronger. At the age of 11 years, reality filtering dissociated from item memory, similar to the pattern observed in adults. However, performance in 11-year-olds was still inferior as compared to adults. The study shows that reality filtering develops early in childhood and becomes more efficacious as memory capacity increases. For the time being, it remains unresolved, however, whether this function already depends on the orbitofrontal cortex, as it does in adults, or on different brain structures in the developing brains of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Liverani
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | - Carlo Tomasetto
- b Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Armin Schnider
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland.,c Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University Hospital and University of Geneva , Switzerland
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21
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How to learn places without spatial concepts: Does the what-and-where reaction time system in children regulate learning during stimulus repetition? Brain Cogn 2015; 97:59-73. [PMID: 26025390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of repetition for place learning in children although the acquisition of organizing spatial concepts is often seen as more essential. In a reaction-time accuracy task, 7- and 9-year-old children were presented with a randomized sequence of objects-in-places. In a novelty condition (NC), memory sets in different colors were presented, while in a repetition condition (RC), the identical memory set was tested several times. Shape memory deteriorated more than place memory in the NC, but also stayed superior to place memory when both improved in the RC. False alarms occurred for objects and places in the same way in 7-year-olds in the NC, but were negligible for 9-year-olds. In contrast, false alarms in the RC occurred in both age groups mainly for place memory. The Common Region Test (CRT) predicted reaction times only in the novelty condition, indicating use of spatial concepts. Importantly, reaction times for shapes were faster than for places at the beginning of the experiment but slowed down thereafter, while reaction times for places were slow at the beginning of the experiment but accelerated considerably thereafter. False alarms and regulation of reaction times indicated that repetition facilitated true abstraction of information leading to place learning without spatial concepts.
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22
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Haese A, Czernochowski D. Sometimes we have to intentionally focus on the details: Incidental encoding and perceptual change decrease recognition memory performance and the ERP correlate of recollection. Brain Cogn 2015; 96:1-11. [PMID: 25801188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that memory retrieval is based on two independent processes: Recollection and familiarity. Here, we investigated the role of incidental and intentional encoding, and specifically whether perceptual changes between study and test affects behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of both retrieval processes. During retrieval, participants distinguished between identical and changed exemplars as well as novel distractors. Following incidental encoding, participants had difficulty identifying changed exemplars; item and feature recognition increased after intentional encoding, in particular for changed exemplars. Reflecting this increase in memory performance, the ERP correlate of recollection was larger after intentional encoding and for identical item repetitions, whereas the ERP correlate for familiarity was largely unaffected. Pre-response old/new effects corresponding to later aspects of recollection (700-1000 ms relative to stimulus onset) were larger in response-compared to stimulus-locked averages, but also of similar magnitude for identical and changed exemplars. These results corroborate previous findings suggesting that the electrophysiological signature of recollection is modulated as a function of memory performance. The role of task characteristics and material retrieved from memory for modulations in familiarity-based retrieval processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Haese
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Czernochowski
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Rollins L, Riggins T. Processing and rejection of novel items in childhood: event-related potential study of similar lures and novel foils. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:263-70. [PMID: 25631694 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability to correctly identify novel items improves during childhood. Failures to correctly identify novel items are most likely to occur when novel items are similar to previously encountered items (i.e., similar lures) than when they are distinct (i.e., novel foils). Age-related improvements in the correct rejection of novel items are important for children's learning and in applied settings, such as participation in legal proceedings (e.g., lineup identification). However, research has not assessed what processes support children's ability to reliably reject similar lures. The current study examined the rejection of similar lures and novel foils in thirty-eight 5- and 6-year-old children using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Following a week delay, children were less proficient at rejecting similar lures than novel foils and elicited a larger amplitude Nc response (i.e., 350-500 ms) to similar lures. This finding, taken in conjunction with previous studies demonstrating the role of the Nc in attentional processes [see de Haan, M. (2007). Visual attention and recognition memory in infancy. In M. de Haan (Ed.), Infant EEG and event-related potentials (pp. 101-144). New York, NY: Psychology Press], suggests that children allocate greater attention toward similar lures, compared to novel foils, when accurately rejecting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA
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24
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Kipp KH, Mecklinger A, Brunnemann N, Shamdeen MG, Meng-Hentschel J, Gortner L. Modifications of recognition memory processes in preterm children: an event-related potential study. Child Dev 2014; 86:379-93. [PMID: 25521668 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity may cause hippocampal compromise. Therefore, hippocampus-dependent memory processes (recollection-based retrieval) may be more impaired than hippocampus-independent processes (familiarity-based retrieval). The memory of 18 children born preterm with reduced hippocampal volumes, without neonatal complications (weeks of gestation < 34, weight < 1,600 g), and 15 controls (8-10 years) was tested using an item recognition task. While groups were equal in memory performance, dissociation was found: The event-related potential (ERP) correlate of familiarity was intact in the preterm group, whereas the correlate of recollection was attenuated. A follow-up experiment ruled out that this was due to general cognitive deficits. Furthermore, gestational age correlated with the ERP index of recollection. Thus, recognition memory in preterm children may be characterized by a compensation of attenuated recollection by familiarity.
