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Phaf RH, Rotteveel M. An Audience Facilitates Facial Feedback: A Social-Context Hypothesis Reconciling Original Study and Nonreplication. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231153975. [PMID: 36735237 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231153975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonreplications of previously undisputed phenomena tend to leave a theoretical vacuum. This theoretical perspective seeks to fill the gap left by the failure to replicate unobtrusive facial feedback. In the emblematic original study, participants who held a pen between the teeth (i.e., requiring activity of the zygomaticus major muscle) rated cartoons more positively than participants who held the pen between the lips. We argue that the same social mechanisms (e.g., the presence of an audience) modulate facial feedback to emotion as are involved in the feed-forward shaping of facial actions by emotions. Differing social contexts could thus help explain the contrast between original findings and failures to obtain unobtrusive facial feedback. An exploratory analysis that included results only from (unobtrusive) facial-feedback studies without explicit reference to emotion in the facial manipulation provided preliminary support for this hypothesis. Studies with a social context (e.g., due to experimenter presence) showed a medium-sized aggregate facial-feedback effect, whereas studies without a social context (e.g., when facial actions were only filmed), revealed a small effect. Video awareness strengthened facial feedback considerably within an engaging social context, but seemed to reduce it without a social context. We provisionally conclude that a (pro-)social interpretation of facial actions facilitates feedback to (primarily positive) emotion, and suggest further research explicitly manipulating this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hans Phaf
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, 100440Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Brain and Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Rotteveel
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, 1234Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Social Psychology Program, Department of Psychology, 1234Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Mathes EW. Do extroverts choose happy entertainments and neurotics, sad entertainments? A test of the trait-consistent affect regulation hypothesis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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3
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Parsons S. Addressing Racial Biases in Medicine: A Review of the Literature, Critique, and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2020; 50:371-386. [DOI: 10.1177/0020731420940961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on racism in medicine in the United States and reflects on the persistent barriers to diminishing racial biases in the U.S. health care system. Espoused strategies for decreasing racial disparities and reducing racial biases among physicians are critiqued, and recommendations are offered. Those recommendations include increasing the number of minority students in medical school, using Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana, as the model for medical school preparation; revamping the teaching of cultural competence; ensuring the quality of non-clinical staff; and reducing the risk of burnout among medical providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Parsons
- School of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
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4
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Abstract
According to (a) the beauty ideal of a full head of hair and (b) the physical attractiveness stereotype (PAS; "what is beautiful is good"), bald men should appear less attractive than nonbald men, not only physically but also socially. To explain inconsistent results on this prediction in previous research, we suggest two antagonistic processes: the automatic activation of the PAS at the implicit level and its suppression at the explicit level, the latter process selectively triggered by individuating information about the target person. In line with this account, we only found negative social attractiveness ratings for bald men by same-aged women when individuating target information was lacking (Experiment 1). In contrast, irrespective of whether individuating information was available or not, we reliably found evidence for the PAS in different implicit paradigms (the implicit association test in Experiment 2 and a source monitoring task in Experiment 3). We conclude that individuating information about bald men suppresses PAS application, but not PAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Kranz
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier,
Germany
| | - Lena Nadarevic
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim,
Germany
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5
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Forscher PS, Lai CK, Axt JR, Ebersole CR, Herman M, Devine PG, Nosek BA. A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 117:522-559. [PMID: 31192631 PMCID: PMC6687518 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel technique known as network meta-analysis, we synthesized evidence from 492 studies (87,418 participants) to investigate the effectiveness of procedures in changing implicit measures, which we define as response biases on implicit tasks. We also evaluated these procedures' effects on explicit and behavioral measures. We found that implicit measures can be changed, but effects are often relatively weak (|ds| < .30). Most studies focused on producing short-term changes with brief, single-session manipulations. Procedures that associate sets of concepts, invoke goals or motivations, or tax mental resources changed implicit measures the most, whereas procedures that induced threat, affirmation, or specific moods/emotions changed implicit measures the least. Bias tests suggested that implicit effects could be inflated relative to their true population values. Procedures changed explicit measures less consistently and to a smaller degree than implicit measures and generally produced trivial changes in behavior. Finally, changes in implicit measures did not mediate changes in explicit measures or behavior. Our findings suggest that changes in implicit measures are possible, but those changes do not necessarily translate into changes in explicit measures or behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calvin K. Lai
- Dept. of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jordan R. Axt
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | | | - Brian A. Nosek
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA
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6
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Steimer A, Mata A, Simão C. Ascribing Meaning to the Past: Self–Other Differences in Weighing Good and Bad Deeds. SOCIAL COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2019.37.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Mata
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa
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7
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Kaiser J, Davey GCL. The effect of facial feedback on the evaluation of statements describing everyday situations and the role of awareness. Conscious Cogn 2017; 53:23-30. [PMID: 28609702 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
According to theories of embodiment enacting a smile or a frown can positively or negatively influence one's evaluations, even without awareness of one's facial activity. While some previous studies found evidence for facial feedback effects, recent replication attempts could not confirm these findings. Are our decisions throughout the day amenable to the state of our facial muscles? We tested the effect of smiling and frowning on the evaluation of emotional sentences describing everyday situations. While most previous studies based their assessment of awareness on verbal debriefing interviews without explicitly defined criteria, we employed a written debriefing questionnaire in order to avoid potential bias when identifying participants' awareness. Our results indicate that smiling/frowning increased/decreased sentence ratings only for participants aware of their expressions. This emphasizes the importance of more rigorous awareness tests in facial feedback studies. Our results support the view that facial feedback cannot necessarily influence us without conscious mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kaiser
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - Graham C L Davey
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
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8
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Abstract
Two studies investigated the psychological underpinnings of racial nonbias, defined as extremely low or null bias on measures of implicit and explicit racial attitudes. In Study 1, racially nonbiased Whites showed differential susceptibility to affective conditioning compared with subjects with greater bias. A significant two-way interaction emerged, indicating that nonbiased individuals were significantly less likely than other individuals to acquire negative affective associations to neutral stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm, but were more likely than other individuals to acquire positive affective associations to neutral stimuli. This pattern of findings was replicated in Study 2, in which the identification of nonbiased Whites was facilitated by their nomination by an African American acquaintance. Implications for bias formation and prejudice reduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Livingston
- Kellogg School of Mangement, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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9
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Messing S, Jabon M, Plaut E. Bias in the Flesh: Skin Complexion and Stereotype Consistency in Political Campaigns. PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY 2015; 80:44-65. [PMID: 27257306 PMCID: PMC4884813 DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence linking skin complexion to negative stereotypes and adverse real-world outcomes. We extend these findings to political ad campaigns, in which skin complexion can be easily manipulated in ways that are difficult to detect. Devising a method to measure how dark a candidate appears in an image, this paper examines how complexion varied with ad content during the 2008 presidential election campaign (study 1). Findings show that darker images were more frequent in negative ads-especially those linking Obama to crime-which aired more frequently as Election Day approached. We then conduct an experiment to document how these darker images can activate stereotypes, and show that a subtle darkness manipulation is sufficient to activate the most negative stereotypes about Blacks-even when the candidate is a famous counter-stereotypical exemplar-Barack Obama (study 2). Further evidence of an evaluative penalty for darker skin comes from an observational study measuring affective responses to depictions of Obama with varying skin complexion, presented via the Affect Misattribution Procedure in the 2008 American National Election Study (study 3). This study demonstrates that darker images are used in a way that complements ad content, and shows that doing so can negatively affect how individuals evaluate candidates and think about politics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Messing
- *Address correspondence to Solomon Messing, Pew Research Center, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, USA; e-mail:
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10
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Cox WTL, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 7:427-49. [PMID: 26168502 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612455204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social psychologists fighting prejudice and clinical psychologists fighting depression have long been separated by the social-clinical divide, unaware that they were facing a common enemy. Stereotypes about others leading to prejudice (e.g., Devine, 1989) and schemas about the self leading to depression (e.g., A. T. Beck, 1967) are fundamentally the same type of cognitive structure. According to the integrated perspective on prejudice and depression, negative stereotypes (i.e., schemas) are activated in a Source, who expresses prejudice toward the Target, causing the Target to experience depression. This linking of prejudice and depression (i.e., "comorbid" prejudice and depression) can occur at the societal level (e.g., Nazis' prejudice causing Jews' depression), the interpersonal level (e.g., an abuser's prejudice causing an abusee's depression), and the intrapersonal level (e.g., a person's self-prejudice causing his or her depression). The integrated perspective addresses several longstanding paradoxes, controversies, and questions; generates new areas of inquiry; and spotlights specific methods and findings that have direct cross-disciplinary applications in the battle against prejudice and depression. Ironically, some interventions developed by depression researchers may be especially useful against prejudice, and some interventions developed by prejudice researchers may be especially useful against depression.