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25
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Chalmers KA. Whose picture is this? Children's memory for item and source information. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 32:480-91. [DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A. Chalmers
- School of Psychology; University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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26
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Sprondel V, Kipp KH, Mecklinger A. Timing matters: Age-related changes in episodic retrieval control as revealed by event-related potentials. Brain Res 2013; 1537:143-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Howe ML. Memory development: implications for adults recalling childhood experiences in the courtroom. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:869-76. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Demaster DM, Ghetti S. Developmental differences in hippocampal and cortical contributions to episodic retrieval. Cortex 2012; 49:1482-93. [PMID: 22981810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory, or the ability to form and retrieve conscious memories about specific past events, improves during childhood. Previous adult neuroimaging results indicate a central role of the hippocampus in episodic retrieval, but it is not clear whether the contribution of the hippocampus changes during development. Traditionally, developmental improvements in episodic retrieval have been thought to depend on strategic processes mediated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region that is considered to have a protracted course of development relative to the hippocampus. The primary goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the development of episodic retrieval is also associated with changes in hippocampal function. Children ages 8- to 11-years-old and adults ages 18-25 (N = 41) encoded black and white line drawings surrounded by either a green or red border. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired while participants attempted to recall which colour was originally paired with each drawing. Correct recall of item-colour pairings indicated successful episodic retrieval. Activity in the anterior hippocampus, but not in the posterior hippocampus, was associated with episodic retrieval in adults, whereas activity in the posterior, but not in the anterior hippocampus, was associated with episodic retrieval in children. Developmental differences were also found in regions in anterior lateral PFC and posterior parietal cortex. Overall, these results support the view that the development of episodic memory is supported by functional changes in the hippocampus as well as in other critical cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Demaster
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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29
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Voss JL, Lucas HD, Paller KA. More than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval. Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 24171735 PMCID: PMC4385384 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.674935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The subjective experiences of recollection and familiarity have featured prominently in the search for neurocognitive mechanisms of memory. However, these two explicit expressions of memory, which involve conscious awareness of memory retrieval, are distinct from an entire category of implicit expressions of memory that do not entail such awareness. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that neurocognitive processing related to implicit memory can powerfully influence the behavioral and neural measures typically associated with explicit memory. Although there are striking distinctions between the neurocognitive processing responsible for implicit versus explicit memory, tests designed to measure only explicit memory nonetheless often capture implicit memory processing as well. In particular, the evidence described here suggests that investigations of familiarity memory are prone to the accidental capture of implicit memory processing. These findings have considerable implications for neurocognitive accounts of memory, as they suggest that many neural and behavioral measures often accepted as signals of explicit memory instead reflect the distinct operation of implicit memory mechanisms that are only sometimes related to explicit memory expressions. Proper identification of the explicit and implicit mechanisms for memory is vital to understanding the normal operation of memory, in addition to the disrupted memory capabilities associated with many neurological disorders and mental illnesses. We suggest that future progress requires utilizing neural, behavioral, and subjective evidence to dissociate implicit and explicit memory processing so as to better understand their distinct mechanisms as well as their potential relationships. When searching for the neurocognitive mechanisms of memory, it is important to keep in mind that memory involves more than a feeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather D. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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30