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11
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Sel A, Calvo-Merino B, Tuettenberg S, Forster B. When you smile, the world smiles at you: ERP evidence for self-expression effects on face processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1316-22. [PMID: 25717074 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models of emotion simulation propose that intentionally posing a facial expression can change one's subjective feelings, which in turn influences the processing of visual input. However, the underlying neural mechanism whereby one's facial emotion modulates the visual cortical responses to other's facial expressions remains unknown. To understand how one's facial expression affects visual processing, we measured participants' visual evoked potentials (VEPs) during a facial emotion judgment task of positive and neutral faces. To control for the effects of facial muscles on VEPs, we asked participants to smile (adopting an expression of happiness), to purse their lips (incompatible with smiling) or to pose with a neutral face, in separate blocks. Results showed that the smiling expression modulates face-specific visual processing components (N170/vertex positive potential) to watching other facial expressions. Specifically, when making a happy expression, neutral faces are processed similarly to happy faces. When making a neutral expression or pursing the lips, however, responses to neutral and happy face are significantly different. This effect was source localized within multisensory associative areas, angular gyrus, associative visual cortex and somatosensory cortex. We provide novel evidence that one's own emotional expression acts as a top-down influence modulating low-level neural encoding during facial perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sel
- Laboratory of Action and Body, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK, Department of Psychology, City University London, London EC1V 0HB, UK, and
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Merino
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London EC1V 0HB, UK, and Department of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Simone Tuettenberg
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London EC1V 0HB, UK, and
| | - Bettina Forster
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London EC1V 0HB, UK, and
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12
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Abstract
Research has shown that mindfulness can positively affect peoples’ lives in a number of ways, including relying less on previously established associations. We focused on the impact of mindfulness on implicit age and racial bias as measured by implicit association tests (IATs). Participants listened to either a mindfulness or a control audio and then completed the race and age IATs. Mindfulness meditation caused an increase in state mindfulness and a decrease in implicit race and age bias. Analyses using the Quad Model showed that this reduction was due to weaker automatically activated associations on the IATs.
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13
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Rohrbacher H, Blackwell SE, Holmes EA, Reinecke A. Optimizing the ingredients for imagery-based interpretation bias modification for depressed mood: is self-generation more effective than imagination alone? J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:212-8. [PMID: 24113076 PMCID: PMC3878375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Negative interpretation is thought to be crucial in the development and maintenance of depression. Recently developed cognitive bias modification paradigms, intending to change these biases towards a more optimistic interpretation tendency (CBM-I), seem to offer new promising implications for cognitive therapy innovation. This study aimed to increase our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of action of imagery-based CBM-I in the context of depressed mood. We therefore compared the efficacy of CBM-I requiring participants to imagine standardized positive resolutions to a novel, more active training version that required participants to generate the positive interpretations themselves. Fifty-four participants were randomly allocated to (1) standardized CBM-I, (2) self-generation CBM-I or (3) a control group. Outcome measures included self-report mood measures and a depression-related interpretation bias measure. Both positive training variants significantly increased the tendency to interpret fresh ambiguous material in an optimistic manner. However, only the standardized imagery CBM-I paradigm positively influenced mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Rohrbacher
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrea Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1865 226471.
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14
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Bilewicz M, Kogan A. Embodying imagined contact: Facial feedback moderates the intergroup consequences of mental simulation. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 53:387-95. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Mori H, Mori K. AN IMPLICIT ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL CHEEK RAISING: WHEN YOUR FACE SMILES, THE WORLD LOOKS NICER 1,2. Percept Mot Skills 2013. [DOI: 10.2466/24.50.pms.116.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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17
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Mori H, Mori K. An Implicit Assessment of the Effect of Artificial Cheek Raising: When Your Face Smiles, the World Looks Nicer. Percept Mot Skills 2013; 116:466-71. [DOI: 10.2466/24.50.pms.116.2.466-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted with 80 undergraduate participants (52 men and 28 women) to examine whether the sensation of having the cheeks lifted or pulled down would elicit different responses in an implicit association test. Implicit emotional responses were measured for two facial feedback conditions by utilizing a modified Affect Misattribution Procedure. The participants wore one of two types of simple devices designed to either raise or lower the cheeks, and rated neutral targets preceded by three types (positive, neutral, or negative) of prime photos. The results showed that the participants whose cheeks were raised tended to rate the targets statistically more positively than did those whose cheeks were lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Mori
- Bunka Gakuen Nagano Technical College, Nagano City, Japan
| | - Kazuo Mori
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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18
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Coutanche MN, Thompson-Schill SL. Reversal Without Remapping. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2012; 7:118-34. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691611434211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The “cognitive revolution” in psychology is often framed as a departure from associationist principles rooted in animal learning research, yet it is clear that these principles have immediate relevance for contemporary questions in cognitive and social psychology. Intuitions about the consequences of learning procedures can easily be misleading, making these principles particularly important. To illustrate this point, we identified recent examples of studies applying a particular learning paradigm—response-reversal training—to the study of three different psychological problems (e.g., why objects in the right side of space are preferred to those in the left in right-handed people). The strategy of each study was to alter a typically encountered contingency once in the laboratory, in order to reverse a hypothesized learned response. Yet, contrary to intuitions, we demonstrate that behavior changes can be observed without the reversal of a prior association. Further, many different associative changes can underlie response reversals. We focus on these examples of response-reversal training, but our broader aim is to help connect the animal learning literature to problems in cognitive and social psychology in an effort to strengthen the inferences that might be drawn about learned associations in these contexts.