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Sprondel V, Kipp KH, Mecklinger A. Electrophysiological evidence for late maturation of strategic episodic retrieval processes. Dev Sci 2012; 15:330-44. [PMID: 22490174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in source memory performance throughout development is thought to be mediated by strategic processes that facilitate the retrieval of task-relevant information. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined developmental changes in these processes during adolescence. Adolescents (13-14 years) and adults (19-29 years) completed a memory exclusion task which required the discrimination between words studied in one color ('targets') and words studied in the alternative color ('non-targets') under two conditions that put different demands on strategic control. Memory accuracy improved with age and also increased with decreasing control demands in both age groups. The parietal old/new effect, an ERP correlate of recollection, was reliable for targets across conditions in both age groups. By contrast, ERP correlates of non-target recollection were present in adolescents across conditions but not in adults. This suggests that adults implemented a strategy to prioritize recollection of target information with greater success than adolescents regardless of control demands, presumably reflecting maturational differences in cognitive control. In support of this view, the ERP amplitude difference between targets and non-targets was positively correlated with a measure of working memory capacity (WMC) in adults but not in adolescents. A further age-related difference was that ERP correlates of post-retrieval processing, including late right-frontal old/new effects and late posterior negativities, were observed in adults only. Together, our data suggest protracted maturation in the strategic processes that underlie selective recollection and post-retrieval control.
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31
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Kipp KH, Opitz B, Becker M, Hofmann J, Krick C, Gortner L, Mecklinger A. Neural correlates of recognition memory in children with febrile seizures: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:17. [PMID: 22347857 PMCID: PMC3278706 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are assumed to not have adverse long-term effects on cognitive development. Nevertheless, FS are often associated with hippocampal sclerosis which can imply episodic memory deficits. This interrelation has hardly been studied so far. In the current study 13 children who had suffered from FS during infancy and 14 control children (7 to 9-years-old) were examined for episodic and semantic memory with standardized neuropsychological tests. Furthermore, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we studied neuronal activation while the children performed a continuous recognition memory task. The analysis of the behavioral data of the neuropsychological tests and the recognition memory experiment did not reveal any between-group differences in memory performance. Consistent with other studies fMRI revealed repetition enhancement effects for both groups in a variety of brain regions (e.g., right middle frontal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus) and a repetition suppression effect in the right superior temporal gyrus. Different neural activation patterns between both groups were obtained selectively within the right supramarginal gyrus (BA 40). In the control group correct rejections of new items were associated with stronger activation than correctly identified old items (HITs) whereas in the FS group no difference occurred. On the background that the right supramarginal gyrus is assumed to mediate a top-down process to internally direct attention toward recollected information, the results could indicate that control children used strategic recollection in order to reject new items (recall-to-reject). In contrast, the missing effect in the FS group could reflect a lack of strategy use, possibly due to impaired recollective processing. This study demonstrates that FS, even with mainly benign courses, can be accompanied by selective modifications in the neural structures underlying recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin H Kipp
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University Saarbruecken, Germany
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Güler OE, Hostinar CE, Frenn KA, Nelson CA, Gunnar MR, Thomas KM. Electrophysiological evidence of altered memory processing in children experiencing early deprivation. Dev Sci 2012; 15:345-58. [PMID: 22490175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Associations between early deprivation and memory functioning were examined in 9- to 11-year-old children. Children who had experienced prolonged institutional care prior to adoption were compared to children who were adopted early from foster care and children reared in birth families. Measures included the Paired Associates Learning task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test and Automated Battery (CANTAB) and a continuous recognition memory task during which ERPs were also recorded. Children who experienced prolonged institutionalization showed deficits in both behavioral memory measures as well as an attenuated P300 parietal memory effect. Results implicate memory function as one of the domains that may be negatively influenced by early deprivation in the form of institutional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Evren Güler