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19
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Briñol P, Petty RE, Wagner BC. Embodied Attitude Change: A Self-Validation Perspective. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Horberg EJ, Oveis C, Keltner D. Emotions as Moral Amplifiers: An Appraisal Tendency Approach to the Influences of Distinct Emotions upon Moral Judgment. EMOTION REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073911402384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we advance the perspective that distinct emotions amplify different moral judgments, based on the emotion’s core appraisals. This theorizing yields four insights into the way emotions shape moral judgment. We submit that there are two kinds of specificity in the impact of emotion upon moral judgment: domain specificity and emotion specificity. We further contend that the unique embodied aspects of an emotion, such as nonverbal expressions and physiological responses, contribute to an emotion’s impact on moral judgment. Finally, emotions play a key role in determining which issues acquire moral significance in a society over time, in a process known as moralization (Rozin, 1999). The implications of these four observations for future research on emotion and morality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Horberg
- Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley, USA,
| | | | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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21
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Dimberg U, Söderkvist S. The Voluntary Facial Action Technique: A Method to Test the Facial Feedback Hypothesis. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-010-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Carney DR, Colvin CR. The Circumplex Structure of Affective Social Behavior. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550609353135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors extended the circumplex structure of emotion to naturally unfolding affective social behaviors. The emotion circumplex describes the circular spacing of emotions and has been harvested from covariation patterns among emotion words, self-reported emotional experience, and judgments of posed facial expression. The distance between emotions is a function of two orthogonal dimensions referred to as valence and arousal. In the present study, 79 participants' 19 affective social behaviors were coded in each of four dyadic social interactions. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that affective social behaviors exhibited a circular ordering consistent with a circumplex model. Multidimensional scaling provided evidence for the hypothesized two-dimensional valence and arousal factors. Correlations between circumplex factor scores and two personality measures provided validity evidence for the factors. This research is the first to show that naturally occurring affective social behavior conforms to a circumplex structure.
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23
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Abstract
Although overt prejudice has declined in many societies over the past decades, new advancements in intergroup relations research have uncovered various kinds of subtle biases that continue to prevail despite increases in egalitarian values. Understanding the processes that may produce inconsistencies between spontaneous affective responses and self-reported explicit evaluations can provide deeper insights into conceptually different forms of prejudice, including both overt and subtle variants. In the present article, research on prejudice reduction is reviewed from the perspective of the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, which considers evaluations through the processes of associative activation and propositional validation. The APE model’s potential for integrating different conceptualizations of overt and subtle prejudice and the application of the model to prejudice reduction are discussed.
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24
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Blaesi S, Wilson M. The mirror reflects both ways: action influences perception of others. Brain Cogn 2009; 72:306-9. [PMID: 19914763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence links perception of others' bodies and mental representation of the observer's own body; however, the overwhelming majority of this evidence is unidirectional, showing influence from perception to action. It has been proposed that the influence also runs from action to perception, but to date the evidence is scant. Here we report that ordinary motor actions performed by the subject affect concurrent psychophysical judgments of human-body stimuli. Subjects remained unaware of the connection between the action and the main task. The results show that perception can change as a result of the observer's ongoing actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Blaesi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
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25
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The embodied self: Making a fist enhances men’s power-related self-conceptions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Parrott DJ, Miller CA. Alcohol consumption-related antigay aggression: theoretical considerations for individual- and societal-level interventions. Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44:1377-98. [PMID: 19938923 PMCID: PMC2786065 DOI: 10.1080/10826080902961526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A substantial literature has identified risk factors for intoxicated aggression and the mechanisms by which these effects are exerted. This theoretical and empirical foundation is a valuable resource for the development of treatment inventions. In contrast, a comparable literature is not available to guide development of clinical interventions for intoxicated antigay aggression. To address this gap in the literature, the present article (1) identifies risk factors and mechanisms pertinent to alcohol consumption-related antigay aggression, (2) advances predictions regarding how alcohol will increase antigay aggression, and (3) reviews societal- and individual-level considerations for intervention based upon these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Parrott
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010, USA.
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