- Department of Psychology, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Sprondel V, Kipp KH, Mecklinger A. Developmental changes in item and source memory: evidence from an ERP recognition memory study with children, adolescents, and adults. Child Dev 2011; 82:1638-953. [PMID: 21883163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of item and source memory were assessed in 18 children (7-8 years), 20 adolescents (13-14 years), and 20 adults (20-29 years) performing a continuous recognition memory task with object and nonobject stimuli. Memory performance increased with age and was particularly low for source memory in children. The ERP difference between first presentations of objects and nonobjects, reflecting generic novelty processing, showed only small developmental changes. Regarding item memory, adults showed the putative ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection, whereas ERP effects in children and adolescents suggested a strong reliance on recollection. ERP correlates of source memory refined with age, suggesting maturation of strategic recollection between childhood and adolescence and the development of postretrieval control until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Sprondel
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Treese AC, Johansson M, Lindgren M. Oh, it's you again: memory interference from irrelevant emotional and neutral faces. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:907-15. [PMID: 21824028 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, repeated runs of a continuous recognition task were employed to assess healthy participants' ability to handle interference from irrelevant emotional and neutral memories. Presumably, such interference can be due to salience from either emotional or mnemonic processing. In both experiments, participants made more false alarms to emotional faces that were familiar from preceding runs (i.e., emotion-induced temporal-context confusion). Participants performed well for neutral faces in the first experiment including only two runs. However, increasing the number of runs to four in the second experiment induced temporal context confusion also for neutral faces. The findings suggest that memory interference can be induced when the salience of irrelevant information is erroneously considered diagnostic for memory judgements.
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Voss JL, Federmeier KD. FN400 potentials are functionally identical to N400 potentials and reflect semantic processing during recognition testing. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:532-46. [PMID: 20701709 PMCID: PMC2982896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "F" in FN400 denotes a more frontal scalp distribution relative to the morphologically similar N400 component-a distinction consistent with the hypothesized distinct roles of FN400 in familiarity memory versus N400 in language. However, no direct comparisons have substantiated these assumed dissimilarities. To this end, we manipulated short-term semantic priming during a recognition test. Semantic priming effects on N400 were indistinguishable from memory effects at the same latency, and semantic priming strongly modulated the "FN400," despite having no influence on familiarity memory. Thus, no evidence suggested either electrophysiological or functional differences between the N400 and FN400, and findings were contrary to the linking of the "FN400" to familiarity. Instead, it appears that semantic/conceptual priming (reflected in the N400) occurs during recognition tests and is frequently (mis)labeled as FN400 and attributed to familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Voss
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kara D. Federmeier
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Cognitive processes supporting episodic memory formation in childhood: The role of source memory, binding, and executive functioning. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kipp KH, Mecklinger A, Becker M, Reith W, Gortner L. Infant febrile seizures: changes in declarative memory as revealed by event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:2007-16. [PMID: 20566303 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE According to a widespread opinion the vast majority of infant febrile seizures (IFS) are harmless. However, IFS are often associated with hippocampal sclerosis, which should lead to deficient episodic memory with spared context-free semantic memories. Although IFS represent the most common convulsive disorder in children, these consequences are rarely examined. METHODS We measured the hippocampal volume of 17 IFS children (7-9 years old) and an age-matched control group on the basis of MR images. Furthermore, we examined episodic and semantic memory performance with standardized neuropsychological tests. Two processes underlying recognition memory, namely familiarity and recollection, were assessed by means of event-related potentials (ERP). RESULTS The IFS children did not show a decreased hippocampus volume. Intelligence, working memory, semantic and episodic memory were intact. However, ERP indices of recognition memory subprocesses revealed deficits in recollection-based remembering that presumably relies on the integrity of the hippocampus, whereas familiarity-based remembering seemed to be intact. CONCLUSIONS Although hippocampus volume remains unaffected, IFS seems to induce functional changes in the MTL memory network, characterized by a compensation of recollection by familiarity-based remembering. SIGNIFICANCE This study significantly adds to the debate on the consequences of IFS by differentiating the impact on memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin H Kipp
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Mecklinger A, Brunnemann N, Kipp K. Two processes for recognition memory in children of early school age: an event-related potential study. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 23:435-46. [PMID: 20146611 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection and their development in 8- to 10-year-old children and a control group of young adults. Capitalizing on the different temporal dynamics of familiarity and recollection, we tested recognition memory in both groups with a speeded and nonspeeded response condition. Consistent with the view that familiarity is available earlier than recollection and by this more relevant for speeded recognition judgments, adults and children showed an early frontal old/new effect, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity in the speeded response condition. No parietal old/new effect, the putative ERP correlate of recollection was obtained in the speeded condition in neither group. Conversely, in the nonspeeded condition, both groups showed the parietal old/new effect, and a frontal effect was additionally observed for adults. In light of the generally lower memory accuracy of the children, these data suggested that children use a weaker and less matured version of the same explicit memory network used by adults in which familiarity and recollection differentially contribute to speeded and nonspeeded recognition memory judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mecklinger
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarland, Germany.
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Treese AC, Johansson M, Lindgren M. ERP correlates of target-distracter differentiation in repeated runs of a continuous recognition task with emotional and neutral faces. Brain Cogn 2010; 72:430-41. [PMID: 20096982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emotional salience of faces has previously been shown to induce memory distortions in recognition memory tasks. This event-related potential (ERP) study used repeated runs of a continuous recognition task with emotional and neutral faces to investigate emotion-induced memory distortions. In the second and third runs, participants made more false alarms to distracters (repeated from previous runs). Emotion did not modulate the amount of errors, but the extent to which recollection was employed to maximise performance as reflected in the putative ERP correlate of recollection; the parietal old-new effect. Targets from all stimulus classes (positive, negative, neutral) were associated with parietal ERP memory effects, but this was also the case for correctly rejected negative distracters. This suggests that recollection was strategically used to correctly reject negative distracters (recall-to-reject). This finding is consistent with the view that facilitated recollection of negative stimuli may be used to decrease the susceptibility to memory errors induced by emotional salience.
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Friedman D, de Chastelaine M, Nessler D, Malcolm B. Changes in familiarity and recollection across the lifespan: an ERP perspective. Brain Res 2010; 1310:124-41. [PMID: 19914220 PMCID: PMC2812671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recognize previous experience depends on two neurocognitive processes, familiarity, fast-acting and relatively automatic, and recollection, slower-acting and more effortful. Familiarity appears to mature relatively early in development and is maintained with aging, whereas recollection shows protracted development and deteriorates with aging. To assess this model, ERP and behavioral data were recorded in children (9-10 years), adolescents (13-14), young (20-30) and older (65-85) adults during a recognition memory task in which the same items were studied and tested over four cycles. Participants decided whether each item was old or new and then whether the decision was associated with (Remember, R) or without (Know, K) contextual detail. Memory sensitivity was greatest in young adults, although all groups showed increases in memory sensitivity and R judgments with repetition. Familiarity-based processes (mid-frontal episodic memory, EM, effect) appeared to be used by adolescents, young and older adults, but apparently not to the same extent by children. Recollection-based processes (parietal EM effect) were recruited by children, adolescents and young adults, but to a much lesser extent by older adults. Repetition enhanced the parietal effect in all but older adults. However, post-hoc analyses indicated that reduced recollective processing was confined to poor-performing older adults. By contrast, children appeared to rely mainly on recollection concordant with their conservative decision criteria across tests. We conclude that episodic-memory development reflects the increasingly flexible and interchangeable use of familiarity and recollection with a breakdown in the latter at older ages, perhaps limited to poor-performing older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedman
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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